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Shadow (psychology)

About: Shadow (psychology) is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 8396 publications have been published within this topic receiving 117158 citations.


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01 May 1997
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an interdisciplinary study of the mind that brings together empirical techniques for studying the mind from cognitive and developmental psychology, neuroscience, linguistics, and anthropology, as well as the modelling techniques from computer science.
Abstract: How Unconscious Metaphorical Thought Shapes Dreams George Lakoff Linguistics Department University of California at Berkeley Unconscious Thought in Cognitive Science Cognitive Science brings together empirical techniques for studying the mind from cognitive and developmental psychology, neuroscience, linguistics, and anthropology, as well as the modelling techniques from computer science. The result is an interdisciplinary study of the mind that asks very different questions than psychotherapists ask, and not surprisingly, gets very different answers. Perhaps the most striking result obtained across the various branches of cognitive science is that most thought is unconscious -- though not in the sense that Freud meant by the term. To Freud, unconscious thought was thought that could, in principle, be brought to consciousness. It was thought that was, to a large extent, repressed —- too painful to be brought to consciousness. The cognitive unconscious is not like this at all. The kind of unconscious thinking that cognitive science studies cannot be done consciously. It is thinking that is extremely fast, automatic, effortless — and completely normal. It is what we call qcommon senseq — the most mundane of thought. Moreover, cognitive science tends to study common modes of thought, not the thought of a particular individual or class. Since it studies normal thought processes, it is not concerned with pathology. It is concerned with what is common about how normal people ordinarily make sense of the world. For this reason, cognitive science and psychotherapy have seen themselves as having disjoint subject matter and have barely had any interaction at all. I think this is unfortunate. To understand psychopathology, one needs to understand the workings of the normal mind. Correspondingly, psychopathology provides challenges to those who study the normal mind. The cognitive unconscious is not at all at odds with the Freudian unconscious. Both exist. But cognitive science has so far had nothing to say about the Freudian unconscious, since the techniques of analysis in the two fields are so different. At first glance, the Freudian and cognitive forms of the unconscious look very different. For Freud, unconscious thought could be made conscious; but because it is qhighly charged,q it is repressed. The cognitive unconscious is of a different character. It is part of the mechanism of thought, by nature automatic and typically not subject to conscious control. It need not be highly charged at all; it consists of the most commonplace aspects of our conceptual system. There are, however, similarities. What Freud called symbolization, displacement, condensation, and reversal appear to be the same mechanisms that

34 citations

Book
01 Jan 1994

34 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors found that international sanctions on Iran have damaged the informal economy even more than the formal economy, and that the international sanctions had a significantly stronger negative impact on the growth rate of the shadow economy than they did on the official GDP growth rate.
Abstract: Using Iranian province level data from 2001 to 2013, this study finds that the international sanctions of 2012/2013 had a significantly stronger negative impact on the growth rate of the shadow economy than they did on the official GDP growth rate. Thus, the international sanctions on Iran have damaged the informal economy even more than the formal economy.

34 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
20242
20231,102
20222,472
2021374
2020435
2019429