Showing papers on "Shadow (psychology) published in 2021"
Posted Content•
TL;DR: A review of the current state of the research of the black hole shadow, focusing on analytical (as opposed to numerical and observational) studies can be found in this paper, with particular attention to the definition of the shadow and its relation to the often used concepts of escape cone, critical impact parameter and particle cross-section.
Abstract: In this article, we provide a review of the current state of the research of the black hole shadow, focusing on analytical (as opposed to numerical and observational) studies. We start with particular attention to the definition of the shadow and its relation to the often used concepts of escape cone, critical impact parameter and particle cross-section. For methodological purposes, we present the derivation of the angular size of the shadow for an arbitrary spherically symmetric and static space-time, which allows one to calculate the shadow for an observer at arbitrary distance from the center. Then we discuss the calculation of the shadow of a Kerr black hole, for an observer anywhere outside of the black hole. For observers at large distances we present and compare two methods used in the literature. Special attention is given to calculating the shadow in space-times which are not asymptotically flat. Shadows of wormholes and other black-hole impostors are reviewed. Then we discuss the calculation of the black hole shadow in an expanding universe as seen by a comoving observer. The influence of a plasma on the shadow of a black hole is also considered.
112 citations
01 Sep 2021
TL;DR: In this paper, a map of shadow tutoring in East Asia and Europe is presented, showing that shadow education has spread to other parts of the world including Europe, where private supplementary tutoring, widely known as shadow education, has become popular.
Abstract: Purpose:Private supplementary tutoring, widely known as shadow education, has long been visible in East Asia, and now has spread to other parts of the world including Europe. This article maps the ...
61 citations
TL;DR: A new definition of the concept Digital Twin (DT) and Digital Shadow (DS) is given within the field of manufacturing technology and shows specific applications.
53 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Williams and Schneider present a comprehensive and critical review of the literature on shadow economy and its participants, focusing on negative and positive consequences for all groups affected by the shadow economy, including formal businesses, shadow economy enterprises, employees, and customers.
Abstract: Given the surfeit of literature examining the global shadow economy, sociologists in this field of study might ask: ‘What more could be added to this body of research?’. Yet, Williams and Schneider respond, bringing attention to the deficits and incongruences that remain within the four decades of scholarship. In their comprehensive and critical review, they depart from much of the scholarship in two ways. First, they argue not for a single, dominant method of measurement to quantify and explain the shadow economy and its participants, but rather for multiple methods. And, second, in their satisfying review of negative and positive consequences for all groups affected by the shadow economy, including formal businesses, shadow economy enterprises, employees, and customers, economies, societies, and governments, they call for policy approaches that combine ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ approaches to addressing all that which occurs in the shadows. Scholars examining the shadow economy understand/are knowledgeable of the ways that exploring this vast, hidden segment of the global economy are rife with methodological and theoretical challenges. But, Williams and Schneider re-introduce these persistent issues with a unique critical lens that problematizes not only how current shadow definitions exist only relationally to the formal economy, but with a lexicon structured on that which is missing or incomplete (e.g. unregulated, irregular, informal, etc.). Measuring the Global Shadow Economy is organized into four sections. First, Part I reviews indirect measurement methods, also called indicator approaches, which measure the size of the shadow economy; and, next, direct or survey methods, which measure the nature of work, characteristics of the labour force and the motives of participants. With Germany and the Netherlands as respective case studies, Williams and Schneider examine the results produced from current methods, revealing how different methods produce different results. Analyses suggest that neither method of measurement is without its flaws, and a single measure should not be used exclusively. From this, Williams and Schneider encourage more micro-level research to fill some of the more obstinate gaps in our collective knowledge. 960662WES0010.1177/0950017020960662Work, Employment and SocietyBook Review book-review2020
38 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of shadow economy on the level of energy through the lens of several common drivers of energy consumption was examined under the STIRPAT framework for 115 economies over the period 1991-2014.
38 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose the logic of the quadrilogy by showing that it emerges naturally as an equilibrium outcome in a game between banks and the government, where regulation and public insurance services (LOLR, deposit insurance) are complementary.
Abstract: Traditional banking is built on four pillars: SME lending, insured deposit taking, access to lender of last resort, and prudential supervision. This paper unveils the logic of the quadrilogy by showing that it emerges naturally as an equilibrium outcome in a game between banks and the government. A key insight is that regulation and public insurance services (LOLR, deposit insurance) are complementary. The model also shows how prudential regulation must adjust to the emergence of shadow banking, and rationalizes structural remedies to counter financial contagion: ring-fencing between regulated and shadow banking and the sharing of liquidity in centralized platforms.
34 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors empirically examined how the size of the shadow economy affects environmental quality in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) by applying the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) methodology to a panel of 22 SSA countries over the 1991-2015 period.
Abstract: This paper empirically examines how the size of the shadow economy affects environmental quality in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We apply the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) methodology to a panel of 22 SSA countries over the 1991–2015 period. Findings show that there is a negative relationship between the size of the shadow economy (in percentage of GDP) and CO2 emission both in the long and short run. Also, the size of shadow economy is found to be inversely related to CO2 emission in the long run for all income groups, but this effect is statistically significant only within the subpanel of lower-middle-income countries. Consistent with the scale effect, our findings suggest that there is no evidence that the shadow economy increases environmental degradation in SSA.
31 citations
TL;DR: The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) is one of the most active innovation areas in China, but the complex institutional and cultural environment makes innovation cooperation among stakeholders difficult.
Abstract: The Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) is one of the most active innovation areas in China, but the complex institutional and cultural environment makes innovation cooperation among t...
26 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of shadow economy on environmental pollution and the role of institutional quality in moderating the impact in African countries between 1991 and 2015 was investigated, where three pollutant variables namely: carbon dioxide emissions per capita, methane emission and nitrous oxide emission were employed as robustness check.
Abstract: This study investigates the effect of shadow economy on environmental pollution and the role of institutional quality in moderating the impact in African countries between 1991 and 2015.,The study employs three pollutant variables namely: carbon dioxide emissions per capita, methane emission and nitrous oxide emission as robustness check. Also, battery of methodologies; ordinary least squares, fixed effects and system generalised method of moments are used to drive out the conclusions of this study.,The findings reveal that shadow economy and institutional quality contribute significantly to environmental pollution in Africa. Further, the interactive effect of shadow economy and institutional quality worsens environmental quality in the region. This reveals that weak institutional quality recorded in the region increases the level of shadow economy, thereby intensifying environmental pollution.,The study concludes that weak institutional framework in the region reinforces shadow economy and environmental pollution. Hence, findings from this study can help policymakers in the region to better understand the role of institutional quality in reducing shadow economy and environmental pollution.,This study enriches one’s understanding on the role of institutional quality in the relationship between environmental quality and shadow economy in African context. It investigates the direct and indirect impact of institutions and shadow economy on environmental quality. The study also uses three different robust variables to measure environmental pollution (carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per capita, methane emission and nitrous oxide emission) for sensitivity analysis.
26 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors constructed a charged rotating black hole in 4D EGB gravity using complex coordinate transformations suggested by Newman-Janis and studied the shape of the shadow cast by a rotating charged black hole.
Abstract: We construct a charged rotating black hole in 4D Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet (EGB) gravity starting from charged black hole in 4D EGB gravity using complex coordinate transformations suggested by Newman-Janis. Further, we have studied the null geodesics to investigate the shape of the shadow cast by a rotating charged black hole in 4D EGB gravity. Also we have discussed their horizon properties and shadow cast. The phenomenon of black hole shadows alongwith the horizon structure and energy emission has been analysed to see the influence of Gauss-Bonnet term and black hole charge on horizon, shadow, effective potential and energy emission rate which are compared to their non rotating counterpart. It has been seen that the Gauss Bonnet parameter have an influence on the shape and size of the shadow as well as on the effective potential, horizon and energy emission rate.
TL;DR: In this article, two major dimensions to understand whether a city is financialized are explored, i.e., the meaning of financialization and the degree to which the city is capitalized.
Abstract: Despite controversy over the meaning of financialization, there are two major dimensions to understanding whether the city is financialized. This paper explores these dimensions in China, namely wh...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the possible relationship between financial inclusion and shadow economy in selected African countries, using panel data estimation technique and Toda and Yamamoto causality approach.
Abstract: This study aims to investigate the possible relationship between financial inclusion and shadow economy in selected African countries.,The study uses panel data estimation technique and Toda and Yamamoto causality approach. The data of selected African counties over a period of 2005–2015 are sourced from World Bank Development Indicators, International Monetary Fund International Financial statistics database and International Country Risk Guide.,The results show that financial inclusion reduces the size of shadow economy. The causality results show that there is a unidirectional causality moving from financial inclusion to shadow economy. The results demonstrate that a country with lower level of corruption and higher level of growth can benefit more in reducing the size of shadow economy through financial inclusion.,This study provides the first evidence of the link between financial inclusion and shadow economy from the Sub-Saharan Africa perspective. The study suggests that financial inclusion may be useful in affecting the size of shadow economy in Africa.
TL;DR: This article examines statutes and practices to theorize pay-to-stay as exemplary of the shadow carceral state—an outcome of legal hybridity and institutional annexation legitimated using the legal construction of “not punishment,” which frames monetary sanctions as non-punitive.
Abstract: The expansion of monetary sanctions constitutes what Beckett and Murakawa describe as the "shadow carceral state," where covert penal power is expanded through institutional annexation by blending civil, administrative, and criminal legal authority. A growing body of work on monetary sanctions has begun to dissect covert penal power by tracing increased civil and administrative pipelines to incarceration, civil financial alternatives to criminal sanctions, and innovations to generate criminal justice revenue. However, institutional annexation and innovation in the form of contemporary pay-to-stay practices remain understudied and undertheorized. In this article, I first examine statutes and practices to theorize pay-to-stay as exemplary of the shadow carceral state-an outcome of legal hybridity and institutional annexation legitimated using the legal construction of "not punishment," which frames monetary sanctions as non-punitive. Second, I expand Beckett and Murakawa's framework to argue pay-to-stay practices reveal how the shadow carceral state compounds or initiates the civil death of those charged. I broaden our notion of civil death to include financial indebtedness to the shadow carceral state. I suggest covert penal power expands through the accumulation of resources extracted from people marked for civil death through criminal justice contact. Finally, I conclude that monetary sanctions such as pay-to-stay reveal how the shadow carceral state expands covert penal power through necrocapitalism, meaning institutional accumulation occurs through dispossession and the subjugation of life to the power of death.
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors provided a pioneering study of the interactive relationship between shadow economy and environmental pollution by applying the data of the 31 provinces in China from 2005 to 2015.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the moderating role institutional quality plays in shadow economy and environmental pollution nexus in Nigeria between 1984 and 2018, and determined the threshold level of institutional quality that lessens shadow economy, and abates environmental pollution.
Abstract: This study examines the moderating role institutional quality plays in shadow economy–environmental pollution nexus in Nigeria between 1984 and 2018. Further, the study also determines the threshold level of institutional quality that lessens shadow economy and abates environmental pollution.,Shadow economy is measured as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) using the currency demand approach while environmental pollution is proxy by carbon dioxide (CO2) per capita. Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) is used as the estimation technique.,Results from the study show that shadow economy has a positive and significant effect on environmental pollution both in the short and long run, while institutional quality has a negative effect on environmental pollution. This reveals that shadow economy worsens environmental quality while institutional quality abates environmental pollution. The interactive term of shadow economy with institutional quality has a negative but insignificant effect on environmental pollution in the long run. It implies that institutional quality is weak to bring about significant reduction in shadow economy and environmental pollution. Further, the threshold level of institutional quality required to lessen the effect of shadow economy and abate environmental pollution is found to be 5.69 on an ordinal scale of 0–10.,Institutional quality in Nigeria is weak and needs to be strengthened up to the threshold level in order to effectively moderate the impact of shadow economy on environmental pollution.,The study addresses the perceived gap in the empirical literature on the emerging role of strong institution in abating environmental pollution in Nigeria. It also develops a threshold level of institutional quality capable of mediating the negative impact of shadow economy on environmental pollution. This empirical contribution is largely missing in the context of Nigeria.
TL;DR: The shadow education phenomenon is one of the unintended outcomes of high-stakes testing and has become a widespread global phenomenon as discussed by the authors, which is called shadow education because it mimics the mainstream curriculum.
Abstract: Private tutoring is one of the unintended outcomes of high-stakes testing and has become a widespread global phenomenon. It is called shadow education because it mimics the mainstream curriculum. F...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine board gender diversity's influence on strategic change in firms and find that more gender diversity will result in less strategic change as a board's decisions begin to follow the stance of a smaller but relatively more influential "boy's club".
Abstract: Against the backdrop of spirited public and academic discourse about women’s low visibility in corporate leadership positions, we examine board gender diversity’s influence on strategic change in firms. Viewing gender as an institutionalized system of social beliefs, the article makes two related arguments. First, it contends that because of gender status difference and bias, more gender diversity will result in less strategic change as a board’s decisions begin to follow the stance of a smaller but relatively more influential ‘boy’s club’. Second, it contends that should a board have a female chair as opposed to a male chair, a recession in the shadow of gender stereotypes will reverse board gender diversity’s negative effect on strategic change. Instrumental variables analysis of data from Fortune 500 firms supports the theory. We discuss the study’s contributions and implications.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the relationship between shadow economy and financial depth for a group of 17 selected emerging countries over the period of 1980-2018 in both the long-run and short-run.
Abstract: This study investigates the relationship between the shadow economy and financial depth for a group of 17 selected emerging countries over the period of 1980–2018 in both the long-run and short-run. The main feature of this study is to distinguish the short-run effects of the shadow economy from its long-run impacts by using the bounds testing approach to cointegration and error-correction modeling. Using a linear model estimation approach (ARDL), our findings show that, in a majority of countries, the existence of the shadow economy has a significant adverse impact on financial depth, implying that with an uncertain financial environment, there will be less opportunity to have a developed financial sector for this group of emerging market economies. Using the non-linear model estimation approach (NARDL), to investigate this relationship, we provide robust statistical evidence that the effect of the shadow economy on the depth of financial market development is not symmetric. The results indicate that despite similarities as emerging market economies, the estimated results could be very much country-specific in terms of unique country characteristics.
TL;DR: The private finance-led development model, promoted by international financial institutions, has faced a number of challenges as mentioned in this paper, and a major criticism is that the model promotes shadow banking, a system
Abstract: The private finance-led development model, promoted by international financial institutions, has faced a number of challenges A major criticism is that the model promotes shadow banking, a system
TL;DR: The authors explores how multinational companies (MNCs) have managed to develop their own policy that sets international standards for education, in particular in the sphere of corporate education, and explores how MNCs have developed their own policies that set international standards.
Abstract: This contribution explores how multinational companies (MNCs) have managed to develop their own policy that sets international standards for education, in particular in the sphere of corporate educ...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine how parents' investments in their children's private tutoring create high expectations and competition that bring financial burden to families in a disadvantaged society, and the experiences of students' workloads due to extra lessons of several subjects in a day, exam preparation pressure, and parents' and peer pressures in the desire not to lag behind.
Abstract: Privatization, marketization, investment, and competition of education have become a global phenomenon with significant implications. While research on demand and patterns of shadow education are increasingly available across the world, very little is known about the scope of parents’ investments, family burden, and students’ workload. This paper focuses on shadow education in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Shadow education is defined as fee-based private supplementary tutoring that replicates the official school system. The study conducted on shadow education uses an explanatory sequential mixed methods design with quantitative data from questionnaires of 354 participants, involving students and parents, and qualitative data from interviews of 24 participants, including students, parents, and teachers. The aim of this paper is to examine how parents’ investments in their children’s private tutoring create high expectations and competition that bring financial burden to families in a disadvantaged society. It addresses the experiences of students’ workloads due to extra lessons of several subjects in a day, exam preparation pressure, and parents’ and peer pressures in the desire not to lag behind. It shows how students deal with time shortages for workloads from extra lessons and deprive themselves of sports and social activities, which are part and parcel of being a mentally, emotionally, and physically healthy human being. The study draws on the theories of educational privatization, competition, investment, and capability approach, which are then associated with the research contexts of this paper.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the drivers of shadow economy within the transition economies and found that an increase in GDP per capita in a selected group of transition economies by 10% decreases the shadow economy levels by 1.2%.
Abstract: The paper analyses the drivers of shadow economy within the transition economies. It was found that an increase in GDP per capita in a selected group of transition economies by 10% decreases the shadow economy levels by 1.2%; increase in foreign direct investment by 10% shrinks the shadow economy sector by 0.5%; improvements in energy efficiency by 10% are correlated with 2% shadow economy growth. It was also found that an increase in tax level by 10% increases the shadow economy by 1%. The relevant policy implication for transition economies is to stimulate the economic growth supplemented by increase in efficiency of the tax bodies. The separate policy measure for the transition economies is be to reform the structure of the tax system in the direction of higher portion of indirect taxes. The findings suggest that an increase in shadow economy reduces the life expectancy in the selected transition economies.
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors argue that shadow banking is not a new phenomenon; it has always been a part of China's financial system since the 1980s, and arose from the need to get around various lending restrictions imposed by the central government on banks.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a delegated core task previously delivered by their administrations to independent organizations that they formally own, e.g. municipal companies, or sup......
Abstract: Under far-reaching reforms, many cities have delegated core tasks previously delivered by their administrations to independent organisations that they formally own, e.g. municipal companies, or sup...
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the shadow and photon sphere of the black bole in clouds of strings and quintessence with static and infalling spherical accretions, and they obtained the geodesics of the photons near a black hole with different impact parameters.
Abstract: In this work, we study the shadow and photon sphere of the black bole in clouds of strings and quintessence with static and infalling spherical accretions. We obtain the geodesics of the photons near a black hole with different impact parameters $b$. The string clouds model and quintessence influence the specific intensity by affecting the geodesic and the average radial position of photons. And the range of string clouds parameter $a$ is constrained to ensure that the shadow can be observed. Moreover, we use a model of the photon emissivity $j(
u_e)$ to get the specific intensities. The light sources in the accretion follow a normal distribution with an attenuation factor $\gamma$. The shadow with static spherical accretion is plotted. The apparent shape of the shadow is a perfect circle, and the value of $\gamma$ affects the brightness of the photon sphere. We investigate the profile and specific intensity of the shadows with static and infalling spherical accretions respectively. The interior of the shadows with an infalling spherical accretion will be darker than that with the static spherical accretion, and the specific intensity with both static and infalling spherical accretion gradually converges.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of shadow economy on environmental pollution and the role institutional indicators play in moderating the effect in West Africa is examined. But, the authors deviated from extant studies by examining the effects of shadow economies on the environmental pollution.
Abstract: This study deviates from extant studies by examining the effect of shadow economy (SE) on environmental pollution, and the role institutional indicators play in moderating the effect in West Africa...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the non-linear effects of economic complexity on the shadow economy and found that economic complexity plays a critical role in deteriorating the positive effects of uncertainty on the size of shadow economy.
27 May 2021
TL;DR: In this article, the problem of shadow industry in the Ukraine's regions, in particular by evaluating the integral index of financial and economic security of the industry, is analyzed and a matrix of strategic zones is constructed.
Abstract: Many countries face with a shadow economy today. This phenomenon is a real problem for the governments, especially in the context of significant upheavals, reducing fiscal potential, distorting the development indicators and complicating any analytical conclusions about the state of the economic system. Given these facts the study analyses the problem of shadow industry in the Ukraine’s regions, in particular by evaluating the integral index of financial and economic security of the industry. Its goals are: 1) development of the theoretical and applied approaches to the impact of the shadow economy on the public administration in relation to financial and economic security of industry in the regions of the country; 2) improvement of the methodology for governmental policy analysis of the level of the shadow economy in the said industry. Recommendation of the public policy measures to reduce the level of shadow industry in the regions were also presented. The method of analytic hierarchy process, the expert methods and the method of calculating the integral index as research methods were used in the study. Based on the analysis conducted, the matrix of strategic zones “Level of the shadow economy - level of the financial and economic security” was constructed. The proposed matrix should be useful in taking public management decisions, depending on the strategic area in which the region is located.
TL;DR: In this paper, a qualitative study with a reflective lifeworld approach was conducted to understand how women not infected by SARS-CoV-2 experienced pregnancy during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden.