Topic
Shock wave
About: Shock wave is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 36184 publications have been published within this topic receiving 635848 citations. The topic is also known as: Shock waves & shockwave.
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01 Jan 1953
TL;DR: In this paper, the Hodograph Method for Two-Dimensional, Subsonic Flow with Small Perturbations is used to describe the dynamics of two-dimensional and three-dimensional flow.
Abstract: Partial table of contents: BACKGROUND. Foundations of Fluid Dynamics. Foundations of Thermodynamics. ONE--DIMENSIONAL FLOW. Isentropic Flow. Normal Shock Waves. Flow in Ducts with Heating or Cooling. INTRODUCTION TO FLOW IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS. The Equations of Motion for Steady, Irrotational Flow. SUBSONIC FLOW. Hodograph Method for Two--Dimensional, Subsonic Flow. Three--Dimensional, Subsonic Flow. SUPERSONIC FLOW. Two--Dimensional, Supersonic Flow with Small Perturbations. Oblique Shocks. Appendices. Index.
2,243 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the relativistic motion of a quasi-steady jet is modeled as a superluminal expansion in which the moving component and the stationary component would have comparable Doppler-boosted fluxes, and specific models for the dynamical and radiative properties of the jet and individual shocks are presented.
Abstract: Variable extragalactic radio sources, associated with the nuclei of galaxies and quasars, are interpreted in terms of a supersonic relativistic jet. It is proposed that radio emission originates both from the quasi-steady jet itself and from behind strong shock waves which either propagate in the jet, or which are formed behind dense condensations (clouds) that are accelerated to relativistic speeds by the flow. In this way the source could display apparent superluminal expansion in which the moving component (associated with a shock) and the stationary component (associated with the optically-thick core of the jet) would have comparable, Doppler-boosted fluxes. Specific models for the dynamical and radiative properties of the jet and of individual shocks are presented. Kinematical consequences of the relativistic motion are described for flux and polarization measurements, as well as for VLBI observations of superluminal sources. It is argued that the majority of bright compact sources are observed along lines of sight making small (< or approx. =10/sup 0/) angles to the jet velocity. This hypothesis has important consequences for the interpretation of low-frequency variable sources, optically-violent variable quasars, Lacertids, and extended double sources. These are briefly outlined, and some specific observational tests are proposed.
1,908 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the theory of first order Fermi acceleration at collisionless astrophysical shock fronts is reviewed and it is argued that the wave amplitude is probably non-linear within sufficiently strong astrophysical shocks.
1,881 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a new mechanism is proposed for acceleration of a power-law distribution of cosmic rays with approximately the observed slope, where high-energy particles in the vicinity of a shock are scattered by Alfven waves carried by the converging fluid flow leading to a first-order acceleration process in which the escape time is automatically comparable to the acceleration time.
Abstract: A new mechanism is proposed for acceleration of a power-law distribution of cosmic rays with approximately the observed slope. High-energy particles in the vicinity of a shock are scattered by Alfven waves carried by the converging fluid flow leading to a first-order acceleration process in which the escape time is automatically comparable to the acceleration time. Shocks from supernova explosions propagating through the interstellar medium can account for the acceleration of galactic cosmic rays. Similar processes occurring in extragalactic radio sources can lead to efficient in situ acceleration of relativistic electrons.
1,776 citations
1,696 citations