Showing papers on "Shadow (psychology) published in 1970"

Drombeg Stone Circle, Ireland, analyzed with respect to sunrises and lithic shadow-casting for the eight traditional agricultural festival dates and further validated by photography

Abstract: A new survey of Drombeg Stone Circle and accurate analysis of shadow effects beginning at particular sunrises of the calendar year has led to a breakthrough in the understanding of lithic symbolism and the intentions behind the construction of this and other Irish monuments including Knowth and Newgrange that also have astronomical alignments. At Drombeg specific standing stones play critical roles at sunrise for all eight of the festival dates as known traditionally and historically for agricultural communities and as now inferred for prehistoric times following the present observation-based analysis. Crucial for Drombeg in the summer half of the year is the positioning of a tall straight-sided portal stone such that its shadow at midsummer sunrise encounters an engraving on the recumbent stone diametrically opposite. During subsequent minutes the shadow moves away allowing the light of the sun to fall on the carved symbol. It is the same for sunrises at Beltane (May Day), Lughnasadh (Lammas), and the equinoxes when shadows from other perimeter stones achieve the same coupling with the same image, each time soon replaced by sunlight. For the winter half of the year which includes dates for Samhain, the winter solstice and Imbolc, the target stone for shadow reception at sunrise is a huge lozenge-shaped megalith, artificially trimmed. Moreover, for 22 March and 21 September there is notable dramatic action by shadow and light between a precisely positioned narrow pillar stone and the lozenge stone. As a result, at sunrise at Drombeg eight calendrical shadow events have been witnessed and photographed. This attests to the precision of Neolithic planning that determined the stone positions, and demonstrates the antiquity of the calendar dates for these traditional agricultural festivals. Discussion is held as to what the concept of shadow casting between shaped or engraved stones at the time of sunrise may have meant in terms of lithic symbolism for the planners and builders. This leads to a possible explanation in terms of the ancient worldview known as the hieros gamos or the Marriage of the Gods between Sky and Earth.

The Archetype of the Bastard in Ševčenko's Poetry

Abstract: Three discoveries by Carl Jung have had a profound influence on literary criticism-the collective unconscious, the archetypes, and the anima. Apart from the personal unconscious there is in everybody, according to Jung, a deeper layer of the collective unconscious, from which consciousness has developed. "The contents of the collective unconscious are known as archetypes."' Although these are unknown, they may be apprehended in our consciousness as "primordial images" or "inborn forms of intuition," revealing certain typical symbols common to the human race or to a certain culture. Ancient as they are, they may be modified by the individual consciousness and by the era in which they happen to appear. Yet another discovery was that of the feminine element (anima) in the unconscious of a man and of a masculine element (animus) in a woman. These complementary elements in human personalities are at the same time archetypes. In a man "the compelling power of the anima is due to her image being an archetype of the collective unconscious, which is projected onto any woman who offers the slightest hook on which her picture may be hung."2 The effect of these revelations (clinical research has made it difficult to regard them as mere hypotheses) on our understanding of creative processes has been very far-reaching. An entire school of literary criticism in Western Europe and America followed these Jungian precepts. From the pioneering work of the English critic Maud Bodkin, Archetypal Patterns in Poetry, first published in 1934, to the German Erich Neumann, the American Philip Wheelwright, and the Canadian Northrop Frye, to mention only a few, critics in the West have used new approaches to literary analysis based to a greater or lesser degree on Jung's original discoveries. Frequently they use psychology merely as a point of departure for literary theory, and their criticism cannot be described as psychological. They deal chiefly with the literature of the West, advancing a new concept of literature as a "reconstructed mythology."3 In the Soviet Union Jung's influence has been negligible because his theories are regarded as reactionary. From time to time literary studies have appeared in Russian and other languages of the USSR which have touched on some problems of interest to "Jungian"

An Analysis on the Differences in Visitor Behaviors between Traditional and Digital Exhibitions Taking Kaohsiung Museum of Shadow

Abstract: In recent years, the evolution of new technologies has affected the relationship between visitors and exhibitions. Therefore, this study attempts to investigate the differences in visitor behaviors and experience behaviors under different exhibition patterns in Kaohsiung Museum of Shadow Puppet. Firstly, this study investigated and analyzed the existing exhibition planning and patterns, further used non-participant observation to perform observations, recorded visitors’ visitor behaviors and experience behaviors, and compared the differences in visitor behaviors between traditional and digital exhibitions. The results showed that: (1) in terms of exhibition pattern, traditional exhibitions (48%) were outnumbered by digital exhibitions (52%). According to the proportion, digitalization and interactivity have been widely applied to Cultural Hall of Shadow Puppetry Museum; (2) the attracting power and holding power of digital exhibitions were higher. In terms of experience behavior, appearance, touch operation, photo taking, discussion, and level of participation of digital exhibitions were higher than those of traditional exhibitions. Therefore, the level of participation of experience behavior for exhibitions with higher attracting power and holding power is higher. Finally, according to the research results, this study proposed suggestions on visitor-oriented exhibition design for Kaohsiung Museum of Shadow Puppet, in order to make a contribution to the promotion of traditional arts and sustainable heritage.