Shadow (psychology)

About: Shadow (psychology) is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 8396 publications have been published within this topic receiving 117158 citations.

Enemies: A History of the FBI

Abstract: The epic, disturbing story of how the FBI is America's real secret service. "Such creatures of passion, disloyalty, and anarchy must be crushed out. The hand of our power should close over them at once". (President Woodrow Wilson, 1919). The United States is a country founded on the ideals of democracy and freedom, yet throughout the last century it has used secret and lawless methods to destroy its enemies. The Federal Bureau of Investigation is the most powerful of these forces. Following his award-winning history of the C.I.A., "Legacy of Ashes", Tim Weiner has now written the first full history of the F.B.I. as a secret intellligence service. Drawn entirely from firsthand materials in the F.B.I.'s own files, "Enemies" brilliantly brings to life the entire story, from the cracking of anarchist cells to the prosecution of the 'war on terror'. It is the story of America's war against spies, subversives and saboteurs - and the self-inflicted wounds American democracy suffered in battle. Throughout the book lies the long shadow of J. Edgar Hoover, who ran the F.B.I. with an iron fist for forty-eight years. He was not a monster, but a brilliant confidence man who ruled by fear, force, and fraud. His power shaped America; his legacy haunts it. Reviews: "Truly impressive...["Enemies"] could have been put together only by a journalist of Weiner's stature". (Keith Lowe, "Sunday Telegraph"). "A history that moves at the pace of a James Ellroy novel. But Weiner's truth is wilder even than Ellroy's fiction. Weiner sets the record straight on the FBI's first 100 years using only the Bureau's documents and oral testimony, most of which has never been seen". (David Blackburn, "Spectator"). "An outstanding piece of work, even-handed, exhaustively researched, smoothly written and thematically timely...This is certainly the most complete book we are likely to see about the F.B.I.'s intelligence-gathering operations, from Emma Goldman to Osama bin Laden". (Bryan Burrough, "New York Times"). "Extensively researched, admirably understated, yet terrifically entertaining". ("Boston Globe"). "Important and disturbing...Weiner lays bare a record of embarrassing, even stunning failure, in which the bureau's lawlessness was matched only by its incompetence ...[he] has done prodigious research, yet tells this depressing story with all the verve and coherence of a good spy thriller". ("New York Times Book Review"). About the author: Tim Weiner is a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist at the "New York Times", where he has reported from Afghanistan, Pakistan, Sudan and fifteen other nations. He was based for a decade in Washington, DC, where he covered the C.I.A. and the Military - the latter topic being the subject of his "Blank Check: The Pentagon's Black Budget". He is the author of the bestselling "Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA", which won the 2007 National Book Award for Non-Fiction.

“Speaking truth to power”: analysing shadow reporting as a form of shadow accounting

Abstract: Purpose The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the act of shadow reporting by a social movement organisation as a form of shadow accounting within a sustained campaign against a target corporation. Situated within a consideration of power relations, the rationales underlying the production of the shadow report, and the shadow reports perceived value and limits as a shadow accounting mechanism, are investigated. Design/methodology/approach A Foucauldian approach to power/knowledge and truth is drawn upon in the analysis of a single case study. Alongside a consideration of the shadow report itself, interviews with both the preparers of the report and senior management of the corporation targeted comprise the main data. Findings The paper provides an empirical investigation into shadow reporting as a form of shadow accounting. While a range of insights are garnered into the preparation, dissemination and impact of the shadow report, key findings relate to a consideration of power relations. The perceived “truth” status of corporate accounts compared to accounts prepared by shadow accountants is problematised through a consideration of technologies of power and power/knowledge formations. Power relations are subsequently recognised as fundamental to the emancipatory potential of shadow reporting. Research limitations/implications Results from a single case study are presented. Furthermore, given the production of the shadow report occurred several years prior to the collection of data, participants were asked to reflect on past events. Findings are therefore based on those reflections. Originality/value While previous studies have considered the preparation of shadow reports and their transformative potential, this study is, the author believes, the first to empirically analyse the preparation, dissemination and perceived impacts of shadow reporting from the perspectives of both the shadow report producers and the target corporation.

The Shadow Economy and Shadow Economy Labor Force: What do we (not) know?

Abstract: In this paper the main focus lies on the development and the size of the shadow economy and of undeclared work (or shadow economy labor force) in OECD, developing and transition countries. Besides informal employment in the rural and non-rural sector also other measures of informal employment like the share of employees not covered by social security, own account workers or unpaid family workers are shown. The most influential factors on the shadow economy and/or shadow labor force are tax policies and state regulation, which, if they rise, increase both. Furthermore the discussion of the recent literature underlines that economic opportunities, the overall situation on the labor market, and unemployment are crucial for an understanding of the dynamics of the shadow economy and especially the shadow labor force. JEL-Classification: K42, H26, D78.

The Demand for Shadow Education in China: Mainstream Teachers and Power Relations

Abstract: As in other parts of the world, private tutoring has expanded significantly in Mainland China during the past decade. This has been driven by factors including dramatic economic growth, high-stakes examinations, and the traditions of a Confucian culture at the macro-level, and school leadership and family incomes, at the micro-level. This paper examines the demand for private supplementary tutoring in Chongqing, China. It is based on a mixed-methods study of tutoring received by Grade 9 students. Based on an overview of the demand for shadow education by the sampled students and the driving factors at multiple levels, this paper investigates the role of teachers' power in shaping the demand. It draws on the data obtained from interviews and case studies, applying the theory of power bases to map the power relations among various stakeholders in both mainstream and shadow education systems. The study reveals that nearly half of Grade 9 students receive private tutoring, with mainstream teachers as the most...

We, the Multitude

Abstract: Paolo Virno’s A Grammar of the Multitude: For an Analysis of Contemporary Forms of Life is a short book, but it casts a long shadow. Behind it looms the entire history of the labor movement and its heretical wing, Italian workerism (operaismo), which rethought Marxism in light of the workers’ struggles (strikes and sabotage) of the 1960s and 1970s. For the most part, though, it looks forward. Abstract intelligence and immaterial signs have become the major productive force in the “post-Fordist” economy we are living in, and they are deeply affecting contemporary structures and mentalities. Virno’s essay examines the increased mobility and versatility of the new laborers, whose work time now virtually extends to their entire lives. The “multitude” is the kind of subjective confi guration that this radical change is liberating, raising the political question of what we are capable of. Workerism has a paradoxical relation to traditional Marxism and to the offi cial labor movement because it refuses to consider work as the defi ning factor of human life. Marxist analysis assumes that capitalist exploitation is what makes work alienating, but workerists blame alienation on the reduction of life to work. They are against work, against the socialist ethics that is used to exalt work’s dignity. They do not want to reappropriate work (“take over the means of production”) but reduce it. Trade unions or parties are concerned about wages and working conditions. They do not fi ght to change the workers’ lot; at best, they make it more tolerable. Workerists pressed for the reduction of labor time and the transformation of production through the application of technical knowledge and socialized intelligence. In the mid-1930s the leftist philosopher Simone Weil experienced the appalling abjection of the assembly line fi rsthand by working at a factory. She wondered whether Lenin or Stalin could ever have set foot in a workplace and celebrated workers’ labor. “The problem is, therefore, quite clear,” she concluded in Oppression and Liberty after renouncing Marxism and breaking with the organized workers’ movement. “It is a question of knowing whether it is possible to conceive of an organization of production” that would not be “grinding down souls and bodies under oppression.” 1 But it was too early to achieve this goal through automation, and