Shadow (psychology)

About: Shadow (psychology) is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 8396 publications have been published within this topic receiving 117158 citations.

Social Order in Artificial Worlds.

Abstract: How does social order emerge among autonomous but interdependent agents? The expectation of future interaction may explain cooperation based on rational foresight, but the "shadow of the future" offers little leverage on the problem of social order in "everyday life" -- the habits of association that generate unthinking compliance with social norms. Everyday cooperation emerges not from the shadow of the future but from the lessons of the past. Rule-based evolutionary models are a promising way to formalize this process. These models may provide new insights into emergent social order -- not only prudent reciprocity, but also expressive and ritual self-sacrifice for the welfare of close cultural relatives.

Substance and shadow: women and addiction in the United States

Abstract: Berridge makes a good case for each phase, deftly arraying evidence in point. Throughout she makes good use of the research and analysis of other scholars, crediting them thoroughly in both text and notes. Many readers will disagree with particular emphases and interpretations. This reviewer remains sceptical about the extent to which policy (as opposed to political talk) was influenced by interest groups of gays in the mid-1980s. I was also surprised to read (pages 4-5 and 183) that I had promoted a chronic disease model of HIV/AIDS that was useful to some political groups and that I had endorsed a different model several years earlier. In both instances I was observing, not preaching; a crime reporter, as it were, rather than a criminal. Moreover, during the first few years that my colleagues and I argued that policy for AIDS was increasingly resembling policy for chronic disease management, we were more often attacked than applauded in both the UK and the U.S. Hannaway and her colleagues commissioned fifteen papers. Nine of them are informative and engaging autobiographical accounts by distinguished participants in policy making, research, clinical medicine, and journalism (some in several of these roles) during the epidemic. Particularly insightful and moving are the essays by C Everett Koop, former U.S. Surgeon General, James Curran, an official of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, and Mark Smith, an internist who is now President of the California Health Care Foundation. Most of the other papers, by professional historians and a physician-anthropologist, are informative. Noteworthy are Victoria Harden's review of the response of the National Institutes of Health to the epidemic, Anne Marie Moulin's study of blood transfusion and the transmission of AIDS in France and Maryinez Lyons' paper on AIDS among women in Uganda. Berridge makes an analogy between British mobilization for World War II and AIDS policy in the late 1980s in both her book and her paper in the volume edited by Hannaway et al. Historians had a good war both times.

Brides, Maids, and Prostitutes: Reflections on the Study of 'Trafficked' Women

Abstract: This essay critically examines the blurred boundaries – or the analytical shadow lines – in scholarly and popular conceptualizations of Asian women migrants. I ask what women who migrate from the global South to the North as maids, brides, or sex workers have in common? How important are the commonalities and the distinctions between them? When are such blurs warranted, and what are the implications of such blurs for women’s self-perceptions and life experiences, for feminist scholarship, and for immigration policies? Drawing from ethnographic field research among Chinese and Filipina correspondence brides, Filipina domestic workers, and from the wider literature on sex workers, this essay considers some of the problems with a ‘trafficking’ framework, and considers the analytical and ethnographic possibilities that emerge with closer examination of the real and imagined shadow lines between sex workers, domestic workers, and migrant brides.

One Share Fits All? Regional Variations in the Extent of the Shadow Economy in Europe

Abstract: Herwartz H., Tafenau E. and Schneider F. One share fits all? Regional variations in the extent of the shadow economy in Europe, Regional Studies. A multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) approach with spatial effects is followed to estimate the extent of the shadow economy in the regions of the European Union in 2007 and 2008. The shadow economic sector is smallest in regions of the Netherlands and Denmark and highest in Greece, Poland, Portugal and Romania. In several countries the extent of shadow activities varies markedly across regions, calling for regional diversification of measures against it. Moreover, the eligibility status for structural funding by the European Union changes for some regions if shadow activities are included in the gross domestic product to their full extent.

Shadow Economies Around the World - Size, Causes, and Consequences

Abstract: Using various methods (currency demand, physical input (electricity) method, model approach), which are discussed and criticized, estimates of the size of the shadow economy in 76 developing, transition and OECD-countries are presented. The average size of a shadow economy varies from 12 percent of GDP for OECD, to 23 percent for transition and to 39 percent for developing countries. An increasing burden of taxation and social security contributions combined with rising state regulatory activities are the drivin g forces for the increase of the shadow economy especially in OECD-countries. According to some findings, a growing shadow economy has a negative effect on official GDP growth, and a positive impact of corruption on the size of the shadow economy can be found.