Showing papers on "Shadow (psychology) published in 1974"

Puppet Theatre In Asia

Abstract: genres.' 1) Shadow puppets are flat and transparent leather or paper cut-outs, fastened to one supporting stick and manipulated by at least two other thin sticks or rods. Shadow puppets are popular in South India, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia and China. Imported from China, they are also known in Korea and Japan. Shadow puppets existed in India from about the time of Christ,2 but in China reportedly only from the eleventh century A.D.' While the South Indian and Indonesian shadow puppets are usually large sized silhouettes, those of China and Thailand and also Turkey are small and full faced. 2) String puppets or marionettes have spread throughout Asia (as also into Europe), presumably with nomadic gypsies whose

Paradigms of American Politics: Beyond the One, the Two, and the Many

Abstract: "In American social studies," Louis Hartz observed eighteen years ago, "we still live in the shadow of the Progressive era."1 The book in which he wrote these words played a major and, in some respects, decisive role in dissipating that shadow and moving the study of American society into the bright, warm, soothing sunlight of the consensus era. For a decade thereafter, the dominant image of American society among scholars and intellectuals was that formulated and expressed in the works of Boorstin, Hofstadter, Parsons, Potter, Bell, Lipset, Hartz himself, and many others. The consensus theory was the product of a new scholarly concern with what was "different" about American society and, indeed, "American civilization." The consensus theory marked not only a rejection of the earlier progressive paradigm of American politics. It also differed from, although it was not entirely incompatible with, the pluralistic model which, from the early decades of the century, had been the most popular paradigmatic child of the American political science profession. The progressive theory stressed class conflict; the pluralist model stressed the competition among a multi-

Death and the Puritan Child

Abstract: FROM TIME TO TIME IN THE HISTORY OF MAN A NEW IDEA OR WAY OF LOOKing at things bursts into view with such force that it virtually sets the terms for all relevant subsequent discussion. The Copernican, Darwinian and Freudian revolutions-perhaps, as Freud on occasion noted, the three most destructive blows which human narcissism has had to endure are among the extreme examples of such intellectual explosions. Others have been of considerably more limited influence: the concept of culture in anthropology is one example, the frontier thesis as an explanatory device for American history is another. At still another level is the seminal study of a particular problem. An instance of this is the fact that throughout the past decade historians of family life have conducted their research in the shadow of Philippe Aries' monumental study, Centuries of Childhood, a work that established much of the currently conventional wisdom on the subject of the family in history. One of Aries' most original and influential findings was that childhood as we know it today did not exist until the early modern period. "In medieval society," he observed, "... as soon as the child could live without the constant solicitude of his mother, his nanny or his cradle-rocker, he belonged to adult society."'" It was not until the 16th and 17th centuries, and then only among the upper classes, that the modern idea of childhood as a distinct phase of life began to emerge. The picture Aries sketched, drawing on such diverse sources as portraiture, literature, games and dress, was predominantly one of French culture and society; but it was clear that he felt his generalizations held true for most of the Western world. Recent studies in colonial New England have supported Aries' assumption of the representativeness of his French

Flannery O'Connor : a rage of vision

Abstract: IN DISCUSSING THE WRITER in America, A. Alvarez has noted that the ubiquitous violence which threatens to devour us in this age has been internalized by the artist who works out in the microcosm of his self the destructive potentiality of the time.' Certainly the times have provided spectacular metaphors for the darkest side of the mind; the violence of Dachau, Hiroshima, Mississippi too easily supports our most primitive fears. But the writer does more than assimilate the outer world to his purposes; he also projects his own corresponding impulses onto the macrocosm, shaping through his fictions a world which reflects his specific inner vision. For the writer, the inner and outer worlds merge in an imaginatively extended country, and in the fiction of Flannery O'Connor that country is dominated by a sense of imminent destruction. From the moment the reader enters O'Connor's backwoods, he is poised on the edge of a pervasive violence. Characters barely contain their rage; images reflect a hostile nature; and even the Christ to whom the characters are ultimately driven is a threatening figure, "a stinking, mad shadow" full of the apocalyptic wrath of the Old Testament. O'Connor's conscious purpose is evident enough, and has been abundantly observed by her critics: to reveal the need for grace in a world grotesque without a transcendent context. "I have found that my subject in fiction is the action of grace in territory largely held by the devil," she wrote,2 and she was not vague about what that devil is: "an evil intelligence determined on its own supremacy." It would seem that for O'Connor, given the fact of Original Sin, any intelligence determined on its own supremacy was intrinsically evil. For in each work, it is the impulse toward secular autonomy, the smug

On the Problem of Vagueness in the Social Sciences

Abstract: Vagueness is neither uncertainty nor inexactness, though there are some connections, in particular in the social sciences. Mors certa, hora incerta the Romans said. What they meant to say was that the hour of death was uncertain. In another respect, too, namely in measurement, the ‘hora’ was rather ‘incerta’ in the sense of ‘inexact’. The hora was one twelfth of the day, yet, its length varied. The horae were announced by slaves, not by clocks, which did not exist then. The slaves knew what time it was by the length of the shadow cast by the sun, or by the ‘clepshydra’, the water-clock which measured time by means of a given quantity of water slowly dripping through it, or just by their sense of time.

The Shadow Consultant

Abstract: To the author the term shadow consultant denotes a consultant who, at the request of a colleague and by means of a series of mutual discussions in which he uses a socio-scientific approach, helps evaluate and, if necessary, change the diagnosis, tactics, or role adopted in a certain assignment. The reciprocal responsibilities of shadow consultant and consultant and the possible pitfalls encountered by each role occupant in relation to the client are covered in this essay by a practicing professional often called upon in the "shadow" mode. Whether help to a fellow professional is more effectively given informally or on a contract basis and whether the client should be told are other issues raised in this article and the Comments that follow.

Between Jest and Earnest: The Comedy of Sir John Vanbrugh

Abstract: The soft stones of Blenheim by now need constant care, but Vanbrugh's playshappily the word is more durable-have weathered unharmed more than forty years of rare and sporadic attention. Perhaps The Relapse (1696) and The Provoked Wife (1697) would be better left as they stand, unencumbered by the scaffolding of busy critics. But the conclusion reached by Bonamy Dobree in 1928, after he had edited not only Vanbrugh's original plays but also his translations, has not yet, it seems, been adequately shaken. "Since his work is not very difficult or subtle, and conveys no unique outlook, there does not seem to be very much to say about it," said Dobree; and whether successive students of the plays turning to the four volumes from the Nonesuch Press have been cowed by this pronouncement or not, only a few of them have ventured into print.' Writing for the most part in the additional shadow of John Palmer, they have tended, like him, to see Vanbrugh as a transitional figure between, as Palmer had put it, "two kingdoms" of comedy. While they have been kinder than Palmer in judging the plays, dropping, for instance, his accusation that Vanbrugh is "immoral," still, I believe, they have failed to do him justice.2 For, judging from the two original plays he completed, Vanbrugh had, if not a "unique outlook," then one that for its subtlety and seriousness of purpose deserves a better reputation.3

Early Fiction and the Frightened Male

Abstract: In our literary era of anti-heroes we may yearn for the days before Portnoy, when men were men, when Tom Jones grandly conceals the fact that he's broken an arm in rescuing his beloved Sophia, whom he treats with flawless respect until it becomes legal, thus moral, to take her to bed. How clear it all is as we recall it, this classic fiction: Squire Allworthy can't tell the good people from the bad, but the reader has no trouble at all. Sometimes a hero (Peregrine Pickle, for example) or a heroine's consort (say Squire B. in Pamela) requires educating before he earns his happiness, but happiness is a foregone conclusion. The hero suffers his conflicts, internal and external, without agonies of introversion; moreover, we can expect him to end up with the money and the girl. Do money and girl satisfy his needs, is that what the heroes (and for that matter the villains) of eighteenth-century novels truly want? In fact a certain murk lies beneath the clarity of many early English novels, buried in each hero the shadow, the anti-hero, within many a villain the hidden sufferer. There are surprising ambivalences in this fiction, ambivalences particularly of sexual feeling, partly concealed, structurally important in the shaping of story tensions. Eighteenth-century fiction appears to work with simple dichotomiesseducer versus upright citizen, good woman versus bad-and to find infinite excitement in the movement between opposite poles: will Lovelace reform before it's too late? will Tom be ruined by his lustfulness? But what exactly it means to be a seducer or a man of feeling is often strikingly complicated. The complications most often derive from the diverse meanings of sexual interchange, which usually involves money (elaborate financial settlements sometimes seem the real substance of eighteenth-century marriage) and which always demands physicality (even the supernaturally chaste Clarissa comments often on the superiority of Lovelace's "person" to that of her other suitor). In an era when sex led almost inevitably to procreation, it is emphatically a social as well as an individual concern, containing dynastic possibilities or threatening the destruction of family stability. Sexual relationship implies emotion and raises loudly the century's question of how emotion should properly be expressed and controlled. Novels deal with all these matters-money, bodies, families, feelings. They also reveal the problem of power which underlies them. "Both sexes," Clarissa's cousin Morden observes, "too much love to have each other in their power: yet he hardly ever knew man or woman who was very fond of power make a right use of it." Power is-as Chaucer and Boccaccio

Shadow wages and the promotion of efficient labor allocation in developing countries

Abstract: SUMMARY The article questions the advisability of using the standard shadow wage formulas to calculate labor costs for development project appraisal purposes. It is shown that such formulas apply only if a share-alike rural ethic is responsible for the rural marginal product-urban wage gap. Moreover even in cases where such formulas may be legitimately used, their application leads to a decrease in the accumulation rate. To improve labor allocation without sacrificing growth it is necessary to have recourse to fiscal tools. With the aid of appropriate fiscal measures it is possible to eliminate the gap between the actual wage and the social opportunity cost of labor, and to promote good use of labor throughout the economy, and not merely on projects covered by the social cost-benefit calculus.