Showing papers on "Settlement (litigation) published in 1983"
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: The Interparliamentary Conference for International Arbitration (ICIA) was founded in 1889 by the Englishman Randal Cremer and the Frenchman Frederic Passy to strengthen awareness of the need for international cooperation and, through the influence exerted by the parliamentarians on their governments, to ensure the peaceful settlement of disputes as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: This chapter provides an overview of Inter-Parliamentary Union. The Inter-Parliamentary Union is a voluntary association of groups of parliamentarians from the parliaments of sovereign States from all parts of the world. It was founded in 1889 in Paris by the Englishman Randal Cremer and the Frenchman Frederic Passy to strengthen awareness of the need for international cooperation and, through the influence exerted by the parliamentarians on their governments, to ensure the peaceful settlement of disputes. The Interparliamentary Conference for International Arbitration was, thus, the first intercontinental body for the settlement of disputes among States. Its purposes today are to promote personal contacts between members of all parliaments, to unite them in common action to secure and maintain the full participation of their respective States in the establishment and development of strong representative institutions, and to advance international peace and cooperation, particularly by supporting the objectives of the United Nations. At present, parliamentarians from over 90 countries from all continents belong to the Union.
295 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: The politics of culture in Appalachia as discussed by the authors explores connections between the comforting simplicity of cultural myth and the troublesome complexities of cultural history, looking at the work of ballad hunters and collectors, folk and settlement school founders, folk festival promoters, and other culture workers.
Abstract: This is a seminal study of the politics of culture. In the American imagination, 'Appalachia' designates more than a geographical region. It evokes fiddle tunes, patchwork quilts, split-rail fences, and all the other artifacts that decorate a cherished romantic region in the American mind. In this classic work, David Whisnant challenges this view of Appalachia (and consequently a broader imaginative tendency) by exploring connections between the comforting simplicity of cultural myth and the troublesome complexities of cultural history.Looking at the work of ballad hunters and collectors, folk and settlement school founders, folk festival promoters, and other culture workers, Whisnant examines a process of intentional and systematic cultural intervention that had - and still has - far-reaching consequences. He opens the way into a more sophisticated understanding of the politics of culture in Appalachia and other regions. In a new foreword for this twenty-fifth anniversary edition, Whisnant reflects on how he came to write this book, how readers responded to it, and how some of its central concerns have animated his later work.
187 citations
174 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present empirical estimates of a model of the disposition of claims through the courts, in which the decision to settle and the size of settlement depend on the defendant's maximum offer relative to the plaintiff's minimum ask.
Abstract: THE main purpose of this paper is to present empirical estimates of a model of the disposition of claims through the courts. Landes, Gould, Posner, and others have developed a theoretical model of the disposition process, in which the decision to settle and the size of settlement depend on the defendant's maximum offer (expected award at verdict plus litigation costs) relative to the plaintiff's minimum ask (expected award at verdict minus litigation costs).' Variants of this model have been applied in several contexts, but so far it has not been tested empirically with data on individual claims.2 The obstacles to estimation by standard econometric techniques are twofold. First, the hypothesized determinants of the outcome-the potential verdict, ask, offer, and litigation costs-are all unobserved in the data available. Second, if the theory is correct, claims closed at each stage of disposition are not random samples but are "selfselected" on the basis of those case characteristics whose effect we wish to measure. Therefore, analysis of the observed outcome-size and probability of payment to the plaintiff, at verdict and in out-of-court settlement-cannot be generalized to the universe of claims as a whole. Param-
154 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a theoretically based procedure for predicting and designing for settlement above tunnels constructed in soft ground is outlined, and the application of this theoretical technique is discussed and its application is discussed.
Abstract: A theoretically based procedure for predicting and designing for settlement above tunnels constructed in soft ground is outlined. The application of this theoretical technique is discussed and its ...
106 citations
Book•
01 Apr 1983
99 citations
88 citations
TL;DR: For the modern historian of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of England, 1849 should be a more significant date than 449 as discussed by the authors, since it was the year when John Mitchell Kemble published The Saxons in England.
Abstract: For the modern historian of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of England, 1849 should be a more significant date than 449. In 1849 John Mitchell Kemble published The Saxons in England. Earlier historians, even critical ones like Sharon Turner and J. M. Lappenberg, had basically retold the narratives of Bede and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, with picturesque details from Henry of Huntingdon and others. Kemble swept all that away: ‘I confess that the more I examine this question, the more completely I am convinced that the received accounts of our migrations, our subsequent fortunes, and ultimate settlement, are devoid of historical truth in every detail.’
76 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, social scientists have begun to understand when negotiation is likely to facilitate the settlement of disputes and when it is instead apt to render a bad situation even worse, based on a growing body of work.
Abstract: Social scientists have begun to understand when negotiation is likely to facilitate the settlement of disputes and when it is instead apt to render a bad situation even worse. Based on a growing bo...
74 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: A revised and updated reference book, comprised of 5000 entries, organized alphabetically and cross-referenced, has been published by as discussed by the authors, with a focus on the history and culture of London.
Abstract: A revised and updated reference book, comprised of 5000 entries, organized alphabetically and cross-referenced. Everything that is important in the history and culture of London is documented, from its first settlement to the present day.
Book•
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: In this article, the authors deal with questions concerning the sedentary settlement in central Norrland: its origins, function and development. This type of settlement appears at the start of our calendar.
Abstract: This thesis deals with questions concerning the sedentary settlement in central Norrland: its origins, function and development. This type of settlement appears at the start of our calendar. The ma ...
Book•
08 Jun 1983
Book•
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: Settlement and farming systems in the early Iron Age: a study of fossil agrarian landscapes in Ostergotland, Sweden is presented in this article, where the authors focus on the early iron age.
Abstract: Settlement and farming systems in the early Iron Age : a study of fossil agrarian landscapes in Ostergotland, Sweden
Book•
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the history of the Rocky Mountain National Park in its brief tenure as a national park, including the earliest traces of human activity in the region and the major events of exploration, settlement, and exploitation.
Abstract: This is more than just the story of Rocky Mountain in its brief tenure as a national park. Its scope includes the earliest traces of human activity in the region and outlines the major events of exploration, settlement, and exploitation. Origins of the national park ideas are followed into the recent decades of the Park's overwhelming popularity. It is a story of change, of mountains reflecting the tenor of the times. From being a hunting ground to becoming ranchland, from being a region of resorts to becoming a national park, this small segment of the Rocky Mountains displays a record of human activities that helps explain the present and may guide us toward the future.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, Baxter and Brown, chairman of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T or Bell), jointly announced settlement of the government's 1974 antitrust suit against AT&T and its affiliates.
Abstract: On January 8, 1982, Assistant Attorney General William F. Baxter and Charles L. Brown, chairman of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T or Bell), jointly announced settlement of the government's 1974 antitrust suit against AT&T and its affiliates.1 The settlement, as approved by Judge Harold Greene,\" required AT&T to divest its local Bell operating companies and satisfied virtually all of the demands for structural relief made at trial by the Department of Justice (DOJ or Department). The Department has thus achieved its litigation objectives without a judicial decision on the merits of its case. Why did AT&T suddenly agree to the draconian structural reorganization it had spent almost a decade and millions of dollars in legal fees resisting? Our analysis suggests that Bell's legal position was strong, but that changes in technology and in the regulation of telecommunications had made advantageous for Bell the divestiture it had previously found so objectionable. AT&T's profits from long-distance service, required by regulators for local service subsidies, were being deeply eroded by the entry of independent long-distance carriers upon whom regulators had imposed far lower subsidization requirements. Consequently, AT&T let the Department of Justice do what the regulators would never have let the company do on its own: divest its low-profit local exchange operations, leaving
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01 Apr 1983
TL;DR: By the middle of the first millennium BC, the combination of nomadic pastoralism and Scythic culture reigned from south Russia and the north-eastern provinces of Iranian settlement to northern China as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: By the middle of the first millennium BC, the combination of nomadic pastoralism and Scythic culture reigned from south Russia and the north-eastern provinces of Iranian settlement to northern China. The secret of silk is said to have been closely guarded by the Chinese. The exact date of its communication to Iran is not certain, but it cannot have been long after AD 419, if the story of a Chinese princess who smuggled the silkworm into Khotan in that year, is to be believed. In art, China experienced the influence of Iran from the 4th century onwards as a more or less direct transmission from the east Sasanian provinces. The chief Iranian influence on the iconography of Central Asian and Chinese Buddhism was however of a more general and theological kind. The full impact of this iconography in China follows the end of Sasanian rule, falling in the T'ang dynasty and particularly the first half of the 8th century.
Book•
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: Part One: The Background 1 The Fall of James II Part Two: The Revolution Settlement 2 The change of Ruler 3 The Significance of the Change of Ruler 4 The Constitutional Settlement The Religious Settlement Part Three: The Post-Revolution Order 7 The Growth of the State 8 The Financial Revolution 9 Religion After Revolution 10 The Constitution: Crown and Parliament 11 The Law and Local Government 12 Parties and the Working of Politics 13 Scotland and Ireland Part Four: Documents Bibliography Index as mentioned in this paper
Abstract: Part One: The Background 1 The Fall of James II Part Two: The Revolution Settlement 2 The Change of Ruler 3 The Significance of the Change of Ruler 4 The Constitutional Settlement The Religious Settlement Part Three: The Post-Revolution Order 7 The Growth of the State 8 The Financial Revolution 9 Religion After Revolution 10 The Constitution: Crown and Parliament 11 The Law and Local Government 12 Parties and the Working of Politics 13 Scotland and Ireland Part Four: Documents Bibliography Index
Book•
15 Jun 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, an extremely readable account of early New England settlements emphasizes the development of a distinctive culture derived from the varied groups that settled there and emphasizes the importance of diverse cultures.
Abstract: This extremely readable account of early New England settlements emphasizes the development of a distinctive culture derived from the varied groups that settled there.
TL;DR: The Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States (the Convention) provides for a truly international arbitration machinery, operating under the auspices of the International Centre for Settlement of investment Disputes (ICSID).
Abstract: The Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes Between States and Nationals of Other States (the Convention) provides for a truly international arbitration machinery, operating under the auspices of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID).
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss three problems in using central-place systems to interpret archaeologically recovered settlement patterns, including the inability of archaeologists to reconstruct the entire pattern of a past settlement system, the institutional assumptions underlying conventional centralplace systems, and the use of inappropriate behavioral assumptions.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses three problems in using central-place systems to interpret archaeologically recovered settlement patterns To begin with, settlement systems are the explanatory models used to interpret empirical patterns; patterns, on the other hand, are drawn from the settlement data As a result of uncontrollable biasing processes, a few sites of a past system will have been eliminated Thus, archaeologists are not likely to recover the entire pattern of the past system Also, as a result of the spatial scale of past ways of life, any settlement pattern is not likely to be interpretable with one complete settlement system The institutional assumptions underlying conventional central-place systems are not likely to be relevant for interpreting past sociocultural systems Interpretation of incomplete patterns with models of entire systems or use of inappropriate behavioral assumptions leads to misleading results Central-place theory includes approaches to a variety of problems concerning the variation in settlement size and location Two key concepts used to model and interpret hierarchies are the economic functions of a place and the frictional effects of distance
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: In The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500-1800, Lawrence Stone has accepted the challenge exploiting "every possible type of evidence" to detect an evolution in social attitudes.
Abstract: Discerning transitions in the emotional content of family relationships is a daunting task. In The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500–1800, Lawrence Stone has accepted the challenge exploiting ‘every possible type of evidence’ to detect an evolution in social attitudes. Reactions have generally been favorable; merits are thought to outweigh shortcomings. Even his most derisive critic concedes that the book is ‘important’ because it is of topical interest and attempts to illuminate an area of history which has previously remained obscure.
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: The chapter presents an integrated model of settlement and evaluates it with data collected on the Yąnomamo of Venezuela, a culture that adapts to the physical and biological components of its environment as well as to its human components.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the factors that govern the settlement pattern of native Amazonians. The size, mobility, and location of settlements have been interpreted as a means for adapting to the distribution of scarce subsistence resources. These interpretations assume that the Amazonian populations are constrained by the distribution of strategic resources and as a result, a settlement pattern is an adaptation designed to maintain a population's demographic equilibrium in relation to environmental constraints. The chapter presents an integrated model of settlement and evaluates it with data collected on the Yąnomamo of Venezuela. A culture adapts to the physical and biological components of its environment as well as to its human components. The neighboring settlements are important factors to which a settlement must adjust. The trend in cultural ecology has been to focus on various forms of subsistence adaptation while paying scant attention to the effects of neighboring settlements. Yąnomamo settlement pattern can be understood in terms of human and non-human factors in the environment. Another trend in cultural ecology has been the assumption that adaptation, competition, and limiting factors relate to subsistence or material objects, which enhance survival or system stability.