Showing papers on "Shadow (psychology) published in 1999"

The Shadow Education System: Private Tutoring and Its Implications for Planners

Abstract: Private tutoring for students in academic subjects is not a new phenomenon. Known variously as cram schools, private tuition, crammers and supplemental education, no one questions the existence of supplementary tutoring, yet the phenomenon is not well understood. There are various reasons for our scant knowledge. Private tutoring is a fragmentary and complex business, taking various forms ranging from home tutorials and highly selective academies to correspondence courses and Internet test preparation. Such private services tend not to be regulated by central education authorities, who may be reluctant to investigate too closely for fear of being blamed for failings of the mainstream system. In some cases, tutors are public school teachers during the day and are reluctant to admit that they moonlight. Educational research has tended to focus on the mainstream system, not the private and peripheral world of supplemental lessons. The result is that many of our impressions about private tuition and cram schools come from the mass media. Yet this sector of private education is growing, with consequences for mainstream systems. In Japan, 70 per cent of all students have used private lessons by the time they leave middle school, creating a $14 billion market for tutoring services provided in part by large education companies, the biggest of which are traded on the Tokyo Stock Exchange. South Korean families are said to spend an astonishing 1.5 times the amount that their government spends per capita on education. The United States is witnessing rapid growth in many private educational services, especially extracurricular test preparation. Mark Bray describes and analyzes the phenomenon of private educational tutoring and places the subject in a global context. He has written a concise, information-packed volume that should be read by anyone interested in contemporary education. Bray, who is director of the Comparative Education Research Centre at the University of Hong Kong, usefully employs the metaphor of a shadow. If mainstream education is seen as the object in the sunlight, then private tutoring is the murky shadow cast by its outlines. As with shadows, private lessons exist only because the mainstream system does. Changes in the size and shape of mainstream education alter the size and shape of private tuition and societies tend to focus on the mainstream system, not its shadow, he points out. Bray describes the scale, cost and geographic spread of private tutoring, as well as the producers and consumers, and the educational, social and economic impacts. He provides a historical and sociological context for the phenomenon and ends by providing some suggestions for policy makers.

In the Founder's Shadow: Conflict in the Family Firm:

Abstract: This paper examines the extent to which conflict across generations of family firms is due to the effects of two independent variables—generation and generational shadow. The presence of a generational shadow was indicated by whether either or both of the parents continued to influence the company once the next generation assumed control. Hypotheses predicted nonlinear trends in conflict and interactions between generation and generational shadow. Using data from a national telephone survey of over 1,000 family business owners, the results of an ANOVA test confirmed that the presence of generational shadow, in particular, that of the founder, increases organizational conflict.

Dispute Prevention Without Courts in Vietnam

Abstract: Vietnam's firms contract without the shadow of the law and only partly in the shadow of the future. Although contracting rests in part on the threat of loss of future business, firms often are willing to renegotiate following a breach, so the retaliation is not as forceful as in the standard repeated-game story and not as effective a sanction. To ensure agreements are kept, firms rely on other devices to supplement repeated-game incentives. Firms scrutinize their trading partners. Community sanctions are occasionally invoked. Transactions with greater risk of reneging are supported by more elaborate governance structures. Ongoing relationships among firms serve to reduce the transaction costs of the market: the costs of locating trading partners, of negotiating and monitoring contracts, and of enforcing agreements and settling disputes. In an economy in the midst of deep reform, transaction costs are especially severe because the normal market-supporting institutions are still being built. We examine in this article how Vietnam's firms use ongoing relationships to maintain agreements. For a snapshot of an economy in the process of building institutions, we use a 1995-1997 survey of privately owned manufacturing firms in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. The new ways of doing business in Vietnam have been devised at ground level. The bottom-up reform process has relied on de facto decentralization of economic activity, while leaving in place the formal institutions of central planning. Although Vietnam's government has introduced few policies to foster the private sector, "the owners of private business have worked out their own ad hoc strategy for economic development which is popular, oral rather than in the

The True Size of Government

Abstract: This book addresses a seemingly simple question: Just how many people really work for the federal government? Official counts show a relatively small total of 1.9 million full-time civil servants, as of 1996. But, according to Paul Light, the true head count is nearly nine times higher than the official numbers, with about 17 million people actually providing the government with goods and services. Most are part of what Light calls the "shadow of government" --nonfederal employees working under federal contracts, grants, and mandates to state and local governments. In this book--the first that attempts to establish firm estimates of the shadow work force-- he explores the reasons why the official size of the federal government has remained so small while the shadow of government has grown so large. Light examines the political incentives that make the illusion of a small government so attractive, analyzes the tools used by officials to keep the official headcount small, and reveals how the appearance of smallness affects the management of government and the future of the public service. Finally, he points out ways the federal government can better manage the shadow work force it has built over the past half-century.

Standing in the Shadow of Giants: Plagiarists, Authors, Collaborators. Perspectives on Writing: Theory, Research, Practice. Volume 2.

Abstract: Preface Epigraphs Introduction: Toward a Pedagogy of (Re)Formative Composition I. Agiarists: What A Mess! The Problems of Plagiarism The Anxieties of Authorship and Pedagogy Autonomous Collaboration II. Authors: How Did We Get Into This Mess? Historical Models Modern Authors III. Collaborators: How Can We Get Out Of This Mess? Contemporary Alternatives Pedagogy for (Re)Formative Composition Reforming Plagiarism Policies Afterword Reference Author Index Subject Index

A Short History of Performance Assessment: Lessons Learned.

Abstract: The authors offer a historical perspective on performance assessment to help arm people "against surrendering to the panaceas peddled by too many myth makers." THE PAST EIGHT years have witnessed a sea change in the field of educational measurement. In much of the popular and professional literature, standardized multiple-choice testing is out. Performance assessment, a.k.a. "authentic" or "new" assessment or the "3 P's" performance, portfolios, and products is in. Performance assessment has captured the linguistic high ground, just as the term "minimum competency testing" did in the 1970s. Both slogans have a sensible ring to them, and there is a marvelous litany of claims by devotees of performance assessment that make it difficult to question proponents' assertions.1 Nonetheless, the positive connotations of the words "new" and "authentic" and the beneficial claims made for performance assessment mask its many functions and side effects. We do not deal directly with these various claims about the benefits of performance assessment but instead offer a historical perspective on performance assessment to help arm people "against surrendering to the panaceas peddled by too many myth makers."2 We show that performance assessment is by no stretch of the imagination a "new" technology. However, the domain of attainments/skills historically assessed by performance testing is different from the domain purportedly assessed by it today. We begin by placing performance assessment in the context of the uses to which it is put, narrowing our focus to high-stakes uses. Next, we offer a short description of the underlying technology of testing/assessment in order to clarify what we mean by the term performance assessment. We then outline the history of performance testing, dividing it into three periods: premodern (from 210 B.C.E. to 1900 C.E.), modern (1900 to 1980), and postmodern (1980 to the present).3 We argue that changes in assessment technology over the last two centuries from oral to written, from qualitative to quantitative, from short answer to multiple choice were all geared toward increasing efficiency and making the assessment system more manageable, standardized, easily administered, objective, reliable, comparable, and inexpensive, particularly as the numbers of examinees increased. We close with an analysis of the role of performance testing today, arguing that historical issues of fairness, efficiency, cost, and infrastructure continue to cast their shadow on contemporary efforts to use performance assessments in large-scale, high-stakes testing programs. How Performance Assessment Is Used There seems to be little argument that performance assessments can affect the curriculum; that statement is almost an educational truism. Indeed, the power of an examination to shape what is taught and learned was noted at least as far back as the 16th century. Foreshadowing many contemporary claims about the power of tests, Philip Melancthon, a Protestant German teacher, wrote in De Studiis Adolescentum, "No academical exercise can be more useful than that of examination. It whets the desire for learning, it enhances the solicitude of study while it animates the attention to whatever is taught."4 The context in which performance assessments are used, however, is critical in evaluating their potential and impact. It is one thing to consider performance assessment as an instructional tool in the hands of classroom teachers. It is quite another when the technology is employed as part of a high-stakes testing program.5 And it is the large-scale deployment of performance testing as a high-stakes policy tool to drive reform and make important decisions about individuals, schools, or systems that is the focus of this article. With regard to classroom uses, suffice it to say that performance-based assessments in the hands of teachers might give them valuable information about what to teach and how to teach it and help them to individualize instruction. …

Shadow Culture: Psychology and Spirituality in America

Abstract: Shadow Culture traces the lineage of the contemporary New Age movement through three centuries of American spirituality.. Writing a modern Varieties of Religious Experience , Eugene Taylor traces the lineage of the contemporary New Age movement through three centuries of American spirituality as sustained in a continuous shadow culture outside the religious mainstream.Americans are witnessing a third Great Awakening, an explosion of interest in esoteric and mystical religious experience. Often referred to as New Age or pop psychology--especially by its detractors--this third Great Awakening is profoundly psychological, stressing the alteration of consciousness, the integration of mind and body, and the connection between physical and mental health. Its practitioners comprise a shadow culture of seekers, whose experiences are best understood in the context of three centuries of the American search for the sacred. Taylor begins his story with Americas first generation of visionaries, Jonathan Edwards, who rescued a declining Calvinism, and his lesser-known peer, Conrad Beissel, who led the Ephrata mystics, a monastic community that became the model for many utopian social experiments to come. Together they spearheaded the first Great Awakening, spanning the years 1720 to 1750. Trance states, ecstatic whirling, automatic utterances, and falling down in the spirit became common occurrences sanctioned by many of the governing church bodies, particularly the Shakers, for whom altered consciousness served as a primary source of spiritual inspiration. The second Great Awakening blossomed during the westward expansion of the early nineteenth century and was characterized by utopian experiments in Christian socialism. Taylor paints fresh portraits of that eras towering visionaries--Emerson, Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller. In the folk psychology of that era, ties between spiritualism and mental healing likewise burgeoned in the diverse practices of homeopathy, phrenology, and mesmerism. Like todays Great Awakening, with its roots in the experimentalism of the 1960s, each of the two previous was propelled by a shadow culture.Today, that shadow culture can be found flourishing in every region and sector of American society--the Christian practitioners of Hindu yoga or zen meditation, the Jewish psychologists attaining the rank of Moslem Sufi masters, the American-born Buddhist nuns. Though outside the mainstream of religious and psychological institutions, these recombinant pilgrims have paradoxically come to play a dominant role in our popular culture. For it is through awakenings that a nation explores wisdom, gains respect for itself, and comes into more harmonious relations with the physical universe. A brilliant work of historical and cultural synthesis, Shadow Culture will appeal to anyone seeking an accessible history of the resurgence of spiritualism in America, from New Age seekers to Gnostics, from agnostics to Unitarians, from Swedenborgians to practicing Buddhists. Since the 1960s Americans have embarked on a third Great Awakening, best understood in the context of three centuries of the American search for the sacred. The first Great Awakening took place in 17201750 as a reaction against the strictures of Calvinism. Trance states, ecstatic whirling, automatic utterances, and falling down in the spirit became common occurrences fully sanctioned by the governing church bodies. The second blossomed during the westward expansion of the early nineteenth century and was characterized by utopian experiments in Christian socialism. William James first explored these movements from the perspective of the thenrelatively new science of psychology, concluding that these experiences, while ephemeral, carried a sense of a deeper knowledge than obtainable through rational intellect.Each of the three Great Awakenings has been propelled by a shadow culture outside the mainstream of Judeo-Christian Protestantism. Today, its inhabitants are the white men and women who have lived successfully among native American Indians, the Christian and Jewish practitioners of Hindu yoga and meditation, the Caucasian musicians who have mastered the African drums, the Jewish psychology professors who have attained the rank of Moslem Sufi masters, and the American women who have become Buddhist nuns. Taylor argues that through awakenings a nation grows in wisdom, in respect for itself, and into more harmonious relations with other people and the physical universe.

In the Shadow of the State: Intellectuals and the Quest for National Identity in Twentieth-Century Spanish America

Abstract: A look at the contributions Latin American intellectuals have made in 20th century thought, and at the contradictory ways in which these thinkers are viewed.

A sociology of media power: key issues in audience reception research

Abstract: Victims [of sexual abuse] on TV, they’re like a big shadow, all blacked out. That makes me feel terrible … I thought ‘I’m going to grow up and I’m going to be scared of everything’. But Beth [in the TV soap, Brookside] she’s so strong, she’s got a grip of everything. Before that everything I saw seemed to say that if you were abused you’d be strange, different, keep yourself in a wee corner. Watching Beth has really helped me.

The Seventies Now: Culture as Surveillance

Abstract: Most would agree that American culture changed dramatically from the 1960s to the 1980s Yet the 1970s, the decade "in between," is still somehow thought of as a cultural wasteland In "The Seventies Now" Stephen Paul Miller debunks this notion by examining a wide range of political and cultural phenomena--from the long shadow cast by Richard Nixon and the Watergate scandal to Andy Warhol and the disco scene--identifying in these phenomena a pivotal yet previously unidentified social trend, the movement from institutionalized external surveillance to the widespread internalization of such practices The concept of surveillance and its attendant social ramifications have been powerful agents in US culture for many decades, but in describing how during the 1970s Americans learned to "survey" themselves, Miller shines surprising new light on such subjects as the women's movement, voting rights enforcement, the Ford presidency, and environmental legislation He illuminates the significance of what he terms "microperiods" and analyzes relevant themes in many of the decade's major films--such as "The Deer Hunter," "Network," "Jaws," "Star Wars," and "Apocalypse Now"--and in the literature of writers including John Ashbery, Toni Morrison, Adrienne Rich, and Sam Shepard In discussing the reverberations of the 1969 Stonewall riots, technological innovations, the philosophy of Michel Foucault, and a host of documents and incidents, Miller shows how the 1970s marked an important period of transition, indeed a time of many transitions, to the world we confront at the end of the millennium "The Seventies Now" will interest students and scholars of cultural studies, American history, theories of technology, film and literature, visual arts, and gay and lesbian studies

Wars and Invisible Girls, Shadow Industries, and the Politics of Not-Knowing

Abstract: This article begins in the interior of Mozambique during the country's post-independence war with the stories of three girls variously affected by violence. It then follows girls' war experiences in general out from the frontlines to wider international locales where girls face domestic violence in their home communities and civil and labor violence at the hands of (shadow) transnational profiteers; who reap billions of dollars yearly on children's factory, domestic, and sexual labor. The article is set in an overall theoretical framework that explores how a politics of invisibility - literally of 'not-knowing' - has developed in which little public information is available on children's human rights violations or on the political tactics and economic gain that have attended to these violations.

The Leader′s Shadow: Exploring and Developing Executive Character

Abstract: “The Leader's Shadow: Exploring and Developing the Executive Character,” by William Q. Judge, is an engaging book in which Judge explores an area often ignored by management scholars: the inner lives of executives at the helm of business corporations. A core reason for the book, according to the author, is to add balance to the leadership literature, which predominantly focuses on the external aspects of leadership—what leaders do, rather than who they are. Citing the growth of popular books on the topic of leadership, Judge presents a persuasive argument for additional research in the academic realm, for greater conceptual clarity, for well-developed frameworks, and for precision in the articulation of ideas.

Shadow: Five Presidents and the Legacy of Watergate

Abstract: A "New York Times" Notable Book of the Year Twenty-five years ago, after Richard Nixon resigned the presidency, Gerald Ford promised a return to normalcy. My fellow Americans, our long national nightmare is over, President Ford declared. But it was not. The Watergate scandal, and the remedies against future abuses of power, would have an enduring impact on presidents and the country. In "Shadow, " Bob Woodward takes us deep into the administrations of Ford, Carter, Reagan, Bush and Clinton to describe how each discovered that the presidency was forever altered. With special emphasis on the human toll, Woodward shows the consequences of the new ethics laws, and the emboldened Congress and media. Powerful investigations increasingly stripped away the privacy and protections once expected by the nation's chief executive. "Shadow" is an authoritative, unsettling narrative of the modern, beleaguered presidency."

Shadow Economies Around the World - Size, Causes, and Consequences

Abstract: Using various methods (currency demand, physical input (electricity) method, model approach), which are discussed and criticized, estimates of the size of the shadow economy in 76 developing, transition and OECD-countries are presented. The average size of a shadow economy varies from 12 percent of GDP for OECD, to 23 percent for transition and to 39 percent for developing countries. An increasing burden of taxation and social security contributions combined with rising state regulatory activities are the drivin g forces for the increase of the shadow economy especially in OECD-countries. According to some findings, a growing shadow economy has a negative effect on official GDP growth, and a positive impact of corruption on the size of the shadow economy can be found.

The Long Shadow of Work: Education, the Family, and the Reproduction of the Social Division of Labor:

Abstract: We would like to acknowledge the Ford Foundation for the financial support in conducting the research on which this is based. m ·r This material is to appear in revised form ’in Schooling in Capitalist America: Educational Reform and the Contradictions of Economic Life, by Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis, Basic Books, forthcoming, 1975. &dquo;Every child born into the world should be looked upon by society as so much raw material to be manufactured. Its quality is to be tested. It is the business of society,

“The Shadow Only”: Shadow and Silhouette in Late Nineteenth-Century Paris

Abstract: This essay argues that in late nineteenth-century Paris a crucial shift occurred in the status of pictorial shadow: vanguard artists began to conceive of shadow as an expressive entity in itself rather than merely an accessory to form. Credited with the ability to reveal the intrinsic essence of things, shadow, particularly as silhouette, offered a means to make visible internal truths rather than outward appearances. Shadow's thematization in art, experimental theater, and other entertainments marked a decisive aesthetic transition, and it also reflected the larger impulse of late nineteenth-century thought to explore the less material aspects of being.

Dispute Prevention Without Courts in Vietnam

Abstract: Vietnam's firms contract without the shadow of the law and only partly in the shadow of the future. Although contracting rests in part on the threat of loss of future business, firms often are willing to renegotiate following a breach, so the retaliation is not as forceful as in the standard repeated-game story and not as effective a sanction. To ensure agreements are kept, firms rely on other devices to supplement repeated-game incentives. Firms scrutinize their trading partners. Community sanctions are occasionally invoked. Transactions with greater risk of reneging are supported by more elaborate governance structures.

The shadow and the counsellor : working with darker aspects of the person, role and profession

Abstract: The Shadow and the Counsellor introduces the concept of shadow, the darker side to ourselves that we do not wish to acknowledge, or do not even recognise. It examines how it comes into being and explores its impact within counselling. The Shadow and the Counsellor is structured around a six stage model which is designed to help the counsellor recognise, confront and deal with their 'shadow' side. This can then be a framework for reflection and practical action. With case studies including short clinical examples to longer examples running through the book, this will give counsellors a new way of approaching their practice.

Official Masks and Shadow Powers: Towards an Anthropology of the Dark Side of the State

Abstract: Despite a degree of "democratic opening," optimistic assessments of political change in Mexico must be tempered by noting the effects of the militarization of internal security and the intimate relations between political power and involvement in illegal activities. Starting from a discussion of wider literature on the relationships between economic globalization and the rise of Shadow States, ethnographic material and press reports from Mexico are used to carry forward a critique of the "New Barbarism" theorists' treatment of these developments as pathologies of the periphery, rooted in state crisis or partial exclusion from global networks. It is argued that while the Shadow State is not an entirely new phenomenon in Mexican history, contemporary developments reflect the emergence of new forms of state power and governmentality that are connected in important ways to the continuing regulatory powers of Northern governments and the interventions of transnational capital. Although the fact that their field of accumulation is the global economy problema tizes the position of Shadow State actors, their capacity to build and rebuild clienteles and political networks in societies shattered by neoliberalism throws doubt

Colonialism and Modern Constructions of Race: A Preliminary Inquiry

Abstract: This article aims at an examination of the colonial career of the modern construction of race and its traces in post-coloniality. It locates race in regimes of legality and illegality attendant to British colonial rule over India to underscore the defining role of colonialism in modern constructions of race. The first part recounts the modern grammar of racial difference rooted in the colonial encounter between modern Europe and its colonies. The second part identifies three specific sites of deployment of colonial racial stereotypes in colonial India, namely, "martial races," "criminal tribes," and indentured labor. The last part traces the shadow of the colonial discourse of race on anti-colonial nationalism and post-colonial designs of governance in South Asia.

Second-Generation Haitian Youth in Quebec. between the "Real" Community and the "Represented" Community. (1)

Abstract: I - Introduction This article explores the way in which the experience of racism feeds historical memory and collective action among some "second-generation" Haitian youths, (2) depicted more often in their "anomy" or in the shadow of the associative action of their parents than in any capacity to act as social agents. (3) My study of several groups of youths aged fifteen to twenty-nine, reveals an activity that clashes with the image often conveyed by the media and studies of "second generations." It also indicates that their social experience is circumscribed both by a system of representation and diasporic influences, (4) and by a subjective and objective experience of racism that acts sociologically as an interpretation of the social and cultural crisis in Quebec. Studies of second generations-in France and in Quebec-are still dominated by culturalist and functionalist currents. They refer to anomy, delinquency and deviance (Malewska and Gachon, 1988), to educational problems (Pierre-Jacques, 1982, 1986), to an identity crisis linked to a cultural crisis (Malewska-Peyre, 1985; Yahyaoui, 1989; Camilleri, 1990), and to a "dual belonging" to disjointed and supposedly opposed value systems (Dinello, 1985; Pierre-Jacques, 1985; Beauchesne, 1989), a situation which would explain the encountered problems of maladjustment. More specifically, youths of Haitian descent in Quebec are depicted through pathological social forms rather than through the construction of collective activity, no doubt because massive mobilization is not the predominant characteristic of their action or, above all, because the community and political organization of Haitians in Quebec is still dominated by first-generation immigrants (Labelle and Levy, 1995). The conflictual nature of their social exper ience is often dismissed, and a standardized "Haitian culture" only receives expression through the voice of a community elite recognized by the ministry subsidizing it. To my knowledge, there have been no studies in Quebec of the new spaces of solidarity and collective action circumscribing the experience of young Haitians. This absence of analysis is astounding for two reasons. Firstly, these youths, who are in close cultural "proximity" to other Quebec youths inasmuch as they are caught up in the same process of individuation characteristic of modernity and experience the same influence of mass, urban and democratic culture, are brutally confronted with an already entrenched dynamic of domination and subordination of Blacks in Canada (Walker, 1980: 13). Have they not been the focus of all the attention in recent years in their embodiment of a new "second-generation problem," even though we know that this phenomenon is neither unprecedented nor specific to Haitian youths? Secondly, the intellectual currents and the events of the past few years involving these youths require that they be examined as moments of collective action and "sites" of contestation. Consider, for exa mple, the so-called St. Hubert Street riots in 1992, the compelling attraction of the symbols of the American Black movement and the battle mythology youths revive, the rapprochement with young Black anglophones in Montreal in response to incidents of police brutality (the Griffin and Francois affairs), the creation of protest, religious (Islamic in particular) or cultural organizations, of businesses and media outlets (Images, L'EQOH du futur, etc.), and the representational crisis of first-generation organizations among the young. Are these isolated responses to racist behaviour or, rather, a desire, indeed a capacity, for action which upsets the image of cultural alienation and stigmatization? What are the inherited or reinterpreted forms of belonging which young people of Haitian descent appropriate for themselves? And what types of social and political participation do they engender? Should this "work" be seen as containing the seeds of new conflicts and agents, carriers of change (Touraine, [1978]1993), as the signs of a "social counter-movement" (Wieviorka, 1988, 1991), (5) a carrier of schisms, essentialism, and even "tribalisms," or even the amalgamation of identificatory and democratic desires? …

Mussolini's Shadow: The Double Life of Count Galeazzo Ciano

Abstract: This is a biography of Count Galeazzo Ciano, based in part on the sensational diaries which he sought to trade for his life and which are among the most revealing sources on the relationship between the Axis powers in the early years of the World War II.

The shadow and the substance :architectural education and its relation to practice with special reference to Saudi Arabia

Abstract: The shadow and the substance: Architectural education and its relation to practice with special referene to Saudi Arabia , The shadow and the substance: Architectural education and its relation to practice with special refe... , کتابخانه دیجیتال دفتر تبلیغات اسلامی