Shadow (psychology)

About: Shadow (psychology) is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 8396 publications have been published within this topic receiving 117158 citations.

The Shadow Economy and Shadow Economy Labor Force: What Do We (Not) Know?

Abstract: In this paper the main focus lies on the development and the size of the shadow economy and of undeclared work (or shadow economy labor force) in OECD, developing and transition countries. Besides informal employment in the rural and non-rural sector also other measures of informal employment like the share of employees not covered by social security, own account workers or unpaid family workers are shown. The most influential factors on the shadow economy and/or shadow labor force are tax policies and state regulation, which, if they rise, increase both. Furthermore the discussion of the recent literature underlines that economic opportunities, the overall situation on the labor market, and unemployment are crucial for an understanding of the dynamics of the shadow economy and especially the shadow labor force.

Declining social capital and nonprofit organizations: consequences for small towns after welfare reform

Abstract: In 1997, welfare reform replaced the federal system of entitlement with a workfare system based on the values of self-sufficiency and personal responsibility. Proponents of reform argue that if social services are needed, local nonprofit organizations (NPOs) such as food banks can provide them. But claims that local NPOs can expand programs in the wake of welfare cuts merit closer scrutiny. This paper investigates two questions. First, why is the nonprofit sector being touted as a replacement for the welfare state? Second, is there sufficient social capital—the willingness of people to donate their time and money in a community—for NPOs to expand social services with less state funding? The answer to the first question explains how the crisis of Fordism led to welfare spending cuts. In its place arose a more flexible “shadow state” comprised of NPOs. The rise of the “shadow state” signals a conscious effort to reduce government spending. It also means providing less assistance to the poor because the volu...

Removing the shadow of the law from the debate about genetic testing of children.

Abstract: When physicians view efforts to obtain genetic testing for children as unwise or contrary to the children's interests, they face difficult problems both of ethics and of communicating with the parents. Contrary to the suggestions of some, the law has little to say about how physicians resolve these dilemmas. Parents do not have a constitutionally protected right to demand that unwilling physicians perform these tests. In addition, there is little risk of liability for damages unless the child suffers physical harm as a result of the physician's refusal to do the test. The debate about genetic testing of children needs to take place with a clear understanding of the law's limited impact.