Showing papers on "Shadow (psychology) published in 1982"

Bargaining in the Shadow of the Law: A Testable Model of Strategic Behavior

Abstract: PRETRIAL bargaining may be described as a game played in the shadow of the law. There are two possible outcomes: settlement out of court through bargaining, and trial, which represents a bargaining breakdown. The courts encourage private bargaining but stand ready to step from the shadows and resolve the dispute by coercion if the parties cannot agree. Bargaining is successful from an economic viewpoint if an efficient solution to the dispute is found at little cost. In technical language, a dispute is resolved successfully if a solution is found on the contract curve with little expenditure on search. The usual approach to bargaining in the legal setting assumes that trial is caused by excessive optimism on the part of plaintiff and defendant.' If both parties are optimistic, then there is no way to split the stakes so that each receives as much as he or she expects to gain from trial. In these circumstances, trial is inevitable.

Shadow pricing rules for non-traded commodities

Abstract: FOUR themes can be detected in much of the large literature on benefit-cost analysis to emerge in the last decade. The first is that market prices are presumed to be distorted, whether because of undesirable governmental interventions or the absence of optimal interventions, a problem that is usually claimed to be most serious in the less-developed countries. The second is that there is assumed to be a central agency of the government whose task is to determine welfare maximizing shadow prices, discount rates, etc. for use in project evaluation throughout the public sector, and occasionally in the private sector as well. This agency has relatively unrestrained powers in the exercise of this task, but essentially no powers to influence the governmental tax policies, etc. that are responsible for, or could eliminate, the distortions in market prices. Consequently, it must treat existing market distortions as given in its welfare maximizing exercise. The third theme is that the literature attempts to develop "rules" for guiding this agency in its task which consist, ideally, at least, of principles for deriving the optimal set of shadow prices from observable, or potentially observable, data. Finally, there is the theme that this aim is best achieved by relating production in the public sector to international trade. The simplest and most widely accepted result to emerge from this literature is that, given the usual "small country" assumption, the relative shadow prices of commodities traded internationally should be set at their relative international (border) prices. This result has been found to hold regardless of the existence of (non-prohibitive) tariffs, government budgetary constraints, or distortions in the markets for non-traded commodities and regardless of the precise form of the welfare function being maximized.1 There has been much less agreement on the appropriate principles for guiding the shadow pricing of non-traded commodities. Numerous seemingly conflicting rules have been proposed. The present paper attempts to clarify the issues involved by analyzing a particularly simple general equilibrium model, seemingly the simplest model possible which captures the essence of the problems involved. Sections II and III attempt to clarify the relationships between the various shadow

Half a century later: current status of Freud's controversial views on women.

Abstract: There is an ongoing reexamination of Freud's theories on femininity, in the light of accumulating contrary empirical evidence (derived both from the clinical situation and from direct observations of children). This reexamination remains under the shadow of the historic controversy, which rigidified positions in this area, turning them into a matter of doctrinaire loyalty. At present, two opposing currents may be observed. On the one hand, there is a good deal of continuing research in this area, some of which has been used to confront directly the difficulties with Freud's writings on women. On the other hand, there are continued efforts to salvage everything possible of Freud's formulation, even if at the expense of its internal logic (as when parts of his theory are discarded while retaining concepts predicated on the discarded assumptions). Many of the formulations offered are sufficiently ambiguous as to be rather confusing to all but the most initiated. There are, in addition, attempts to vindicate Freud's ideas by substituting for them Lacan's metaphorical reinterpretations, thereby making them less accessible to empirical refutation. The contradiction in this last position is that, while rejecting Freud's "scientism," it reaffirms as a doctrine the universal generalizations offered by Freud. The latter "defense" ignores Freud's own commitments to scientific standards, and his self-identification as an empirical scientist.

The Gnostic Influence on Psychology: Effects of the Common Heresy:

Abstract: Judeo-Christian theology has been plagued throughout its history by heresy concerning, among many things, the doctrine of God and of human nature. Psychology, possessing a generally fluid doctrine of human nature –- from the dualistic to the holistic, from the analytical to the existential, from the “dark shadow” to the supreme good –- has also been plagued by anthropological heresy. This article tentatively suggests that historical psychology has built its anthropology upon philosophical presuppositions in the tradition of the Gnostic heresy.

The humanistic trend in recent psychoanalytic theory.

Abstract: What seems at first to be a humanistic trend in recent psychoanalytic thinking may actually be the culmination of a holistic movement that began soon after Freud. As theory, it carries with it many built-in difficulties and requires implicit support from the partializing parent theory. In the shadow of that older theory, however, it makes a number of important contributions, including attention to meaning as made, not just discovered, and the importance of the analyst's attitudes in treatment.

Shadow Prices for Trade Strategy and Investment Planning in Egypt

Abstract: This paper presents estimates of efficiency and social accounting prices for commodities and factors of production in Egypt which are appropriate for the period 1979-1985 Shadow price estimates for commodities are based on a modified input-output method which decomposes domestic supply prices into foreign exchange and primary factor content Shadow prices may differ from prices observed in the market because of non-competitive behavior, externalities, and distortions introduced by government policy In Egypt, as in many developing economices, policy induced distortions are perhaps the most pervasive and at the same time the most complex cause of divergence between market and shadow prices In these circumstances market signals may provide an inadequate guide for investment planning and project appraisal, and the need for a consistent set of prices which reflect the resource costs and social benefits of a proposed course of action becomes apparent Particular attention has also been given to modeling of the market for skilled and unskilled labor in the formal sector and to determination of the shadow wage

Gold, Guilt and Scholarship Adelbert von Chamisso's Peter Schlemihl

Abstract: Adelbert von Chamisso's Peter Schlemihls wundersame Geschichte (written in 1813, published 1814) is one of the more frequently interpreted German prose texts of the early nineteenth century. Dorte Brockhagen's Forschungsbericht lists twenty-one studies of the work for the period 1945-76 alone.' Since then, at least three new titles have appeared, all of considerable importance.2 Yet critical interest has centered upon a limited number of issues-the genre under which the tale is best classified ("Marchen" or "Novelle"?), the applicability to it of the descriptive categories "romantic" and "realistic," and the interpretation of the symbolic significance of the shadow motif-to the relative neglect of other, equally significant questions. One such critical gap, to which the present paper addresses itself, is the examination of the scholarly idyll at the end of the tale in relation to the themes of knowledge and guilt. Several opinions have been advanced concerning Schlemihl's final situation. Benno von Wiese suggests that it reflects Chamisso's approval of self-denial and self-limitation in disinterested scholarly contemplation as the only satisfactory solution for one estranged from the unedifying world of society and money.3 But although von Wiese rightly states that the tale admits of no possible world but that of civil society,, he omits to discuss the nature of the relationship developed in the tale between this social world and the researcher Schlemihl. Martin Swales partly fills this lacuna by interpreting both Schlemihl's final condition and his original misdemeanor in economic terms. The sale for money of his own shadow makes him guilty of alienating and degrading to the status of an exchange commodity something that is at once personal and non-material.5 While this aspect of Swales' argument is persuasive, his account of Schlemihl's botanical activity-the painstaking collection and documentation of the details of nature-as a penance for his previous materialism does not do justice to the complexity and ambiguity of the ending. In a more recent discussion of the work, Colin Butler demonstrates with finesse that such an ambiguity exists, but evaluates it as a weakness. He expresses disapproval of the so-called "happy end": as an illusory reconciliation made possible by the narrative convention of the "Marchen" form, it is evidence of the tale's moral indifference. Responsibility and guilt, elements of the central character's consciousness which should be the link

Western Marxism and Eastern societies

Abstract: In countries where dialectics has been trans? formed into a state religion, there ought to have been someone to remember the words of its old master: "a mere being without notion, without, the validity of existence... is an empty semblance". In this case the dialectics of no? tion and actuality itself is no more than a formula of exorcism, because in its "realisation" socialism has preserved its "haunting" qualities. But it haunts not the Metternichs and Guizots of today, for whom this new reality can well be understood and treated in terms of the age old power play. A spectre now haunts the Europe of the Left ? the spectre of the reality socialism has turned out to be in the East. The confrontation between the existing powers and the idea of socialism has been reversed ? the idea is now challenged by a power which claims to be its actuality. Living ghosts and existing spectres are hardly adequate objects of knowledge: they are only a source of anxiety that reason finds acutely embarrassing ? so they had better be forgotten. This bad faith is the attitude of the largest seg? ment of the organised Left in the West, of the Eurocommunist parties towards East European societies; it is a determination not to go be? yond the elastic formulas of tactical expedien? cy and to ask what these "existing" societies "really" are. Surely there is no need to invoke spirits (even the spirit of the dead) to find rea sons for this attitude. It is a fact that any serious theoretical attempt to understand these societies would eo ipso mean the accep? tance of a degree of co-responsibility (both historically for such crime against humanity that were not simply irrational excesses but also the "birth-pangs" of a new system of ex? ploitation, and politically for the continuous, even if equivocal support of such an oppres? sive system) ? a step "difficult" not only for a leadership directly involved, but potentially divisive for the masses of the parties them? selves. Since the problem of "Eastern social? ism" is in this sense not an external one for the Eurocommunist parties of the West, raising the issue inevitably opens up all the questions concerning their entrenched internal structure and their relationship with the other organisa? tions and movements of the Left. Such an at? tempt would also make the parties concerned the targets of the unmitigated hostility of both great world powers (the United States and the Soviet Union) which largely determine the political and economic perspectives of Western Europe. This, in time, would greatly reduce their weight as national political forces, so it is not hard to understand that such a step ap? pears to the organized left as tactical suicide. To hold the Soviet Union in reserve, so to speak, to be able to invoke the shadow of the Soviet Union as a check and counterbalance against the very real possibility of an American intervention in the case of a leftist develop Gyorgy Markus is Senior Lecturer in the Department of General Philosophy at the University of Sydney, Australia

Political reform and the decline of party: Finding meaning in an American shadow debate∗∗

Abstract: (1982). Political reform and the decline of party: Finding meaning in an American shadow debate. Politics: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 78-88.

Shadow and Light: Read, Dewey, Plato, and Aesthetic Education.

Abstract: This essay examines the aesthetics of Herbert Read, John Dewey and Plato, and their influence on contemporary aesthetic education.The aesthetics of Read and Dewey have been extremely seductive to a...