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Shadow (psychology)

About: Shadow (psychology) is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 8396 publications have been published within this topic receiving 117158 citations.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that prior history does not directly affect trust; instead, the observed positive relationship between the two is mediated by expectations of continuity, and the conventional use of the transaction cost logic is extended to show how reciprocal investments in asset specificity and uncertainty drive expectations of consistency, and consequently, interorganizational trust.
Abstract: Despite the widespread acceptance of trust as an informal governance institution, our understanding of its origins is nascent. Our review of the literature identified two distinct explanations: trust emerges from either a shadow of the past (i.e. prior history) or a shadow of the future (i.e. expectations of continuity). In this paper we develop and empirically examine a third perspective: the potential interdependence of the shadow of the past and the future as an origin to interorganizational trust. That is, the past and future are necessarily intertwined as origins to trust. Our results strongly endorse this third approach. We find that prior history does not directly affect trust; instead, the observed positive relationship between the two is mediated by expectations of continuity. Consistent with this result, analyses further show that prior history plays a significant role in building trust by strengthening the impact of continuity on trust. That is, a longer prior history actually makes the effect of continuity on trust much stronger than a shorter prior history. We interpret these findings as suggesting: 1) the criticality and centrality of a shadow of the future (i.e. a forward-looking calculus) in generating trust in interorganizational exchanges and 2) a shadow of the past plays a facilitating, albeit indirect role in trust building. Our conceptual model also extends the conventional use of the transaction cost logic to show how reciprocal investments in asset specificity and uncertainty drive expectations of continuity and consequently interorganizational trust. Unexpectedly, we find that prior history has a direct negative effect on trust after specifying the mediating path of continuity. Our moderation analysis indicates when this effect occurs: when weak expectations of continuity exist, trust is lower for exchanges characterized by a longer prior history, suggesting a potential dark-side of over-embedded ties.

426 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors develop a framework for thinking about trust in dynamic and practical terms, and also provide recommendations for managing relational quality in alliances as a strategy for enhancing value, where past experience and the shadow of the future play important roles.
Abstract: Management scholars have often argued that "trust" plays a key role in economic exchanges, particularly when one or another party is subject to the risk of opportunistic behavior and incomplete monitoring or when problems due to moral hazard or asymmetric information arise. These conditions are almost always present in the case of corporate alliances and joint ventures. However, one attribute of relationships—"relational quality"—is fundamental to the maintenance of good working conditions in two-party alliances where past experience and the shadow of the future play important roles. Relying on a growing body of theory and a number of case studies, the authors develop a framework for thinking about trust in dynamic and practical terms. They also provide recommendations for managing relational quality in alliances as a strategy for enhancing value.

420 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the shadow economy for 145 countries, including developing, transition and highly developed OECD economies over 1999 to 2005, was estimated and various estimation methods were discussed and critically evaluated.
Abstract: Estimations of the shadow economies for 145 countries, including developing, transition and highly developed OECD economies over 1999 to 2005 are presented. The average size of the shadow economy (as a percent of "official" GDP) in 2004/05 in 96 developing countries is 36.7%, in 25 transition countries 38.8% and in 21 OECD countries 14.8%. An increased burden of taxation and social security contributions, combined with a labour market regulation are the driving forces of the shadow economy. Furthermore, the results show that the shadow economy reduces corruption in high income countries, but increases corruption in low income countries. Finally, the various estimation methods are discussed and critically evaluated.

415 citations

MonographDOI
06 Feb 2003
TL;DR: Tanzi as mentioned in this paper defined the shadow economy and estimated the size of shadow economy, including the number of shadow workers and their number in the labour force, and analyzed the causes and measures of economic policy.
Abstract: List of figures List of tables Foreword Vito Tanzi 1. The shadow economy: a challenge for economic and social policy 2. Defining the shadow economy 3. Methods to estimate the size of the shadow economy 4. Size of shadow economies around the world 5. The size of the shadow economy labour force 6. An integrated approach to explain deviant behaviour 7. Analysing the causes and measures of economic policy 8. Effects of the increasing shadow economy 9. The 'two-pillar strategy' 10. Conclusion and outlook List of references Index.

407 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
20242
20231,102
20222,472
2021374
2020435
2019429