Showing papers on "Shadow (psychology) published in 2011"

Growing up in the Shadows: The Developmental Implications of Unauthorized Status.

Abstract: Unauthorized immigrants account for approximately one-fourth of all immigrants in the United States, yet they dominate public perceptions and are at the heart of a policy impasse. Caught in the middle are the children of these immigrants—youth who are coming of age and living in the shadows. An estimated 5.5 million children and adolescents are growing up with unauthorized parents and are experiencing multiple and yet unrecognized developmental consequences as a result of their family's existence in the shadow of the law. Although these youth are American in spirit and voice, they are nonetheless members of families that are "illegal" in the eyes of the law. In this article, the authors develop a conceptual framework to systematically examine the ways in which unauthorized status affects the millions of children, adolescents, and emerging adults caught in its wake. The authors elucidate the various dimensions of documentation status—going beyond the binary of the "authorized" and "unauthorized." An ecolog...

International Authority and the Responsibility to Protect

Abstract: 1. Protection in the shadow of empire 2. Practices of protection: from the parliament of man to international executive rule 3. How to recognise lawful authority: Hobbes, Schmitt and the responsibility to protect 4. Who decides? Who interprets?: jurisdiction, recognition and the institutionalisation of protection 5. The question of status and the subject of protection.

Organizations in the Shadow of Communities

Abstract: The concept of a community form is drawn upon in many subfields of organizational theory. Although there is not much convergence on a level of analysis, there is convergence on a mode of action that is increasingly relevant to a knowledge-based economy marked by porous and shifting organizational boundaries. We argue that communities play an underappreciated role in organizational theory – critical not only to occupational identity, knowledge transfer, sense-making, social support, innovation, problem-solving, and collective action but also, enabled by information technology, increasingly providing socioeconomic value – in areas once inhabited by organizations alone. Hence, we posit that organizations may be in the shadow of communities. Rather than push for a common definition, we link communities to an organization's evolution: its birth, growth, and death. We show that communities represent both opportunities and threats to organizations and conclude with a research agenda that more fully accounts for the potential of community forms to be a creator (and a possible destroyer) of value for organizations.

Handbook on the Shadow Economy

Abstract: Contents: Introduction Friedrich Schneider PART I: SIZE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHADOW ECONOMIES ALL OVER THE WORLD 1. Shadow Economies All Over the World: New Estimates for 162 Countries from 1999 to 2007 Friedrich Schneider, Andreas Buehn and Claudio E. Montenegro 2. Survey on the Shadow Economy and Undeclared Work in OECD Countries Lars P. Feld and Friedrich Schneider 3. The Size and Development of the Shadow Economy in India: A First Attempt at a Public Choice Explanation Kausik Chaudhuri and Friedrich Schneider 4. Size, Development and Perception of the Shadow Economy in Switzerland Christoph A. Schaltegger PART II: REGIONAL VARIATION IN THE SIZE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHADOW ECONOMY 5. Regional Variations in the Nature of the Shadow Economy: Evidence from a Survey of 27 European Union Member States Colin C. Williams and Jan Windebank 6. Regional Patterns of the Shadow Economy: Modelling Issues and Evidence from the European Union Helmut Herwartz, Friedrich Schneider and Egle Tafenau PART III: SHADOW ECONOMY, ILLICIT WORK AND RELATED ACTIVIES 7. The Shadow Economy and Do-it-Yourself Activities: What Do We Know? Andreas Buehn and Alexander Karmann 8. The Shadow Economy in the Residential Construction Sector Christopher Bajada 9. Who is Working Illicitly and Why? Insights from Representative Survey Data in Germany Dominik H. Enste PART IV: TAX MORALE AND THE SHADOW ECONOMY 10. Tax Morale, Tax Evasion and the Shadow Economy Gebhard Kirchgassner 11. The Link between the Intrinsic Motivation to Comply and Compliance Behaviour: A Critical Appraisal of Existing Evidence Martin Halla 12. Deterrence Policy and the Size of the Shadow Economy in Germany: An Institutional and Empirical Analysis Lars P. Feld, Andreas J. Schmidt and Friedrich Schneider PART V: CORRUPTION AND THE SHADOW ECONOMY 13. The Impact of Institutions on the Shadow Economy and Corruption: A Latent Variables Approach Axel Dreher, Christos Kotsogiannis and Steve McCorriston 14. Shadow Economy, Voice and Accountability, and Corruption Benno Torgler, Friedrich Schneider and Alison Macintyre Index

In the Shadow of Melting Glaciers—Climate Change and Andean Society

Abstract: Mark Carey in this book has crafted a well-written narration of the history of glacial lakes and glacier-related hazards in the Peruvian Andes and their interrelation with socioeconomic development in the region. In a fairly detailed manner, he describes the glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) that occurred in the Cordillera Blanca during the second half of the 20th century, emphasizing events in the 1940s and 1950s. The events during that period were particularly important for shaping the development of hazard reduction measures, with a focus on lowering potentially dangerous glacial lakes. Carey also thoroughly describes the devastating ice avalanches on Huascaran in 1962 and 1970, which caused tremendous destruction of the towns of Ranrahirca and Yungay, respectively. The latter event was triggered by an earthquake. In general, alarming glacier-related disasters have been reported every 3–4 years in the Cordillera Blanca since the mid-20th century; all are carefully referenced in the book. However, the descriptions of the disasters are merely a vehicle for the real message in the book, which reflects the political economy of glacier-related hazards and disasters in the Cordillera Blanca over the last 60 years. As such, Carey explores the interrelations between physical hazards and disasters and the political and economic development of the Santa River valley, in particular, and Peru, in general. Politicians have used the occasional disasters, and the platform for discussions on how they shape the development of society, for their wider goals. In this respect, national-level politicians have interfered with the local priorities on how to manage the omnipresent risk of glacier-related hazards. The risk of outbursts of glacial lakes gradually, and increasingly, became of interest for the economic forces developing the hydropower potential of the Santa River, spearheaded by the Peruvian Santa Corporation. The corporation promoted balancing the reduction of risk of GLOF events with the opportunities of water regulation for hydropower production, as drained and lowered lakes to reduce risks for outbursts also increasingly served the purpose of water storage. The book also provides an account of the struggle of local people against national political and economic forces. Local people are the first and foremost victims of repeated disasters but are usually put in the back seat when it comes to shaping management and reduction of current and future disasters. In the driving seat are politicians, technicians, and scientists—mostly from outside the Santa River valley, or even from outside Peru. Carey describes in an interesting way the interplay between the local and the national forces, which do not always agree on what should be done in terms of risk reduction and how to rebuild society in the aftermath of a disaster. One of the main schisms was the question of hazard zonation. The national government, represented mainly by the ‘‘Control Commission of Cordillera Blanca Lakes’’ (or Lakes Commission) created by Peruvian President Manuel Odrı́a, argued for the importance of rebuilding Huaraz after the 1941 GLOF in such a way that any future flood would cause less damage to the town. Hazard zonation and retaining walls were the answer. The Lakes Commission was backed up by scientists. However, among the inhabitants of Huaraz, there was a massive resistance against such plans. Carey writes:

Shadow Banking in the Euro Area: An Overview

Abstract: Shadow banking, as one of the main sources of financial stability concerns, is the subject of much international debate. In broad terms, shadow banking refers to activities related to credit intermediation and liquidity and maturity transformation that take place outside the regulated banking system. This paper presents a fi rst investigation of the size and the structure of shadow banking within the euro area, using the statistical data sources available to the ECB/Eurosystem. Although overall shadow banking activity in the euro area is smaller than in the United States, it is significant, at least in some euro area countries. This is also broadly true for some of the components of shadow banking, particularly securitisation activity, money market funds and the repo markets. This paper also addresses the interconnection between the regulated and the non-bank-regulated segments of the financial sector. Over the recent past, this interconnection has increased, likely resulting in a higher risk of contagion across sectors and countries. Euro area banks now rely more on funding from the financial sector than in the past, in particular from other financial intermediaries (OFIs), which cover shadow banking entities, including securitisation vehicles. This source of funding is mainly shortterm and therefore more susceptible to runs and to the drying-up of liquidity. This finding confirms that macro-prudential authorities and supervisors should carefully monitor the growing interlinkages between the regulated banking sector and the shadow banking system. However, an in-depth assessment of the activities of shadow banking and of the interconnection with the regulated banking system would require further improvements in the availability of data and other sources of information.

Communism's Shadow: Postcommunist Legacies, Values, and Behavior

Abstract: The way in which ordinary citizens interact with the political world has long fascinated political scientists, and in recent years a small but growing body of research has emerged that analyzes political values and behavior in postcommunist countries. As with analyses of other features of postcommunist political systems, there is by now a strong consensus that postcommunism did not simply represent a "tabula rasa." Thus it is important to take account of historical legacies in other countries. While legacy argu ments, which try to explain why political values and behavior in former communist countries ought (or ought not) to differ from political values and behavior elsewhere, are not new, there is no common analytical framework for assessing their effects. This article is intended as a first step toward remedying this gap. In it, we propose a theoretical framework for considering the effects of legacies on political values and behavior in postcommunist countries. This framework takes seriously Jeffrey Kopstein's warning that "the concept of legacy is especially slippery. If the weight of the past affects the present, at a minimum, it is necessary to specify which past."1 A brief word on terminology is in order. In this article, we examine the effects of legacies on citizens and how they relate to politics in postcommunist countries. Often these types of empirical questions are studied as "political behavior," encompassing topics such as voting, participation, and public opinion. However, attitudes toward politics are not technically a "behavior" until the individual acts on that attitude. Therefore, we distinguish "political behavior"—actions undertaken by citizens such as voting—from "political values"—attitudes held by citizens toward politics, political actors, and public policy.

Shadow of doubt.

Abstract: In December 2009, Anesthesia & Analgesia published a manuscript by Professor Joachim Boldt describing the effect of 2 different bypass pump priming solutions, albumin or a modern hydroxyethyl starch colloidal solution, on markers of postoperative inflammation and organ function. Shortly after this paper was published, 3 readers contacted the Journal to question the small standard deviations of the interleukin IL-6 concentrations reported by Professor Boldt. I verified their concerns with several experts in IL-6 biology, who also thought that the standard deviations were inconsistent with typical IL-6 data. For reference, Figure 1A shows the IL-6 concentrations in Professor Boldt’s paper. Figure 1B shows the IL-6 concentrations in a similar study that looked at the effect on IL-6 of different coatings in the bypass circuit. As seen in Figure 1B, the standard deviation of the IL-6 assay is expected to be approximately of the same magnitude as the observation itself (i.e., the coefficient of variation is nearly 100%). Professor Boldt’s standard deviations are very small in comparison. I was also dismayed when I scrutinized the base excess values reported for patients in the 2 groups in the retracted paper, which appear as Figure 2. It seems farfetched that after cardiopulmonary bypass there would be a base excess of 0, with almost no variability, simply because of a difference in the colloidal solution used to prime the bypass pump. Research oversight in Germany is quite different than in the United States, as explained in editorials by Professor Förstermann and Hoffart et al. in this issue of Anesthesia & Analgesia. It took several months to determine who was responsible for ethical conduct of research at Klinikum Ludwigshafen, the hospital where the research was conducted. In May, I brought my concerns to Landesärztekammer Rheinland-Pfalz (“LÄK-RLP”), the State Medical Association of Rheinland-Pfalz. LÄK-RLP investigated the matter, and communicated their findings to me on October 25, 2010. LÄK-RLP identified multiple misrepresentations in the article, outlined in Table 1. Based on these findings, the article was retracted. As explained in the editorial by Hoffart et al., LÄK-RLP does not have the authority to investigate the study site itself. After retraction of the article, Klinikum Ludwigshafen, where the study was allegedly performed, convened an investigating committee to determine the integrity of the research. I received their report on November 25, 2010. Notable findings by the investigating committee include the following:

Shadow Elite: How the World’s New Power Brokers Undermine Democracy, Government, and the Free Market:

Abstract: Two distinct audiences will find much reward in reading Janine R. Wedel’s Shadow Elite. First, those concerned with the extant focus of the book: U.S. political-economic issues and public policy—albeit in a global context—and the trajectories of America’s neoconservatives. It is a vital area of inquiry and one that has considerable commercial appeal in light of the current power shift that has taken place in the United States; a power shift that allows a more objective, retrospective appraisal of the rise of the neoconservatives. Wedel’s central thesis, that the cultures of the Cold War impacted greatly on neoconservatism, surely deserves a critical appraisal. However, a second, perhaps more shadowy audience will be interested in Shadow Elite as a work of anthropology and as an example of the cutting edge of the discipline. The book sits alongside other recent work on neoliberalism and cultural critique by authors such as Aihwa Ong. This review will discuss what the book has to offer as an approach to anthropology in new contexts and areas.

Federalism and the shadow economy

Abstract: This paper analyzes the relationships between federalism and the shadow economy. The theoretical analysis leads to the conclusion that the shadow economy is smaller in federal countries than in unitary states. The mobility of individuals among competing jurisdictions leads policy makers to adopt policies that are more efficient in terms of taxation and public good provision. This increases the return for activities in the formal sector relative to those in the informal one, thus reducing activity in the shadow economy. A cross-sectional empirical analysis of a sample of 73 countries confirms this theoretical prediction.

A Transatlantic History of the Social Sciences: Robber Barons, the Third Reich and the Invention of Empirical Social Research

Abstract: Fellowships, and What they Entailed | Institutional Support in Europe | In the Shadow of Nazi Rule: Two generation units of social scientists | The Radio, Adorno, and the Panel | The History of an Appropriation | Reconnaissance Expeditions, Reconstruction Support,and the Rare Return | Red Threads | Appendix: Comparative Income

Survey on the Shadow Economy and Undeclared Work in OECD Countries

Abstract: The shadow economy (also known as the black or underground economy) covers a vast array of trade, goods and services that are not part of the official economy of a country. This original and comprehensive Handbook presents the latest research on the size and development of the shadow economy, which remains an integral component of the economies of most developing and many developed countries.

The Shadow Economy and Shadow Economy Labor Force: What do we (not) know?

Abstract: In this paper the main focus lies on the development and the size of the shadow economy and of undeclared work (or shadow economy labor force) in OECD, developing and transition countries. Besides informal employment in the rural and non-rural sector also other measures of informal employment like the share of employees not covered by social security, own account workers or unpaid family workers are shown. The most influential factors on the shadow economy and/or shadow labor force are tax policies and state regulation, which, if they rise, increase both. Furthermore the discussion of the recent literature underlines that economic opportunities, the overall situation on the labor market, and unemployment are crucial for an understanding of the dynamics of the shadow economy and especially the shadow labor force. JEL-Classification: K42, H26, D78.

Confronting the shadow education system: what government policies for what private tutoring?

Abstract: by Mark Bray, Paris, UNESCO, IIEP, 2009, 110 pp., €s20.00, ISBN 978‐92‐803‐1333‐8 Why are many developing economies exposed to private tutoring? Why is tutoring a rare phenomenon in the Nordic well...

Facilitating Preschoolers’ Scientific Knowledge Construction via Computer Games Regarding Light and Shadow: The Effect of the Prediction-Observation-Explanation (POE) Strategy

Abstract: Educational researchers have suggested that computer games have a profound influence on students’ motivation, knowledge construction, and learning performance, but little empirical research has targeted preschoolers. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of implementing a computer game that integrates the prediction-observation-explanation (POE) strategy (White and Gunstone in Probing understanding. Routledge, New York, 1992) on facilitating preschoolers’ acquisition of scientific concepts regarding light and shadow. The children’s alternative conceptions were explored as well. Fifty participants were randomly assigned into either an experimental group that played a computer game integrating the POE model or a control group that played a non-POE computer game. By assessing the students’ conceptual understanding through interviews, this study revealed that the students in the experimental group significantly outperformed their counterparts in the concepts regarding “shadow formation in daylight” and “shadow orientation.” However, children in both groups, after playing the games, still expressed some alternative conceptions such as “Shadows always appear behind a person” and “Shadows should be on the same side as the sun.”

Pathology Services in Developing Countries—The West African Experience

Abstract: Context.—Histopathology, like other branches of medicine in West Africa, has suffered largely from economic, political, social, and infrastructural problems, becoming a shadow of the top q...

Navigating the Problem of Inclusion as Enclosure in Native Culture-Based Education: Theorizing Shadow Curriculum

Abstract: This conceptual essay explores how Gerald Vizenor’s (Anishinaabe) literary discussions of “shadow survivance” provide opportunities to work against the containment of Indigenous knowledge in mainstream and culture-based curricular practices. More specifically, the essay considers how constructivism is deployed as an opening to the inclusion of Indigenous epistemologies, yet also contains Indigenous epistemologies within a materialist and more specifically, Marxist and Hegelian philosophy. The author suggests that an implicit “shadow curriculum” has been articulated within the literature of Native culture-based curriculum which works against these forms of containment, but has rarely turned to Native American literary figures to elaborate the philosophical and theoretical differences they represent.

Standing in Livestock's 'Long Shadow': The Ethics of Eating Meat on a Small Planet

Abstract: A primary contribution of this essay is to provide a survey of the human and environmental impacts of livestock production. We will find that the mass consumption of animals is a primary reason why humans are hungry, fat, or sick and is a leading cause of the depletion and pollution of waterways, the degradation and deforestation of the land, the extinction of species, and the warming of the planet. Recognizing these harms, this essay will consider various solutions being proposed to "shrink" livestock's long shadow, including proposed "technical" or "market" solutions, a transition to "new agrarian" methods, and a vegetarian or vegan diet. Though important and morally relevant qualitative differences exist between industrial and non-industrial methods, this essay will conclude that, given the present and projected size of the human population, the morality and sustainability of one's diet are inversely related to the proportion of animals and animal products one consumes.

Religion and the Shadow Economy

Abstract: Religion is increasingly acknowledged to be a cultural dimension which affects economic outcomes in different regards. This contribution focuses on religion’s possible impact on the shadow economy. Different dimensions of the religious markets are taken into account. These dimensions refer to the overall degree of religiosity, the specific impact of different religions, religious competition or the proximity between religion and the state. The empirical test makes use of the largest available cross-section on the size of the shadow economy and matches this dataset with numerous religious indicators. Summary measures of general religiosity or indicators of religious competition do not have a measurable impact. However, robust differences emerge across religions. Countries dominated by Islam or Eastern religions are associated with smaller shadow economies compared to Christian countries. Furthermore, the proximity between state and religion matters. Close ties between both are typical for smaller shadow economies. This is in line with the view that religion uses its normative influence to protect state interests if there is a mutually beneficial relationship.

Size and determinants of shadow economies in the Baltic States

Abstract: This study develops and estimates an index of the size of shadow economies in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, and analyses the factors that influence participation in the shadow sector. The index can be used to track shadow economies through time or across sectors and therefore is a useful tool to evaluate the effectiveness of policies aimed at reducing the size of shadow economies. Our results suggest that the shadow economy in Latvia in 2010 is considerably larger than in neighbouring Estonia and Lithuania. While the shadow economy as a percentage of GDP in Estonia contracted from 2009 to 2010, it expanded in Latvia and Lithuania. An important driver of shadow activity in the Baltic States is entrepreneurs’ dissatisfaction with and distrust in the government and the tax system. We also find that involvement in the shadow economy is more pervasive among younger firms and firms in the construction sector. The findings of this study have a number of policy implications: (i) the relatively large size...

Smart rules: six ways to get people to solve problems without you.

Abstract: As the world has become more complex, companies have steadily increased their performance requirements: Now they strive to offer low prices and high quality; to customize products for local markets and standardize them for greater returns; to innovate and be efficient. The typical corporate response to such conflicting goals complicates things further: Firms restructure and try to align their organizations with extra coordinating functions, processes, and incentives. This approach does more harm than good. Managers' time gets sucked up by reports and meetings, leaving little time to work with employees. But there is a better way, says BCG senior partner Yves Morieux: Instead of strangling employees with new rules and procedures, create an environment in which they're compelled to work with one another to develop solutions to complex challenges. Managers can create this environment by applying six "smart rules": (1) improve understanding of what coworkers do and the real constraints they face, (2) determine which people are the firm's natural integrators and strengthen their roles, (3) expand the amount of power available to everyone, (4) increase the need for reciprocity in the system, (5) make employees feel the "shadow of the future," and (6) hold uncooperative people accountable. By tapping employees' ingenuity through the use of smart rules, firms can manage complexity quickly and creatively-and streamline their organizations.

Naga militancy and violent politics in the shadow of ceasefire

Abstract: Ceasefires are often seen as a simple measure to end violence and allow more substantive negotiations to begin. Contemporary conflict resolution models thus posit the ceasefire as a basic step in t...

Unsettling whiteness

Abstract: Archives are sites of memory and forgetting. They provide insights into the past and into the passions, preoccupations and struggles present at their instantiation. This paper draws on narratives of whites submitted to the Apartheid Archives Project to explore how whiteness is experienced in the present, in the shadow of apartheid, and in a post-apartheid era. It shows how being white is now experienced as unsettling by many narrators and how whiteness itself is becoming unsettled. Racial melancholia and the notion of the fetish are invoked to understand both the experience of an unsettling whiteness and the importance of unsettling whiteness as a category.

A Shadow Curriculum: Incorporating Students’ Interests into the Formal Biology Curriculum

Abstract: Students have been largely ignored in discussions about how best to teach science, and many students feel the curriculum is detached from their lives and interests. This article presents a strategy for incorporating students’ interests into the formal Biology curriculum, by drawing on the political meaning of “shadow government” as alternative policies developed by parties not in office. A “shadow curriculum” thus reflects the interests and information needs of those who have no voice in deciding what the formal curriculum should include, although they are the ones who are most influenced by it. High school students’ interests in three Biology topics were identified (n = 343) and retested on another student sample (n = 375), based on their solicited questions as indicators for interests. The results of this exploratory case study showed that half of the questions asked by students in the areas of genetics, the cardiovascular system and the reproductive system are not addressed by the national curriculum. Students’ questions were then expressed in the curricular language of principles, phenomena and concepts in order to create a shadow curriculum. A procedure that could be used by other researchers and practitioners to guide the development of a curriculum that is more aligned with student interests is suggested.

Politicized Society: The Long Shadow of Taiwan’s One-party Legacy

Abstract: This book explores a relatively uncharted area of democratic transitions: the empirical study of intensely politicized transitional societies. In particular, it addresses the problems of protracted ...

The Shadow Economy and Shadow Economy Labor Force: What Do We (Not) Know?

Abstract: In this paper the main focus lies on the development and the size of the shadow economy and of undeclared work (or shadow economy labor force) in OECD, developing and transition countries. Besides informal employment in the rural and non-rural sector also other measures of informal employment like the share of employees not covered by social security, own account workers or unpaid family workers are shown. The most influential factors on the shadow economy and/or shadow labor force are tax policies and state regulation, which, if they rise, increase both. Furthermore the discussion of the recent literature underlines that economic opportunities, the overall situation on the labor market, and unemployment are crucial for an understanding of the dynamics of the shadow economy and especially the shadow labor force.