Showing papers on "Shadow (psychology) published in 2001"

Relational Quality: Managing Trust in Corporate Alliances

Abstract: Management scholars have often argued that "trust" plays a key role in economic exchanges, particularly when one or another party is subject to the risk of opportunistic behavior and incomplete monitoring or when problems due to moral hazard or asymmetric information arise. These conditions are almost always present in the case of corporate alliances and joint ventures. However, one attribute of relationships—"relational quality"—is fundamental to the maintenance of good working conditions in two-party alliances where past experience and the shadow of the future play important roles. Relying on a growing body of theory and a number of case studies, the authors develop a framework for thinking about trust in dynamic and practical terms. They also provide recommendations for managing relational quality in alliances as a strategy for enhancing value.

Worldwide Shadow Education: Outside-School Learning, Institutional Quality of Schooling, and Cross-National Mathematics Achievement

Abstract: The growth of structured, outside-school activities for improving students’ mathematics achievement is an enduring feature of modern schooling with major policy implications. These "shadow education " activities mimic, or shadow, formal schooling processes and requirements. Using extensive cross-national data from the Third International Mathematics and Science Study, we examine shadow education as a macro-phenomenon of modern schooling through its (a) prevalence, (b) strategies for use, and (c) associated national characteristics. We find that shadow education is prevalent worldwide, but that there is consider­able cross-national variation in its use. Contrary to findings from single country studies, we find most shadow education is remedial in nature. We then test hypotheses concerning the national origins of shadow education and its impact on nations’ production of mathematics achievement. Our results show that institutional factors of education, including limited access and lower levels of funding, dr...

Keeping Tabs on Partners: The Logic of Delegation in Coalition Governments

Abstract: government? In this article, I theorize about the conditions under which coalition partners should make efforts to keep tabs on each other's ministers and the ways in which they might do so. I show that parties in Italian, Dutch, and multiparty Japanese coalitions used their allotments of junior ministerial positions to shadow each other's ministers, while parties in German coalitions relied instead on institutional devices to tie ministers'

Meeting the Ethical Challenges of Leadership: Casting Light or Shadow

Abstract: Part I The Shadow Side of Leadership Introduction Fallen Leaders Defining Terms Notes Chapter 1 The Leader's Light or Shadow What's Ahead A Dramatic Difference The Leader's Shadows The Shadow of Power Leadership Ethics at the Movies: The Life and Death of People's Temple Self-Assessment:Brutal Boss Questionnaire The Shadow of Privilege The Shadow of Mismanaged Information Case Study: Hiding the Truth: Friendly Fire and the Death of Pat Tillman The Shadow of Inconsistency The Shadow of Misplaced and Broken Loyalties The Shadow of Irresponsibility Focus on Follower Ethics:The Dark Side of Followership Implications and Applications For Further Exploration, Challenge and Self-Assessment Chapter End Case: Casting Shadows at Enron Chapter End Case: It Pays to Be an Executive: The Stock Options Scandal Notes Chapter 2 Shadow Casters What's Ahead Shadow Casters Unhealthy Motivations Internal Enemies or Monsters Focus on Follower Ethics:Follower Motivations and the Dangers of Toxic Leadership Selfishness Faulty Decision Making Inactive or Overactive Moral Imagination Ethical Deficiencies Case Study: The Multiplied Missing Children Contextual Pressures Leadership Ethics at the Movies:The Devil Wears Prada Stepping Out of the Shadows: Expanding Our Ethical Capacity Self-Assessment:Ethical Self-Awareness Instrument Implications and Applications For Further Exploration, Challenge and Self-Assessment Chapter End Case: Napoleon Marches Again: Jean-Marie Messier and Vivendi Universal Chapter End Case: The Ethical Saga of Salomon, Inc. Notes Part II Looking Inward Chapter 3 The Leader's Character What's Ahead Elements of Character Focus on Follower Ethics: The Courageous Follower Leadership Ethics at the Movies: The Last King of Scotland Character Building Finding Role Models Case Study: The Hero as Optimist: Explorer Ernest Shackleton Hardship Telling and Living Collective Stories Habits Mission Statements Values Self-Assessment:Instrumental and Terminal Values Implications and Applications For Further Exploration, Challenge and Self-Assessment Chapter End Case: "Chainsaw" Al Dunlap and "Mensch" Aaron Feuerstein Chapter End Case:The Greatest Reformer in History Notes Chapter 4 Combating Evil What's Ahead The Faces of Evil Focus on Follower Ethics:Resisting Pressures to Do Evil: A Ten-Step Program Making a Case for Forgiveness Breaking the Cycle of Evil Leadership Ethics at the Movies:Munich Case Study:To Forgive or Not to Forgive? The Forgiveness Process Self Assessment: Tendency to Forgive Scale Spirituality and Leadership Implications and Applications For Further Exploration, Challenge and Self-Assessment Chapter End Case: Genocide in Slow Motion Chapter End Case: Covering Up Evil Notes Part III Ethical Standards and Strategies Chapter 5 General Ethical Perspectives What's Ahead Utilitarianism: Do the Greatest Good for the Greatest Number Focus on Follower Ethics: Whistle Blowing: Ethical Tension Points Leadership Ethics at the Movies:The Guardian Kant's Categorical Imperative: Do What's Right No Matter What the Cost Fairness as Justice: Guaranteeing Equal Rights and Opportunities Behind the Veil Self-Assessment: Organizational Justice Scale Case Study 5.1: Equal Justice for All? The Jena Six Communitarianism: Shoulder Your Responsibilities/Seek the Common Good Altruism: Love Your Neighbor Ethical Pluralism Implications and Applications For Further Exploration, Challenge and Self-Assessment Chapter End Case:The Battle Over the Cervical Cancer Vaccine Chapter End Case:Curing One Patient at a Time Notes Chapter 6 Normative Leadership Theories What's Ahead Transformational Leadership: Leadership Ethics at the Movies:Coach Carter Self-Assessment:Perceived Leader Integrity Scale Servant Leadership Focus on Follower Ethics:Servant Followership Authentic Leadership Case Study:The Airline Executive as "Mom in Chief" Taoism Implications and Applications For Further Exploration, Challenge and Self-Assessment Chapter End Case:Transforming Clear Lake College Chapter End Case:Betraying the Student Borrower Notes Chapter 7 Ethical Decision-Making and Behavior What's Ahead Components of Moral Action Component 1: Moral Sensitivity (Recognition) Component 2: Moral Judgment Leadership Ethics at the Movies:The Lives of Others Component 3: Moral Motivation Component 4: Moral Character Decision-Making Formats Kidder's Ethical Checkpoints Case Study:The Terminal Patient Nash's Twelve Questions Self-Assessment:The Gift The SAD Formula The Case Study Method Implications and Applications For Further Exploration, Challenge and Self-Assessment Chapter End Case:Ethical Scenarios for Analysis Notes Part IV Shaping Ethical Contexts Chapter 8 Building an Effective, Ethical Small Group What's Ahead The Leader and the Small Group Case Study 8.1:Tougher Standards for All Terrain Vehicles? Fostering Ethical Accountability Resisting Groupthink Focus on Follower Ethics:Avoiding False Agreement: The Abilene Paradox Promoting Enlightening Communication Seeking Dialogue Comprehensive/Critical Listening Defensive vs. Supportive Communication Productive Conflict Leadership Ethics at the Movies:A Few Good Men Engaging in Effective Argument Self-Assessment:Argumentativeness Scale Implications and Applications For Further Exploration, Challenge and Self-Assessment Chapter End Case:Incentives for Organ Donations Chapter End Case:Responding to Groupthink and Faulty Reasoning at NASA Notes Chapter 9 Creating an Ethical Organizational Climate What's Ahead The Leader as Ethics Officer Leadership Ethics at the Movies: Breach Ethical Climates Signs of Healthy Ethical Climates Zero Tolerance for Destructive Behaviors Focus on Follower Ethics: The Seven Signs of Ethical Collapse Integrity Process Focus (Concern for Means and Ends) Structural Reinforcement Social Responsibility Climate Building Tools Shared Values Core Ideology Self-Assessment: Mars Group Technique Adoption Process (VAP) Codes of Ethics Case Study: Cutting Corners at the University Continuous Ethical Improvement The Need for Ongoing Ethical Learning Enhancing Organizational Ethical Learning Implications and Applications For Further Exploration, Challenge and Self-Assessment Chapter End Case: The High Cost or Ethical Neutrality Chapter End Case: Agenda for Change at the Air Force Academy Notes Chapter 10 Meeting the Ethical Challenges of Diversity What's Ahead Promoting Diversity in the Organization: An Ethical Imperative Case Study 10.1: Diversity Pushback Self-Assessment:The Diversity Perceptions Scale Mastering the Ethical Challenges of Leadership in a Global Society The Dark Side of Globalization The Global Shadow of Power The Global Shadow of Privilege The Global Shadow of Deceit The Global Shadow of Inconsistency The Global Shadow of Misplaced and Broken Loyalties The Global Shadow of Irresponsibility Leadership and Ethical Diversity Leadership Ethics at the Movies: Letters from Iwo Jima Cultural Differences and Ethical Values Defining Culture Programmed Values Patterns Project GLOBE Focus on Follower Ethics: Follower Obligations in Cross-Cultural Leader/Follower Relationships Standing on Common Moral Ground A Global Ethic Eight Global Values The Peace Ethic The Global Business Standards Codex The Caux Principles Making Ethical Choices in Culturally Diverse Settings: Integrated Social Contracts Theory Implications and Applications For Further Exploration, Challenge and Self-Assessment Case Study: Google Meets the Great Firewall of China Case Study: Ethical Diversity Scenarios Notes Epilogue References

Transnationalism, neo-liberalism, and the rise of the shadow state

Abstract: This paper examines the processes through which a neo-liberal agenda is broadened and entrenched through time. The case study focuses on a federal immigration policy in Canada in the 1980s, which encouraged the rapid entry of wealthy entrepreneurs and investors from Hong Kong. One of the many impacts of the arrival of this Chinese business elite in British Columbia was the rapid growth of a key volunteer organization in Vancouver dedicated to social service provisioning for immigrants. With the donations and volunteerism of the new Chinese arrivals, this organization grew from a small, narrowly focused social service institution, to one of the largest and most extensive providers in the lower Mainland, supplying numerous goods and services formerly controlled primarily by the province and the federal government. As a result of the actions of this voluntary organization, a type of interstitial organization that some scholars have termed under the rubric, 'the shadow state', conservative politicians in the ...

Takeover Defenses in the Shadow of the Pill: A Critique of the Scientific Evidence

Abstract: Two decades of research on poison pills and other takeover defenses does not support the belief - common among legal academics - that defenses reduce firm value. Even by their own terms, defense studies produced weak and inconsistent results, and failed to discriminate among information effects of defense adoptions. But prior studies suffer from serious, previously unrecognized design flaws: (1) pill studies assume pill adoption has an effect on takeover vulnerability and fail to recognize that nearly every firm already has a "shadow pill," making pill adoption relatively unimportant; and (2) all studies fail to account for ways defenses interact, such as the way that the shadow pill has made fair price and supermajority vote provisions unimportant. Not only do these flaws help explain the weak results of such studies, but the flaws are consistent with new evidence on bid outcomes, and recognizing them should improve future research on defenses.

Becoming a Student of Teaching: Linking Knowledge Production and Practice

Abstract: 1. Getting Oriented Part I Pre-service Teacher Education 2. Life Writing 3. Analysing Personal Teaching Techniques 4. Institutional Study 5. Shadow Study 6. Classroom Studies 7. Creating a Professional Teaching Text Part II In-Service Teacher Education 10. Collaborative Research

The Unforgotten: Memories of Justice

Abstract: Justice is, in part, a form of remembrance: Memory occupies a vital place at the heart of justice and its struggle to keep the victims, crimes, and perpetrators among the unforgotten. I argue that this memory-justice at once informs core judicial practices and ranges beyond them in a manner that leaves judicial closure incomplete. It reminds us of a duty to keep crimes and their victims from the oblivion of forgetting, of a duty to restore, preserve, and acknowledge the just order of the world. Yet, in the shadow of remembrance, other human goods can wither, goods located in the temporal registers of present and future. This latter lesson is important, but it is one with which we are familiar. I emphasize another, with which we are perhaps less at home: the intimacy of memory's bond with justice, not as obsessional or as a syndrome, but as a face of justice itself.

The Shadow of the Rational Polluter: Rethinking the Role of Rational Actor Models in Environmental Law

Abstract: Many of the central doctrinal and policy debates in American environmental law rest, fundamentally, on disagreements over a single empirical question: what motivates firms in their interactions with the environmental regulatory system? The traditional view sees firms as "rational polluters" - self-interested economic and political actors, whose rational pursuit of their self-interest guides both their compliance decisions and their attempts to influence policy. To induce compliance, then, environmental enforcement must aim to deter violations through the imposition of penalties; likewise, to prevent firms from capturing the regulatory process, regulation must rely on prescriptive rules and must eschew informal or ad hoc policymaking methods. Reformers, on the other hand, challenge the traditional view. They look at that same deterrence- and rule-based environmental regime and see a complex, "ossified" system that often makes compliance difficult and impractical, and conclude that much noncompliance with environmental regulation is inadvertent. For these reasons, reformers advocate a more cooperative and collaborative, and less adversarial and punitive, regulatory process. The conflict between these two views casts a long shadow over American environmental regulation. This article has three objectives. First, it traces the numerous and sometimes elusive connections between current doctrinal and policy debates in environmental law (debates over civil and criminal enforcement as well as regulatory reform) and their common root, this question of the accuracy and validity of the rational polluter model. Second, it examines the latest thinking and evidence on this question from legal and social science scholarship, and concludes that the traditional view fails to explain the behavior of many regulated firms. Finally, it argues (using evidence from behavioral psychology and elsewhere) that over-reliance on the rational polluter model may pose a long-term risk to the legitimacy of the American regulatory system, particularly if it fails to meet the expectations of the political moderates.

Self Determination and Self-Advocacy: Shifting the Power

Abstract: In order to understand the meaning of words such as self-determination and self-advocacy, we must first understand their history. For many years, people with disabilities lived in the shadow of others. They were abused, mistreated, and virtually ignored. In the past century and a half, services for people with developmental disabilities have gone through many phases of good-faith effort, each with notable intentions. Beginning around 1848, we developed special schools and training programs based on the belief that we could teach people with disabilities better if they were separated from the "normal" population. Those schools were set up outside of our local communities and became known as institutions (Wolfensberger, 1969).

The Shadow of the Rational Polluter: Rethinking the Role of Rational Actor Models in Environmental Law

Abstract: Many of the central doctrinal and policy debates in American environmental law rest, fundamentally, on disagreements over a single empirical question: what motivates firms in their interactions with the environmental regulatory system? The traditional view sees firms as "rational polluters" - self-interested economic and political actors, whose rational pursuit of their self-interest guides both their compliance decisions and their attempts to influence policy. To induce compliance, then, environmental enforcement must aim to deter violations through the imposition of penalties; likewise, to prevent firms from capturing the regulatory process, regulation must rely on prescriptive rules and must eschew informal or ad hoc policymaking methods. Reformers, on the other hand, challenge the traditional view. They look at that same deterrence- and rule-based environmental regime and see a complex, "ossified" system that often makes compliance difficult and impractical, and conclude that much noncompliance with environmental regulation is inadvertent. For these reasons, reformers advocate a more cooperative and collaborative, and less adversarial and punitive, regulatory process. The conflict between these two views casts a long shadow over American environmental regulation. This article has three objectives. First, it traces the numerous and sometimes elusive connections between current doctrinal and policy debates in environmental law (debates over civil and criminal enforcement as well as regulatory reform) and their common root, this question of the accuracy and validity of the rational polluter model. Second, it examines the latest thinking and evidence on this question from legal and social science scholarship, and concludes that the traditional view fails to explain the behavior of many regulated firms. Finally, it argues (using evidence from behavioral psychology and elsewhere) that over-reliance on the rational polluter model may pose a long-term risk to the legitimacy of the American regulatory system, particularly if it fails to meet the expectations of the political moderates.

Capacity Choice and the Theory of the Mine

Abstract: When extraction from mineral deposits is constrained byfixed capacity, an r-per-cent rule holds. This deposit-specific rule,however, is ``more partial'' than Hotelling's rule in that it is followed byprice takers and does not require price to adjust to produce equilibrium. Toobtain the resource rent to which the rule applies, the shadow value ofcapacity must be subtracted from the usual net price, i.e., price lessshort-run marginal cost. But the shadow value of capacity cannot becalculated from common depreciation formulas; an alternative method ofcalculating the shadow values is derived. The shadow value of reserves maybe increasing in the level of initial reserves. If there are increasingreturns to installing capacity, the value of the resource is not equal tothe discounted resource rent.

The Whispering Shadow: Collectivism and Individualism at Ikeda-Hoover and Nissan UK:

Abstract: Despite recent interest in the character of individual dissonance in the workplace less attention has been given to the nature of collectivism in the context of restricted trade union behaviour. Wh...

Individual behaviour in the cash/shadow economy in Australia: Facts, empirical findings and some mysteries

Abstract: This paper first gives an explanation of the behaviour which motivates individuals to engage in the shadow economy. It will be shown that people who fear being caught by tax authorities will be less likely to work in the shadow economy and those who earn more money in the official economy will also work less in the shadow economy. The result of a logistic regression shows that if others are seen to be engaged in the shadow economy then this increases subsequent demand for such activities. It was found that on average, a shadow economy worker earned AUS$2135.31 during the year 2000, and households spent AUS$2,293.00 for these services. Using micro-data to calculate an overall aggregate figure for the estimated size of the shadow economy in Australia during the year 2000, it was found that between 4.81% and 8.8% of the gross national income (GNI) was earned in the cash economy.

The Ultimate Spectacle: A Visual History Of The Crimean War

Abstract: 1. "Vauxhall is Far Prettier" Narrative and Visual scenarios 2. "Storm'd at With Shot and Shell" The heyday of lithography and the London shows 3. "Bastard of History, Only Much Truer" The ascendancy of picture reportage 4. "The Valley of the Shadow of Death" The triumph of photography 5. "My Nearest and Dearest" Home-front scenarios 6. "The Usual Plunging Horses" The swan-song of history painting 7. Conclusion

Declining social capital and nonprofit organizations: consequences for small towns after welfare reform

Abstract: In 1997, welfare reform replaced the federal system of entitlement with a workfare system based on the values of self-sufficiency and personal responsibility. Proponents of reform argue that if social services are needed, local nonprofit organizations (NPOs) such as food banks can provide them. But claims that local NPOs can expand programs in the wake of welfare cuts merit closer scrutiny. This paper investigates two questions. First, why is the nonprofit sector being touted as a replacement for the welfare state? Second, is there sufficient social capital—the willingness of people to donate their time and money in a community—for NPOs to expand social services with less state funding? The answer to the first question explains how the crisis of Fordism led to welfare spending cuts. In its place arose a more flexible “shadow state” comprised of NPOs. The rise of the “shadow state” signals a conscious effort to reduce government spending. It also means providing less assistance to the poor because the volu...

No bad landscape

Abstract: ********** In an academic world continually threatened with budget reductions and evermore-relentless calls for a wholesale redirection of departmental funds into technological upgrades, it is difficult to do something manifestly orthodox. In a professional world in which there is an ever-more-constant drumming about your ears for increased scholarly productivity and grasping at national visibility, it is difficult to do something that involves fiscal or temporal start-up costs. And in a teaching world that seems enthralled with every possible digital enhancement of the spoken word, it is difficult to do something so plainly pedestrian as talking directly to and with small groups of students. In other words, these are very hard times to speak up in favor of a class in old-fashioned, locally focused, low-tech field geography. Conceding these academic realities, I'd nonetheless like to promote the academic and professional merit of stepping up to the motor-pool counter, ordering a van, and taking a dozen or so students out to do battle with the realities of the local world. No battle is more fun to win; few victories bring greater personal and departmental rewards. And, beyond that, there is no bad landscape. Let me explore these domains. DEPARTMENTAL DISINCLINATION TO SUPPORT LOCAL FIELDWORK The current rush in many a college and university is toward increased class size, experiments in distance learning, and--in a manner of contradiction--replacement of graduate teaching assistants in the classroom with ladder faculty whenever possible. The field class is a major problem in two of those three categories. It is as small as a seminar, and its content transports over uplink lines with less efficiency than any classroom lecture material. However, on the real-faculty-interacting-with-real-students front, it is perfect. In terms of class size, there is no arguing about its rich ratio and steep cost. However, there is an intensity in the interaction between faculty and students, both graduate and undergraduate, that has a value one can use to offset exhortations for increased class sizes. The weapons to be used are development and retention, two new terms that currently shadow virtually all university administration innovations. When students take on the task of participating in a local field class, they are casting aside the likelihood of being able to disappear behind a bland wall of other students who function as a buffer between the professor and the reluctant class members. In a field class--just as in a small-section foreign-language class--all students are confronted with a need for responsiveness, reaction, and participation in problem solving in every single class period. Although a student may not view this as good news, it is precisely class situations such as these that capture the mind and have the potential for growing into significant recollections of engaging college life. Such a teaching situation, especially in a large university, stimulates a connection with education that is almost never matched in traditional large lecture classes. The field class also has the potential for an impact on retention that ought to be pointed out in deanly or even university foundation discussions. In talking with students who have walked away from the university, you often hear that "no one there really cared whether I stayed or not." There are a hundred variants on this lament, but they swirl around the core difficulty college students have, particularly in their first years at the university, in finding a niche that seems both accommodating and satisfying. Large auditorium classes and endless sections with teaching assistants who may or may not be sympathetic to this loneliness do not generally solve such problems. A small field class can change everything. And such a change, such enhancement of student reaction and subsequent recollections, may mean real dollars in the context of both retention and development. …

Arbeit im Schatten: Einige theoretische und empirische Überlegungen ?ber die Schattenwirtschaft

Abstract: As the shadow economy is increasing in almost all OECD countries this paper analyses the theoretical reasons why people work in the shadow economy. Three approaches are presented, models of time allocation, transaction models and models of tax evasion. The major reason for a growing shadow economy is the rising tax and social security burdens, increasing government regulation and decreasing tax morale. The latest empirical results from Austria, Germany and Switzerland are presented.

Bargaining in the Shadow of Administrative Procedure: The Public Interest in Rulemaking Settlement

Abstract: In recent years, a new account of administrative law, favoring private ordering over state-imposed solutions, has bolstered the acceptability of negotiated approaches to regulatory problems. Consistent with this account, administrative law has seen a growing trend toward flexible, consensual mechanisms for regulation, emphasizing less rigid, cooperative approaches over prolonged adversarial disputes. Procedural innovations, such as negotiated regulation (known less formally as “reg neg”), have proliferated as alternatives to more traditional administrative procedures, such as notice and comment rulemaking. Reformers’ embrace of such solutions for their promise

What Do We Know About the Shadow Economy

Abstract: Estimates of the size of the shadow economy in 21 OECD countries are presented. The average size of the shadow economy (as a percentage of ‘official’ GDP) over 1999/2000 in these countries is 16.7%. The author concludes that it is the increasing burden of taxation and social security contributions, combined with rising state regulatory activities, that are the driving forces for the recent growth in size of the shadow economy in the countries concerned.

Wide as the Waters: The Story of the English Bible and the Revolution It Inspired

Abstract: Next to the Bible itself, the English Bible was -- and is -- the most influential book ever published. The most famous of all English Bibles, the King James Version, was the culmination of centuries of work by various translators, from John Wycliffe, the fourteenth-century catalyst of English Bible translation, to the committee of scholars who collaborated on the King James translation. "Wide as the Waters" examines the life and work of Wycliffe and recounts the tribulations of his successors, including William Tyndale, who was martyred, Miles Coverdale, and others who came to bitter ends. It traces the story of the English Bible through the tumultuous reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary Tudor, and Elizabeth I, a time of fierce contest between Catholics and Protes-tants in England, as the struggle to establish a vernacular Bible was fought among competing factions. In the course of that struggle, Sir Thomas More, later made a Catholic saint, helped orchestrate the assault on the English Bible, only to find his own true faith the plaything of his king.In 1604, a committee of fifty-four scholars, the flower of Oxford and Cambridge, collaborated on the new translation for King James. Their collective expertise in biblical languages and related fields has probably never been matched, and the translation they produced -- substantially based on the earlier work of Wycliffe, Tyndale, and others -- would shape English literature and speech for centuries. As the great English historian Macaulay wrote of their version, "If everything else in our language should perish, it alone would suffice to show the extent of its beauty and power." To this day its common expressions, such as "labor of love," "lick the dust," "a thorn in the flesh," "the root of all evil," "the fat of the land," "the sweat of thy brow," "to cast pearls before swine," and "the shadow of death," are heard in everyday speech.The impact of the English Bible on law and society was profound. It gave every literate person access to the sacred text, which helped to foster the spirit of inquiry through reading and reflection. This, in turn, accelerated the growth of commercial printing and the proliferation of books. Once people were free to interpret the word of God according to the light of their own understanding, they began to question the authority of their inherited institutions, both religious and secular. This led to reformation within the Church, and to the rise of constitutional government in England and the end of the divine right of kings. England fought a Civil War in the light (and shadow) of such concepts, and by them confirmed the Glorious Revolution of 1688. In time, the new world of ideas that the English Bible helped inspire spread across the Atlantic to America, and eventually, like Wycliffe's sea-borne scattered ashes, all the world over, "as wide as the waters be.""Wide as the Waters" is a story about a crucial epoch in the history of Christianity, about the English language and society, and about a book that changed the course of human events.

Shadow and Spirituality

Abstract: When we confront the meaning of spirituality in education confusion and conflict can arise as they arise from the confrontation with spirituality in ourselves. This occurs both at the personal and at the collective level, according to writers such as C.G. Jung. Failure to understand that human spirituality includes a shadow side of this kind is precisely what leads many forms of human spiritual expression, including organized religion, into deep splits and schisms. It is unsurprising, therefore, that the willing, but perhaps, na L ve attempts of contemporary educationalists to understand spirituality within education in a wholly positive light have themselves run into trouble. This paper will attempt to argue that without balancing contemporary educational debate about spirituality against some writers', including C.G. Jung's, deepest insights into the place of shadow in spirituality, children will yet again be sold a misfaction [1] about the nature of that aspect of human being and becoming. This, in tur...

“Between the risk and the reality falls the shadow”: Evidence and urban legends in computer fraud (with apologies to T.S. Eliot)

Abstract: The definition, harmfulness, incidence and prevalence of computer-related crime continue to be controversial. The unifying theme around cyber-crime as an issue seldom amounts to more than a claim to be late or post-modern. Sceptics traditionally argue that much of what is described as computer crime is crime that would not have been significantly harder had computers never been invented but although, as I shall argue, that may be true of conceptual categories such as trespass, theft, obscenity and violence (Wall, 1998: 203), it is undoubtedly true that computers – and especially the Internet democratise criminal opportunities by opening up the possibility of virtual access to sites such as financial and defence systems that would not be available physically to many offenders. (For an excellent introduction to this aspect, see Mann and Sutton, 1998.) Even if we were to agree on a definition of the phenomenon, given non-reporting and even when reported the difficulty of fitting the crime to existing legal categories, our understanding of when and where ‘it’ occurs is very limited. Indeed, Wall (1998: 203) goes so far as to assert that "it is ...too early even to attempt an assessment of the extent of cybervictimization, indeed, there are many good reasons as to why this might never be possible." Whilst I agree that this is so in the round, this paper sketches out some brief perspective on the emergence of computer fraud as a social issue and then goes on to examine what surveys to date tell us about its incidence and prevalence. I will not examine what the legal implications of this are, because there is no reason why the legal framework of fraud and attempted fraud should not cope adequately, though evidential issues may be far from easy.

British public attitudes and ethnic minorities

Abstract: Public attitudes constrain the content of most new policy proposals. Despite knowing this, policy projects often start without possessing a detailed understanding of what public opinion actually is in relation to that policy. This results in guesses and estimates about the public reaction to policy proposals akin to shadow boxing; the opponent is definitely there but little else is known about them. When an opinion survey is taken toward the end of the project, the population often surprises policy makers by their enthusiasm or scorn for certain idea, at which point it is too late in the say to react. It is therefore an early priority of the PIU Ethnic Minorities and Labour Markets (EMLM) team to develop a clear understanding of public attitudes concerning ethnic minorities, and what this means for a government keen to improve the situation for disadvantaged groups. It is especially important to have a clear view in the field of ethnic minorities, as feelings and beliefs tend to be strong and politically sensitive.

Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices: The social shadow of AIDS and STD prevention in Nepal

Abstract: (2001). Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices: The social shadow of AIDS and STD prevention in Nepal. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies: Vol. 24, Sexual sites, seminal attitudes: Sexualities, masculinites and culture in South Asia, pp. 177-195.

Cutting Down Trees: Law-Making Under the Shadow of Great Calamities

Abstract: The paper explores some of the reasons that explain why it is that we seem unable to prevent ourselves from repeating past errors when dealing with acute emergencies and terrorist threats. It highlights the tension that exists between democratic values and responding to terrorism and argues that counter-terrorism measures depend, to a large extent, on the belief in our ability to separate emergency from normalcy, counter-terrorism measures from the ordinary legal system. It is this dichotomized vision that the paper challenges. The argument put forward is that bright-line distinctions between emergency and normalcy, counter-terrorism and "normal" law, are illusory.