Showing papers on "Settlement (litigation) published in 1978"

Aegean Trade and Settlement in Anatolia in the Second Millennium B.C.

Abstract: The evidence of Minoan and Mycenaean trade with and settlement in Anatolia has never been comprehensively studied. Bittel (1967:5–23), Buchholz (1974:365–8), Cook and Blackman (1959–60:39–50, 1964–5:44–55, 1970–1:39–53), D. French (1969:73–4), Hiller (1975:406–11), Hope Simpson and Lazenby (1973:174–9), Lloyd and Mellaart (1955:81–3), Mellaart (1968:187–90) and Stubbings (1951:22–4 and 88–9) have discussed some of the sites involved but not in depth. Obviously it is only by considering the evidence as a whole that a definitive assessment is possible, so that a further study is not superfluous.Problems arising from the decipherment of the Bogazkoy/Hattusas archives are not considered but I would hope that this study might nevertheless assist those concerned with the political geography of Anatolia in the second millennium.

The foundation of Thasos

Abstract: Thasos must be one of the best-known, archaeologically, of all Greek colonies, so it is something of a paradox that the material evidence for its foundation and earliest days is far from satisfactory. We have no early graves, and, until 1960, there was no evidence from any very early settlement either. True, in more than one sanctuary it is assumed that the finds go back (in general terms) to the beginning of the life of the Parian colony, but none of this material is demonstrably earlier than c. 650, a time which is very generally thought to be about a generation later than the foundation of the colony. So even quite recently it was possible to write ‘It seems likely that it was founded from Paros by about 680 B.C. … The earliest pottery which can be dated is Corinthian and Rhodian, none of it much earlier than the mid seventh century.’

Caddoan Settlement Patterns in the Arkansas River Drainage

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter describes the Caddoan settlement patterns in the Arkansas River drainage. It also describes the settlement patterns within a Caddoan subregion according to the categories recognized as important to cross-cultural description of the structure and organization of prehistoric cultural systems. A preliminary model of this sub-region is constructed from a synthesis of the available data on Caddoan settlement patterns in the Arkansas River Basin. The patterns of prehistoric occupation of the Arkansas Basin have slowly emerged from surface survey and site excavation over the past 30 years. In a review of settlement pattern research, Parsons isolated four data controls critical for successful settlement pattern study: (1) a control over site sample, (2) a refined chronology, (3) a paleo-environmental reconstruction, and (4) a functional interpretation of structures, activities, and sites. The chapter also discusses the hierarchy of centers in detail. As common and conventional as it is to consider, the Caddoan cultural traditions separately from the Mississippian to the east, the one aspect in which it is more advantageous not to do so is in terms of subsistence settlement patterns.

A State of De-Subordination

Abstract: In time to come the seventies in Brimn may well be seen as an uneasily transitional decade, in which what I will call the settlement of I945 slowly came apart under the pressure of forces and tendencies which pushed the country sn new directions. My purpose here is to discuss some of these forces and tendencies and the directions in which they may be leading. The settlement of I945 was made up of a number offarniliar elements. Among the most important of them was a commitment by the state to full employment and economic growth, with a much higher level of state interventisn in economic life than hitherto in peace-time. After the naiionalization measures undertaken by the Labour Government post x945, this state intervention was largely conceived in terms of fiscal and budgetary measures designed to help an enfeebled British capitalism; and this, it was thought, would achieve both filll employment and economic growth. The settlement also involved a commitment by the state to a much enlarged system of welfare and social service provisions most of them on a 'de-commodified' basis, by way of non-market and collective assurance of various supports and gllarantees. The prevailing wind was in the direction of egalitarsanism; and while this indeed mostly remained little more than wind, aggressive inegalitarianism tended to be intellectually and poliiically unfashionable, and was thercfore somewhat muted. Ecorlomic interveniiom and social welfare were intended by different people to achieve different goals. But one goal which was crucial and which was shared by the leaderships of both the Labour and Conservative Pariies, was the prevention or at least the drastic reduction of social and industrial conflict. The two men whose names are most closely associated with the main lines of the settlement of I945Keynes and Beveridge-were dedicated and self-conscious seekers after social pacificaiion uithin the ambit of capitalism, soon to be renamed 'the mixed economy'. Much the same purpose was at the very centre of the policy orientations which came to be known as 'Butskellism': the idea was not of course to do away with class society, only with class struggle. The trade unions, or rather trade union leaders, were expected

Mormon perception and settlement

Abstract: The distribution of Mormon settlements in the Great Basin is the result of the environmental perception of the Mormon leaders The leaders selected the Salt Lake Valley as a destination on the basis of reports of explorers, and their perception of the region was formed before they ever saw the West The central feature of the leaders'perception was the idea that the division between the then Oregon and California territories at the 42 parallel marked a climatic divide Believing it was too cold for crops north of that boundary, Mormon leaders directed their settlement efforts southward from the Salt Lake Valley for three decades Because the regions to the south were arid and only marginal for settlement, the leaders faced a constant struggle in convincing migrants they should attempt their settlement To convince prospective settlers that they could successfully occupy the marginal sites of the Southwest, the leaders in their public statements transformed the Mormon perception of the Salt Lake V

South Midland Pronunciation in the North Central States

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses about the determination of the northward extent of six South Midland pronunciation features in the North Central states. Evidence was taken from 124 interviews taped for the Dictionary of American Regional English: 28 in Ohio, 16 in Indiana, 46 in Illinois, 7 in Kentucky, 20 in Missouri, and 7 in southern Iowa. As a part of each interview, the informants read a short passage designed to elicit specific phonological variables. Ohio played the greatest part in the settlement of the states farther west. By the time migration from Ohio began, the railroad and the steel plow made the prairies accessible and tillable so that a wave of Ohioans in the middle 19th century inundated northern Indiana and a large area of Illinois. South Midland pronunciation is predominant in southwestern Indiana; in the Wabash, Mississippi, and Sangamon valleys of Illinois; and in all of Missouri except the Ohio settlements of the northwestern parts of the state.

Behavioural archaeology and refuse patterns: A case study

Abstract: This paper examines the association and distribution of different classes of refuse around a late Iron Age and Roman settlement in Essex, England. It is shown, for instance, that bone and pottery refuse from the eating of meals was distributed differently from that deriving from food preparation. Some conclusions are then drawn about activity variation within the settlement. Clearly, this approach can extract a great wealth of information from extensively excavated settlements, but it is also argued that similar studies are both feasible and necessary for small‐scale, rescue excavations.

Mississippian Settlement Patterns in the Appalachian Summit Area: The Pisgah and Qualla Phases

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the Pisgah and Qualla phases of Mississippian settlement patterns in the Appalachian summit area. There are three levels of patterning in archaeological settlement data. Settlement patterns include (1) the formal and functional characteristics of individual structures and features within a settlement; (2) the arrangement and functional interrelationships of structures and structural classes composing a complete settlement; and (3) the overall arrangements and interrelationships of settlements across the landscape, both within a single cultural–environmental system and among separate systems. The chapter also discusses the three levels of settlement patterning for two successive Mississippian phases in the Appalachian Summit area of the southeastern United States. Pisgah sites tend to follow a clustered pattern in which there is a large mound site with surrounding smaller village sites, with the largest of these complexes occurring in intermontane basins. The types of intercommunity social organization that accompanied these settlement patterns are not yet known. As with the 18th century Cherokee, certain communities were larger and probably more influential than others, but it is unlikely that these town centers had direct political or administrative control over neighboring communities.

Agricultural productivity along Brazil's Transamazon Highway

Abstract: The paper reviews agricultural problems associated with Brazil's effort to colonize a 3000 km pioneer rain forest highway. Attention is focused on cash crops since a major objective of the government settlement scheme was to provide opportunities for landless peasants to become entrepreneurial farmers.

Threat Equilibria and Fair Settlements in Cooperative Games

Abstract: The role of threats is studied in cooperative normal form games. A threats-game is constructed, in which every set of players selects a joint threat strategy and then a settlement function determines the final outcome. Threat equilibria and cooperative solutions are defined for any settlement function. Two axioms are introduced which determine a unique settlement function for games with transferable utility. This settlement function is closely related to the Shapley value, and has attractive Pareto-optimality and individual-rationality properties. A simple oligopoly problem is studied to illustrate these ideas.