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Showing papers on "Shadow (psychology) published in 2012"


Book
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: Zizek argues that it is imperative that we not simply return to Hegel but that we repeat and exceed his triumphs, overcoming his limitations by being even more Hegelian than the master himself.
Abstract: For the last two centuries, Western philosophy has developed in the shadow of Hegel, whose influence each new thinker tries in vain to escape: whether in the name of the pre-rational Will, the social process of production, or the contingency of individual existence. Hegel's absolute idealism has become the bogeyman of philosophy, obscuring the fact that he is the dominant philosopher of the epochal historical transition to modernity; a period with which our own time shares startling similarities. Today, as global capitalism comes apart at the seams, we are entering a new transition. In "Less Than Nothing", the pinnacle publication of a distinguished career, Slavoj Zizek argues that it is imperative that we not simply return to Hegel but that we repeat and exceed his triumphs, overcoming his limitations by being even more Hegelian than the master himself. Such an approach not only enables Zizek to diagnose our present condition, but also to engage in a critical dialogue with the key strands of contemporary thought - Heidegger, Badiou, speculative realism, quantum physics and cognitive sciences. Modernity will begin and end with Hegel.

382 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of enforcement on the shadow economy was studied using a MIMIC model and the authors found that a higher share of sub-national government employment and the aspiration of public employees to follow rules significantly deter shadow economic activities.
Abstract: This paper is a first attempt to study the impact of enforcement on the shadow economy. Using a MIMIC model, we find that a higher share of sub-national government employment and the aspiration of public employees to follow rules significantly deter shadow economic activities. Our results also confirm previous findings: Increased burdens of taxation and regulation as well as the state of the “official” economy are important determinants of the shadow economy. The estimated weighted average informality in 162 countries around the world, including developing, Eastern European, Central Asian, and high-income OECD countries, is 17.1% of “official” GDP.

339 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors study how the shadow economy affects pollution and how this effect depends on corruption levels in public administration, and they use panel data covering the period from 1999 to 2005 in more than 100 countries to test this theoretical prediction.

255 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argue that one of the reasons these practices may be difficult to copy is that effective relational contracts must solve the twin problems of credibility and clarity and that although credibility might, in principle, be instantly acquired, clarity may take time to develop and may interact with credibility in complex ways.
Abstract: A large literature identifies unique organizational capabilities as a potent source of competitive advantage, yet our knowledge of why capabilities fail to diffuse more rapidly—particularly in situations in which competitors apparently have strong incentives to adopt them and a well-developed understanding of how they work—remains incomplete. In this paper we suggest that competitively significant capabilities often rest on managerial practices that in turn rely on relational contracts (i.e., informal agreements sustained by the shadow of the future). We argue that one of the reasons these practices may be difficult to copy is that effective relational contracts must solve the twin problems of credibility and clarity and that although credibility might, in principle, be instantly acquired, clarity may take time to develop and may interact with credibility in complex ways so that relational contracts may often be difficult to build.

245 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on two functions of shadow banking: securitization and collateral intermediation, and describe operations of the shadow banking system, demand factors, systemic risks, and associated policy priorities.
Abstract: The paper focuses on two functions of shadow banking: securitization and collateral intermediation. It describes operations of the shadow banking system, demand factors, systemic risks, and associated policy priorities.

158 citations


Posted Content
TL;DR: The most influential factors on the shadow economy and/or shadow labor force are tax policies and state regulation, which, if they rise, increase both as mentioned in this paper, and the discussion of the recent micro studies underline that economic opportunities, the overall burden of the state (taxes and regulations), the general situation on the labor market, and unemployment are crucial for an understanding of the dynamics of shadow economy.
Abstract: In this paper the main focus lies on the shadow economy and on work in the shadow in OECD, developing and transition countries. Besides informal employment in the rural and non-rural sector also other measures of informal employment like the share of employees not covered by social security, own account workers or unpaid family workers are shown. The most influential factors on the shadow economy and/or shadow labor force are tax policies and state regulation, which, if they rise, increase both. Furthermore the discussion of the recent micro studies underline that economic opportunities, the overall burden of the state (taxes and regulations), the general situation on the labor market, and unemployment are crucial for an understanding of the dynamics of the shadow economy and especially the shadow labor force.

147 citations


BookDOI
22 Mar 2012
TL;DR: Schore as discussed by the authors discusses affect regulation and clinical process, and the reach of intersubjectivity, and concludes the Nearness of You is a Personal Book-end. Shrinking the Tsunami
Abstract: Schore, Foreword. Preface. Part I: Affect Regulation and Clinical Process. Shrinking the Tsunami. Part II: Uncertainty. "It Never Entered My Mind." "Mentalize This!" Minding the Dissociative Gap. Part III: Stumbling Along and Hanging In. Truth and Human Relatedness. If This Be Technique, Make the Most of It! "Grown-up" Words: A Perspective on Unconscious Fantasy. Part IV: The Reach of Intersubjectivity. "The Nearness of You": A Personal Book-end.

139 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Shadow of the Tsunami and the Growth of the Relational Mind by Philip M. Bromberg as mentioned in this paper is a book about the growth of the relational mind in the 1990s.
Abstract: The Shadow of the Tsunami and the Growth of the Relational Mind by Philip M. BrombergRoutledge, New York and London, 2011 ; 215 pp; $39.95 Philip Bromberg’s work has been celebrated within certain ...

136 citations


Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review the rapidly growing literature on shadow banking and provide a conceptual framework for its regulation, and find that progress in achieving a more stable shadow banking system has been uneven.
Abstract: Shadow banks conduct credit intermediation without direct, explicit access to public sources of liquidity and credit guarantees. Shadow banks contributed to the credit boom in the early 2000s and collapsed during the financial crisis of 2007-09. We review the rapidly growing literature on shadow banking and provide a conceptual framework for its regulation. Since the financial crisis, regulatory reform efforts have aimed at strengthening the stability of the shadow banking system. We review the implications of these reform efforts for shadow funding sources including asset-backed commercial paper, triparty repurchase agreements, money market mutual funds, and securitization. Despite significant efforts by lawmakers, regulators, and accountants, we find that progress in achieving a more stable shadow banking system has been uneven.

125 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a structural equation model with two latent variables is used to extract information on various dimensions of corruption and the shadow economy, and empirical evidence for a complementary relationship between corruption and shadow economy is presented.
Abstract: From a theoretical point of view, the relationship between corruption and the shadow economy is ambiguous: They can either be substitutes or complements. This paper contributes to this debate by using a structural equation model with two latent variables to extract information on various dimensions of corruption and the shadow economy. Analyzing a sample of 51 countries around the world over the period 2000 to 2005, we present empirical evidence for a complementary (positive) relationship of corruption and the shadow economy.

125 citations


MonographDOI
11 Apr 2012
TL;DR: Caring for America as mentioned in this paper is a sweeping narrative history from the Great Depression of the 1930s to the Great Recession of today, which rethinks both the history of the American welfare state from the perspective of care work and chronicles how home care workers eventually became one of the most vibrant forces in the American labor movement.
Abstract: In this sweeping narrative history from the Great Depression of the 1930s to the Great Recession of today, Caring for America rethinks both the history of the American welfare state from the perspective of care work and chronicles how home care workers eventually became one of the most vibrant forces in the American labor movement. Eileen Boris and Jennifer Klein demonstrate the ways in which law and social policy made home care a low-waged job that was stigmatized as welfare and relegated to the bottom of the medical hierarchy. For decades, these front-line caregivers labored in the shadows of a welfare state that shaped the conditions of the occupation. Disparate, often chaotic programs for home care, which allowed needy, elderly, and disabled people to avoid institutionalization, historically paid poverty wages to the African American and immigrant women who constituted the majority of the labor force. Yet policymakers and welfare administrators linked discourses of dependence and independence-claiming that such jobs would end clients' and workers' "dependence" on the state and provide a ticket to economic independence. The history of home care illuminates the fractured evolution of the modern American welfare state since the New Deal and its race, gender, and class fissures. It reveals why there is no adequate long-term care in America. Caring for America is much more than a history of social policy, however; it is also about a powerful contemporary social movement. At the front and center of the narrative are the workers-poor women of color-who have challenged the racial, social, and economic stigmas embedded in the system. Caring for America traces the intertwined, sometimes conflicting search of care providers and receivers for dignity, self-determination, and security. It highlights the senior citizen and independent living movements; the civil rights organizing of women on welfare and domestic workers; the battles of public sector unions; and the unionization of health and service workers. It rethinks the strategies of the U.S. labor movement in terms of a growing care work economy. Finally, it makes a powerful argument that care is a basic right for all and that care work merits a living wage. Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/sociology/9780199378586/toc.html

BookDOI
01 Jan 2012

01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: In the end of January, European leaders agreed the wording of the new treaty aimed primarily at tightening fiscal policy in the euro area that was agreed in principle by 26 EU heads of government at last December's European summit as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: At the end of January, European leaders agreed the wording of the new treaty aimed primarily at tightening fiscal policy in the euro area that was agreed in principle by 26 EU heads of government at last December’s European summit. The treaty reflects German positions rather than collective compromise. In particular, the treaty centres on a “fiscal compact” that compels all eurozone countries to incorporate into their constitutions a deficit limit modelled on the German Schuldenbremse, or “debt brake”. In addition, European leaders once again ruled out the possibility of using European Central Bank (ECB) funds to “leverage” the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) or European Stability Mechanism (ESM), and there was no mention of ECB bond purchases to help stabilise bond markets.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors study delegation problems within multiparty coalition governments and argue that coalition parties can use the committee system to "shadow" the ministers of their part of the government.
Abstract: In this article the authors study delegation problems within multiparty coalition governments. They argue that coalition parties can use the committee system to “shadow” the ministers of their part...

Book
20 Feb 2012
TL;DR: In this paper, a cultural sociology of the sacred has been proposed to understand the systemic abuse and neglect of children in the Irish Industrial School system and the mediatization of the sacramental forms.
Abstract: Introduction: Why do we need a sociology of the sacred? 1. Ontological and Durkheimian theories of the sacred 2. After Durkheim: the development of a cultural sociology of the sacred 3. Dominant and subjugated sacred forms: interpreting the systemic abuse and neglect of children in the Irish Industrial School system 4. The mediatization of the sacred: the BBC, Gaza and the DEC appeal 5. Living with the light and shadow of the sacred Conclusion

Posted Content
TL;DR: The main focus of as mentioned in this paper lies on the "driving forces" of the development and size of the shadow economy in 39 highly developed OECD countries, and it is shown that the main driving forces of the size and development of the shad- ow economy are unemployment, self-employment and the tax burden.
Abstract: The main focus of this paper lies on the "driving forces" of the development and size of the shadow economy in 39 highly developed OECD countries. The most influential factors on the shadow economy are tax policies and state regulation, which, if rising, increase the shadow economy, though other, economic factors like unemployment are important, too. Specifically, it is shown that the main driving forces of the size and development of the shad- ow economy are unemployment, self-employment and the tax burden, which impact the shad- ow economies in these 30 OECD countries to a different degree. Between 1999 and 2010 un- employment and self-employment have on average the largest relative impact (14.6%), fol- lowed by tax morale (14.5%), GDP growth (14.3%), business freedom (14.2%) and indirect taxes (14.1%).

Book ChapterDOI
10 Sep 2012
TL;DR: A growing body of literature focuses on the shadow education system of private supplementary tutoring, which occurs in academic subjects beyond the hours of mainstream formal schooling (Bray, 1999, 2003; Kwok, 2004; Silova & Bray, 2006; Yoo, 2002).
Abstract: Private supplementary tutoring, or shadow education, has long been a major phenomenon in parts of East Asia, including Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea, and Taiwan. In recent times, shadow education has been rapidly increasing in other Asian countries as well, as it has in Europe and North America. Traditionally, private supplementary tutoring has been a neglected topic in research, though there has been much more research in recent years. A growing body of literature focuses on the shadow education system of private supplementary tutoring, which occurs in academic subjects beyond the hours of mainstream formal schooling (Bray, 1999, 2003; Kwok, 2004; Silova & Bray, 2006; Yoo, 2002).

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of direct democratic institutions on the size and development of the shadow economy was analyzed and a negative relationship between the degree of direct democracy and the size of shadow economies was developed.
Abstract: In this paper we analyze the influence of direct democratic institutions on the size and development of the shadow economies. The framework developed predicts a negative relationship between the degree of direct democracy and the size of the shadow economy. Countries where direct democratic institutions support democratic life are expected to be characterized by a lower informal sector, ceteris paribus. The empirical / econometric investigation of a sample of 56 democracies confirms our core hypothesis and demonstrates that the effect of direct democratic institutions on the shadow economy is negative and quantitatively important; the results are robust and also depend on the interaction of direct democracy with other political institutions, such as district magnitude.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relationship between banking development and the size of shadow economies by employing data on 137 countries over the period from 1995 to 2007 and found that an improvement in the development of the banking sector is associated with a smaller shadow economy.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between banking development and the size of shadow economies by employing data on 137 countries over the period from 1995 to 2007. Both cross‐sectional and panel analysis suggest that an improvement in the development of the banking sector is associated with a smaller shadow economy. In addition, the authors find that both the depth and the efficiency of the banking sector matter in reducing the size of shadow economies. These results are robust to a variety of specifications that address multi‐colinearity and endogeneity issues.Design/methodology/approach – Empirical cross‐section and panel analysis were undertaken.Findings – The authors find that both the depth and the efficiency of the banking sector matter in reducing the size of shadow economies.Originality/value – This paper is original. Existing literature has identified a number of factors (e.g. the burden of taxation or regulation, the quality of government, legal enforcement, cor...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a short and accessible paper attempts to define shadow banking by identifying its overall scope and its basic characteristics, and conceptually examines how shadow banking can be regulated to try to maximize its efficiencies while minimizing its risks.
Abstract: Although shadow banking is said to be huge, estimated at over $60 trillion, it is not well defined. This short and accessible paper attempts to define shadow banking by identifying its overall scope and its basic characteristics. Based on the definition derived, the paper also conceptually examines how shadow banking can be regulated to try to maximize its efficiencies while minimizing its risks.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of the shadow economy on entrepreneurial entry across countries was analyzed using 1998-2005 individual-level Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data and national macroeconomic variables, and the authors found that entrepreneurial entry is least likely when the shadow economies amounts to about a quarter of gross domestic product (GDP).
Abstract: The impact of the shadow economy on entrepreneurial entry across countries is analyzed utilising 1998-2005 individual-level Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data and national macro-economic variables. A simple correlation coefficient suggests a positive relationship between the size of the shadow economy and the likelihood of entrepreneurial entry. However, this masks more complex relationships, if, as argued, the shadow economy is an embedded social phenomenon. With appropriate controls and instrumenting for potential endogeneity, the impact of the shadow economy on entry in a linear specification is found to be negative. Further, there is evidence of a U-shaped relationship: entrepreneurial entry is least likely when the shadow economy amounts to about a quarter of gross domestic product (GDP). At the individual level, an extensive shadow economy has a more negative impact on respondents who are risk averse. In addition, in the economies where property rights are stronger, the negative impact of the shadow economy is weaker.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a conceptual framework of shadow banking regulation and review these reform efforts for shadow funding sources including asset-backed commercial paper (ABCP), tri-party repurchase agreements (repos), money market mutual funds (MMMFs), and securitization.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Mark Bray, Paris, International Institute for Educational Planning, 2009, 132 pp., €20.00 (paperback), ISBN 978-92-803-1333-8 This book is a follow-up companion volume to the book The shadow educat...
Abstract: Mark Bray, Paris, International Institute for Educational Planning, 2009, 132 pp., €20.00 (paperback), ISBN 978-92-803-1333-8 This book is a follow-up companion volume to the book The shadow educat...

Book
14 Feb 2012
TL;DR: Weiner's "Enemies" as mentioned in this paper is the first full history of the F.B.I. and its history as a secret intellligence service, written from firsthand materials in the FBI's own files.
Abstract: The epic, disturbing story of how the FBI is America's real secret service. "Such creatures of passion, disloyalty, and anarchy must be crushed out. The hand of our power should close over them at once". (President Woodrow Wilson, 1919). The United States is a country founded on the ideals of democracy and freedom, yet throughout the last century it has used secret and lawless methods to destroy its enemies. The Federal Bureau of Investigation is the most powerful of these forces. Following his award-winning history of the C.I.A., "Legacy of Ashes", Tim Weiner has now written the first full history of the F.B.I. as a secret intellligence service. Drawn entirely from firsthand materials in the F.B.I.'s own files, "Enemies" brilliantly brings to life the entire story, from the cracking of anarchist cells to the prosecution of the 'war on terror'. It is the story of America's war against spies, subversives and saboteurs - and the self-inflicted wounds American democracy suffered in battle. Throughout the book lies the long shadow of J. Edgar Hoover, who ran the F.B.I. with an iron fist for forty-eight years. He was not a monster, but a brilliant confidence man who ruled by fear, force, and fraud. His power shaped America; his legacy haunts it. Reviews: "Truly impressive...["Enemies"] could have been put together only by a journalist of Weiner's stature". (Keith Lowe, "Sunday Telegraph"). "A history that moves at the pace of a James Ellroy novel. But Weiner's truth is wilder even than Ellroy's fiction. Weiner sets the record straight on the FBI's first 100 years using only the Bureau's documents and oral testimony, most of which has never been seen". (David Blackburn, "Spectator"). "An outstanding piece of work, even-handed, exhaustively researched, smoothly written and thematically timely...This is certainly the most complete book we are likely to see about the F.B.I.'s intelligence-gathering operations, from Emma Goldman to Osama bin Laden". (Bryan Burrough, "New York Times"). "Extensively researched, admirably understated, yet terrifically entertaining". ("Boston Globe"). "Important and disturbing...Weiner lays bare a record of embarrassing, even stunning failure, in which the bureau's lawlessness was matched only by its incompetence ...[he] has done prodigious research, yet tells this depressing story with all the verve and coherence of a good spy thriller". ("New York Times Book Review"). About the author: Tim Weiner is a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist at the "New York Times", where he has reported from Afghanistan, Pakistan, Sudan and fifteen other nations. He was based for a decade in Washington, DC, where he covered the C.I.A. and the Military - the latter topic being the subject of his "Blank Check: The Pentagon's Black Budget". He is the author of the bestselling "Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA", which won the 2007 National Book Award for Non-Fiction.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors find that evidentiary factors either do not impact or negatively impact the probability of conviction, which stands in stark contrast to the impact evidence has at trials, and suggest that plea bargain decision-making may not occur in the shadow of the trial.
Abstract: It has been well established that a “plea discount” or “trial penalty” exists, such that defendants who plead guilty receive significant sentencing discounts relative to what they would receive if convicted at trial. Theorists argue that the exact value of this plea discount is determined by bargaining “in the shadow of a trial,” meaning that plea decision-making is premised on the perceived probable outcome of a trial. In trials, the strength of the evidence against defendants greatly impacts the probability of conviction. In the present study, we estimate the probability of conviction at the individual level for those who pled guilty. We find that, contrary to the shadow of the trial model, evidentiary factors either do not impact or negatively impact the probability of conviction, which stands in stark contrast to the impact evidence has at trials. These findings suggest that plea bargain decision-making may not occur in the shadow of the trial.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A negative relationship between the size of the shadow economy and generalized trust in a sample of countries, both developed and developing, was found in this paper, and the tax compliance effect of trust dominates its role as a substitute for the formal legal system.
Abstract: This paper reports a negative relationship between the size of the shadow economy and generalized trust, in a sample of countries, both developed and developing. That relationship is robust to controlling for a large set of economic, policy, and institutional variables, to changing the estimate of the shadow economy and the estimation period, and to controlling for endogeneity. It is independent from trust in institutions and from income inequality, and is mainly present in the sample of developing countries. Those findings suggest that the tax compliance effect of trust dominates its role as a substitute for the formal legal system.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the Shadow Education System: What GovernmentPolicies for What Private Tutoring' By Mark Bray (2009), 135pp. ISBN: 078-92-803-1333-8, Paris: IIEP/UNESCO Publishing
Abstract: Book ReviewConfronting the Shadow Education System: What GovernmentPolicies for What Private Tutoring' By Mark Bray (2009), 135pp. ISBN: 078-92-803-1333-8, Paris: IIEP/UNESCO Publishing

Posted Content
TL;DR: This article studied the relationship between the size of the shadow economy and generalized trust on a cross-section of countries, both developed and developing, and found that the relationship is significantly negative.
Abstract: This paper studies the relationship between the size of the shadow economy and generalized trust, on a cross-section of countries, both developed and developing, and finds that it is significantly negative. That relationship is robust to controlling for a large set of economic, policy, and institutional variables, to changing the estimate of the shadow economy and the estimation period, and to controlling for endogeneity. It is independent from trust in institutions. We provide evidence that it is mainly present in the sample of developing countries. Latest version, September 2011: http://www.solvay.edu/sites/upload/files/CEB_WorkingPapers/LastUpdate/wp08030.pdf

Book
11 Apr 2012
TL;DR: The Personal Is Prologue Introduction: Making the Private Public Chapter 1: Neither Nurses nor Maids Chapter 2: Rehabilitative Missions Chapter 3: Caring for the Great Society Chapter 4: Welfare Wars, Seventies Style Chapter 5: " Chapter 6:" Chapter 7: " Epilogue: Challenging Care
Abstract: Table of Contents Illustrations Abbreviations Acknowledgments Preface: The Personal Is Prologue Introduction: Making the Private Public Chapter 1: Neither Nurses nor Maids Chapter 2: Rehabilitative Missions Chapter 3: Caring for the Great Society Chapter 4: Welfare Wars, Seventies Style Chapter 5: " Chapter 6: " Chapter 7: " Epilogue: Challenging Care