Showing papers on "Shadow (psychology) published in 2020"

The impact of corruption and shadow economy on the economic and sustainable development. Do they "sand the wheels" or "grease the wheels"?

Abstract: Having in mind the main debate “grease the wheels” vs. “sand the wheels”, the main objective of this study is to find the way in which corruption and shadow economy influence economic and sustainable development. A large cross-country database of 185 countries is used for the 2005–2015 time period. We find that corruption and shadow economy are poverty-driven diseases and they highly characterize low-income countries. Thus, the higher levels of corruption and shadow economy are correlated with low levels of economic and sustainable development. Then, the main contribution of this work consists of finding general and empirical evidence for the destructive role held by the corruption and shadow economy phenomena upon the economic and sustainable development of states. However, we also find some evidence that corruption can be also seen as a way to circumvent the law in order to achieve higher economic benefits and thereby to increase economic development. In addition, we find that economic and sustainable development in high-income countries is more strongly and negatively affected by the phenomena of corruption and shadow economy than in the case of low-income countries. Our research may have political implications for the government institutions that need to adopt the best-required policies, in order to boost economic and sustainable development. For low-income countries, we find some evidence for positive effects of corruption and shadow economy upon economic and sustainable development and the immediate practical implications are not to encourage but to effectively and strongly fight against these destructive phenomena and to find the proper channels to increase the institutional quality and to adopt the appropriate regulatory policies.

Comparative research on shadow education: Achievements, challenges, and the agenda ahead

Abstract: This paper reviews research on private supplementary tutoring, widely known as shadow education, during the initial decades of the present century It takes as its starting point the first global study of the phenomenon, published in 1999, though notes some scattered national and subnational literature prior to that date During the initial two decades, great expansion of the research on shadow education brought more depth and stronger awareness of commonalities and differences in different cultures From initial mapping and identification of factors shaping demand came work on ecosystems with deeper sociological and economic analyses, together with greater attention to research methods The agenda ahead will need to keep up with changing times, e g , through the impact of technology, and develop stronger interdisciplinarity to explore additional domains It will also need continued attention to definitions and methods

An “Owning Up” of White-IST Trends in LIS to Further Real Transformations

Abstract: In the shadow of a uniquely American struggle for racial equality, who were we historically in the library and information science (LIS) professions and how has it shaped who we are in the ...

The role of shadow economies in ecological footprint quality: empirical evidence from Turkey

Abstract: The purpose of this research study is to investigate the role of shadow economies in the levels of ecological footprint for the case of Turkey. Annual data set ranging from 1961 to 2014 was used with this respect. The results of this study verify the long-term and positively elastic impact of shadow economic activities on the level of ecological footprint in Turkey; that is, 1 % change in shadow economic activities results in a 1.008% change in ecological footprint in the same direction. This study, therefore, reaches a significant conclusion that in Turkey, shadow economies are long-term and essential drivers of environmental pollution.

Central Banking, Shadow Banking, and Infrastructural Power

Abstract: This chapter is concerned with the economic and political connections between the institutionalization of central bank dominance and the rise and resilience of shadow banking. It argues that shadow money markets have come to serve as the governance infrastructure for central banks. The chapter shows that central banks have acted as decisive catalysts for the crucial development at the heart of financialization: the rise of shadow money and shadow banking. It explains how infrastructural entanglement and power played out in the US and in the euro area. The literature on the history of money and finance shows that financial innovation is often driven by the interaction between banking and central banking. The chapter discusses the implications for the specific case of shadow money, defined as quasi-monetary liabilities created in the shadow banking system. Since the onset of modern central banking in the late nineteenth century, the share of the burden of macroeconomic stabilization carried by monetary policy has greatly increased.

One-way effect or multiple-way causality: foreign direct investment, institutional quality and shadow economy?

Abstract: This paper empirically investigates the three-way linkages amongst foreign direct investment (FDI), shadow economy and institutional quality by applying the panel dynamic simultaneous-equation modelling approach for a sample of 19 developing Asian countries over the period of 2002–2015. The empirical results by two-step System GMM show that institutional quality attracts inward FDI and FDI in its turn improves institutional quality, institutional quality is not only the cause but also the consequence of the shadow economy, and FDI inflows help reduce shadow economies though the channel of institutional improvement and lower shadow economies – which increase institutional quality – encourage FDI inflows. The empirical insights suggest helpful policy implications to deal with these dynamics simultaneously.

Monetary Transmission through Shadow Banks

Abstract: This paper documents a new transmission channel of monetary policy: the shadow money channel. Analyzing U.S. money supply data from 1987 to 2012, I find that shadow money, namely liquid deposits created by shadow banks, expands significantly when the Federal Reserve tightens monetary policy. Using a structural model of bank competition, I show that this new channel is a result of imperfect competition between commercial and shadow banks in the deposit market with heterogeneous depositors. Due to a lack of a bank charter, shadow banks offer lower transaction convenience and hence must compete on yields. During periods of monetary tightening, shadow banks pass through more rate hikes to depositors, thereby poaching yield-sensitive deposits from commercial banks. Fitting my model to institution-level data from commercial banks and money market funds, I show that shadow money creation offsets 35 cents of each dollar in commercial bank deposit reductions, significantly dampening the impact of monetary tightening. My results suggest that monetary tightening may unintentionally drive more deposits into the uninsured shadow banking sector, thereby amplifying the risk of bank runs.

Shadow economy and air pollution in developing Asia: what is the role of fiscal policy?

Abstract: Asian developing countries face challenges of serious air pollution and large shadow economy. Fiscal policy is anticipated as a solution to cope with these obstacles. This paper empirically examines the impact of shadow economy on air pollution and the role of fiscal policy in moderating the impact through the two tools of government expenditure and taxation in 22 Asian developing countries during 2002–2015. The estimation results from the fixed effects and the system generalized method of moments show that air pollution is positively affected by the shadow economy; and expansionary fiscal policy can reduce air pollution through abating shadow economy, and can lessen the detrimental effect of shadow economy on the environmental quality. Specifically, the increase in government expenditure reduces the positive effect of shadow economy on air pollution, but a tax-hike intensifies it. It is also found a stronger negative impact of government expenditure, compared to positive impact of taxation, and a dominant impact of shadow economy on air pollution. The findings imply that policy-makers can use appropriate fiscal policies to control air pollution and to reduce the destructive effect of the informal economy on the environmental quality in developing countries. Especially, governments in developing countries should allocate more budgets on environmental projects in their fiscal reforms for the sake of moving to greener and more inclusive economies with low-carbon activities.

The relational geographies of the voluntary sector: Disentangling the ballast of strangers:

Abstract: We propose that voluntary sector geographies are best understood using a systematic relational approach, drawing upon neo-Marxist and symbiotic perspectives. We focus on relations between the voluntary sector and the (shadow) state, internal spaces of client interaction, and external urban spaces. Our relational approach advances alternative understandings of the voluntary sector: ones that are partly but not fully in the orbit of the shadow state; more mediator than conduit for neoliberal policies; partly punitive, yet firmly in relation with other ambivalent measures for clients; and both spatially uneven and fixed, but always unbounded in its practices.

Not Just Another Shadow Bank: Chinese Authoritarian Capitalism and the ‘Developmental’ Promise of Digital Financial Innovation

Abstract: China's financial system is rapidly evolving. Both the emergence of shadow banking since 2009 and the growth of fintech since 2013 as forms of ‘non-bank credit intermediation’ have catalysed market...

Impact of the shadow economy on social safety: The experience of Ukraine

Abstract: DOI: 10.14254/2071789X.2020/13-2/19 ABSTRACT. The links between lawful economy and the shadow economy with social safety are investigated. Based on the existing methods of estimating the shadow economy, it is determined that its official level in Ukraine exceeds the critical one (30% according to the Ministry of Economy) by most estimation methods and was ranging from 18 to 46% in 2018. This significant shadowing of the economy has a negative impact on GDP (correlation coefficient -0.729) and; is directly related to the low competitiveness of the economy as per the world rankings. Having impact on the generation of secondary income through fiscal redistribution mechanisms, the shadow economy has a negative impact on the main components of social safety, including the spread of poverty, maintaining an inefficient cost structure with a high share of food expenditures (which is also a sign of low living standards); and limited housing opportunities. The relationship between the shadow economy on the one hand and economic & social safety on the other (0.865 and -0.560, respectively) has been determined using the correlation analysis. Economic losses from the reduction of tax revenues to the budget have been estimated to confirm the need to develop mechanisms to unshadow the economy as one of top priorities for public administration in the social sphere in Ukraine.

Efficiency creep and shadow innovation: enacting ambidextrous IT Governance in the public sector

Abstract: The current push towards increased innovation within the public sector calls for new approaches to IT Governance. However, recent findings highlight the aim to avoid trade-offs between innovation a...

Worldwide shadow education and social inequality: Explaining differences in the socioeconomic gap in access to shadow education across 63 societies:

Abstract: This article examines the cross-national differences in socioeconomic accessibility to shadow education (SE) across 63 societies. Drawing on arguments from two competing theoretical models either e...

The radical potential of leaks in the shadow accounting project: The case of US oil interests in Nigeria

Abstract: This paper explores the ways in which leaked documents can be recruited to contribute to the counter-hegemonic aims of the shadow accounting project. Drawing on material published by Wikileaks as part of Cablegate, our case study focuses on private communication between US Embassy officials about Chevron Nigeria from 2002 to 2010. In analyzing these documents, we mobilize the ideas of both Laclau and Mouffe (1985) and Jessop (1990), emphasizing the role discourse plays in the production and maintenance of hegemonic coalitions between powerful state and market actors, which are central to neoliberalism. Our analysis suggests that the sharing of discourse, much of which occurs in private, allows a hegemonic coalition to agree to a “’popular-national’ programme” (Jessop, 1990) that serves the interests of the coalition, while masquerading as collectively beneficial. In our case study, this private discourse provided the means through which the “moral and intellectual leadership” of the coalition could be embedded in a shared commitment to the maintenance of oil production in Nigeria, despite significant resistance from local communities. In choosing to use leaks to explore the state-capital nexus, we offer a shadow account of the discursive production of hegemony that reveals it to be an ongoing and active project. Importantly, we also show that the very act of creating and recreating hegemony through discourse produces moments of vulnerability and fragility that present counter-hegemonic opportunities. When leaks are mobilized to produce shadow accounts of the contradictions and tensions that exist between the state and capital, the “political frontier” can be restored in ways that re-politicize and radicalize democracy (Mouffe, 2018, p. 4).

Shadow economy and income inequality: new empirical evidence from Asian developing countries

Abstract: This paper examines the impact of shadow economy on income inequality by using a panel data set of 19 Asian countries in the period 1990–2015. In contrast to previous studies, the results from esti...

Shadow Economy, Corruption, and Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis:

Abstract: There is considerable debate over the effects of both corruption and shadow economy on growth, but few studies have considered how the interaction between them might affect economic growth. We stud...

Shadow of the Prince: Parent-incumbents’ Coercive Control over Child-successors in Family Organizations:

Abstract: During family firm succession, parent-incumbents are often caught up in a paradox of both empowering and dominating their child-successors. To understand this recurring phenomenon, we draw from soc...

A simultaneous equation model of economic growth and shadow economy: Is there a difference between the developed and developing countries?

Abstract: The shadow economy is a complex phenomenon present, to a large extent, in the developing, and the developed countries. This study builds a dynamic simultaneous equation model that establishes an inter-connection between economic growth and the shadow economy for 17 developing and 33 developed countries over the 2005–2015 period. Using the data of the shadow economy size from Medina and Schneider (2018), we found that the relationship between economic growth and the underground economy is unidirectional in the MENA countries, but it is bidirectional in the OECD countries. The results also suggested that institutional quality interacts strongly with the relationship between economic growth and the underground economy. More specifically, we found that a higher GDP per capita is associated with a smaller shadow economy in countries with a good institutional quality. However, in countries where institutional quality is low, the increase of GDP per capita does not influence the size of the underground economy.

Gender- and SES-Specific Disparities in Shadow Education: Compensation for Boys, Status Upgrade for Girls? Evidence From the German LifE Study

Abstract: In the present article, we draw on social reproduction theories to explain the increase in the use of “shadow education” (SE) in Germany over the last two decades as a status-based, gender-specific investment strategy of families. Thus, we ask whether investing in private tutoring for both girls and boys alike serves to maintain or improve their status position, or whether gender-specific investment strategies exist. Our hypotheses are quantitatively tested by means of logistic regression using data of the 2012 German Life Courses into Early Adulthood (LifE) study. In contrast to prominent beliefs, our results show that SE in Germany does not function as a tool to promote social inequality. Instead, SE is used largely independent of social origin to achieve higher educational credentials. We found that particularly boys from non-academic but high-income families use SE, whereas girls seem unaffected by social origin entirely. Our findings call for further strengthening the gender dimension in existing inequality theories.

Contingent reflections on coronavirus and priorities for educational planning and development.

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically shifted education and development priorities The tragic death toll and high rates of morbidity across many countries are an unprecedented setback and a calamity for those affected physically and mentally The economic and social effects of lockdowns, loss of production and business confidence, and global recession will cast a long shadow over education systems Despite the 435 million items that Google already indexes under "COVID-19 education", many things remain unknown No one has a clear idea of how the current pandemic will unravel over anything but the short term The challenge is to strengthen the mechanisms to separate evidence from opinion and to balance popularism with speaking truth to power-especially when political systems can find it difficult to distinguish fact from convenient fiction This paper advances ten propositions that will shape policy dialogue and whatever iteration of the Sustainable Development Goals is needed to ensure they remain fit for purpose Testing these propositions over the next year will open the door to an evidence-based approach to reconstruction and sustainable development and juxtapose immediate concerns of the present with aspirations for the future More than ever the need is to see beyond the exigencies of COVID-19 and act to secure the educational gains of the recent past UNESCO and other development agencies can play a key role in sharing how to manage revitalised and resilient learning systems that allow the community of practice to stay focussed on development that is economically, socially, medically, and educationally sustainable Spaceship Earth has to be secured for future generations through the knowledge, skill and attitudes of its crew and passengers Seriously revisiting SDG4, its targets and indicators, and its relationships with other SDGs, would be a start

Interaction between shadow economy and pollution: empirical analysis based on panel data of northeast China

Abstract: Side issues of economy development break out in China during recent decades, like environmental pollution or the widely ignored one, shadow economy. Using annual data for the three provinces at northeast China over the period 2000 to 2016, this paper examines the size of the shadow economy by MIMIC model first and then adopts the dynamic panel analysis to study the direct relationship between the shadow economy and pollution level. The major innovation point of this paper is the pioneering study of the impact from the pollution level on the size of shadow economy. We also employ various pollution descriptions from terrestrial, aquatic, and atmospheric ecosystems as the robustness check to make our following conclusions more comprehensive and credible: (1) shadow economy is a direct quality factor to the increase of the pollution level. (2) A positive effect from pollution to shadow economy also exists: the higher the pollution level is, the larger the size of shadow economy will be. In the end, this paper proposes several valuable information and suggestions to the government in economy development and pollution abatement.