Topic
Shadow (psychology)
About: Shadow (psychology) is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 8396 publications have been published within this topic receiving 117158 citations.
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01 Jan 1998
TL;DR: In this article, estimates about the size of the shadow economy in 67 developing, transition and OECD countries are presented, using various methods (currency demand, physical input (electricity) measure, model approach), which are discussed and criticized.
Abstract: Using various methods (currency demand, physical input (electricity) measure, model approach), which are discussed and criticized, estimates about the size of 67 developing, transition and OECD countries are presented. The average size of the shadow economy (in % of GDP) over 1989-93 in developing countries is 39.2%, in transition countries 23.2% and in OECD countries 14.2%. An increasing burden of taxation and social security contributions combined with rising state regulatory activities are the driving forces for the size of the shadow economy. According to some findings, a growing shadow economy has a negative impact on official GDP growth, however, a positive impact of corruption on the size of the shadow economy can be found, i.e. the bigger the corruption, the larger is the shadow economy.
110 citations
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: In the end of January, European leaders agreed the wording of the new treaty aimed primarily at tightening fiscal policy in the euro area that was agreed in principle by 26 EU heads of government at last December's European summit as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: At the end of January, European leaders agreed the wording of the new treaty aimed primarily at tightening fiscal policy in the euro area that was agreed in principle by 26 EU heads of government at last December’s European summit. The treaty reflects German positions rather than collective compromise. In particular, the treaty centres on a “fiscal compact” that compels all eurozone countries to incorporate into their constitutions a deficit limit modelled on the German Schuldenbremse, or “debt brake”. In addition, European leaders once again ruled out the possibility of using European Central Bank (ECB) funds to “leverage” the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) or European Stability Mechanism (ESM), and there was no mention of ECB bond purchases to help stabilise bond markets.
109 citations
Book•
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, the Realism of the Ordinary and the Cotton Wool Wool of daily life are discussed, as well as the "cotton wool of everyday life" and Wallace Stevens' Commonplace.
Abstract: Abbreviations Introduction I. James Joyce and the Realism of the Ordinary II. Virginia Woolf and the "cotton wool of daily life" III. Gertrude Stein, William James, and Habit in the Shadow of War IV. Wallace Stevens' Commonplace V. Conclusion Notes Bibliography
109 citations