Topic
Shadow (psychology)
About: Shadow (psychology) is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 8396 publications have been published within this topic receiving 117158 citations.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the size and development of the shadow economy of 21 OECD countries is estimated, using the MIMIC estimation procedure, and the analysis finds that an increased burden of taxation and social security payments, combined with intensive labor market regulation, quality of state institutions, and tax morale, are the driving forces for shadow economy.
Abstract: The size and development of the shadow economy of 21 OECD countries is estimated, using the MIMIC estimation procedure. The analysis finds that an increased burden of taxation and social security payments, combined with intensive labor market regulation, quality of state institutions, and tax morale, are the driving forces for the shadow economy. The public institution of federalism has no statistically significant effect on the shadow economy. Finally, on the one side, incentive-oriented policy means are suggested so that any black value added can be transformed into official value added, and on the other side, it is important to have public institutions which work efficiently and act as a constraint for selfish politicians.
134 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the latest empirical results of the size of the shadow economy in 18 OECD countries using the currency demand approach to calculate shadow economy over time, showing that there has been a strong increase in the size over the period 1960 to 1998 and that for 15 of the 18 investigated OECD-countries, the number of shadow economy is more than 13% of the GNP.
Abstract: The latest empirical results of the size of the shadow economy in 18 OECD countries are presented, using the currency demand approach to calculate the shadow economy over time. The results indicate a strong increase in the size of the shadow economy, over the period 1960 to 1998 and for 15 of the 18 investigated OECD-countries the size of the shadow economy is more than 13% of the GNP for the year 1998. Also an analysis is given about the size of influences of major causes (direct and indirect tax burden and government regulation) on the shadow economy for Austria.
133 citations
Book•
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01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: In this article, the story moves back and forth in time and location through memories, images, and experiences, from London during the blitz, to Cambridge in the 1970s, this sweeping novel confirms the promise of the critically acclaimed Amitav Ghosh.
Abstract: Old and new cultures clash in tragic ways in this story of a family in transition. Spanning three decades, the story moves back and forth in time and location through memories, images, and experiences. From London during the blitz, to Cambridge in the 1970s, this sweeping novel confirms the promise of the critically acclaimed Amitav Ghosh.
131 citations
131 citations