Showing papers on "Silicon published in 2016"
TL;DR: It is shown that using cesium ions along with formamidinium cations in lead bromide–iodide cells improved thermal and photostability and lead to high efficiency in single and tandem cells.
Abstract: Metal halide perovskite photovoltaic cells could potentially boost the efficiency of commercial silicon photovoltaic modules from ∼20 toward 30% when used in tandem architectures. An optimum perovskite cell optical band gap of ~1.75 electron volts (eV) can be achieved by varying halide composition, but to date, such materials have had poor photostability and thermal stability. Here we present a highly crystalline and compositionally photostable material, [HC(NH2)2](0.83)Cs(0.17)Pb(I(0.6)Br(0.4))3, with an optical band gap of ~1.74 eV, and we fabricated perovskite cells that reached open-circuit voltages of 1.2 volts and power conversion efficiency of over 17% on small areas and 14.7% on 0.715 cm(2) cells. By combining these perovskite cells with a 19%-efficient silicon cell, we demonstrated the feasibility of achieving >25%-efficient four-terminal tandem cells.
2,412 citations
TL;DR: The results showed that a 17.8 % increase in the harvest and utilization of solar thermal energy could be achieved using a silicon nanowire array on silicon substrate as compared to that obtained with a plain silicon wafer.
Abstract: Silicon nanowire possesses great potential as the material for renewable energy harvesting and conversion. The significantly reduced spectral reflectivity of silicon nanowire to visible light makes it even more attractive in solar energy applications. However, the benefit of its use for solar thermal energy harvesting remains to be investigated and has so far not been clearly reported. The purpose of this study is to provide practical information and insight into the performance of silicon nanowires in solar thermal energy conversion systems. Spectral hemispherical reflectivity and transmissivity of the black silicon nanowire array on silicon wafer substrate were measured. It was observed that the reflectivity is lower in the visible range but higher in the infrared range compared to the plain silicon wafer. A drying experiment and a theoretical calculation were carried out to directly evaluate the effects of the trade-off between scattering properties at different wavelengths. It is clearly seen that silicon nanowires can improve the solar thermal energy harnessing. The results showed that a 17.8 % increase in the harvest and utilization of solar thermal energy could be achieved using a silicon nanowire array on silicon substrate as compared to that obtained with a plain silicon wafer.
895 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review the dynamic field of crystalline silicon photovoltaics from a device-engineering perspective and give an up-to-date summary of promising recent pathways for further efficiency improvements and cost reduction employing novel carrierselective passivating contact schemes, as well as tandem multi-junction architectures, in particular those that combine silicon absorbers with organic-inorganic perovskite materials.
Abstract: With a global market share of about 90%, crystalline silicon is by far the most important photovoltaic technology today. This article reviews the dynamic field of crystalline silicon photovoltaics from a device-engineering perspective. First, it discusses key factors responsible for the success of the classic dopant-diffused silicon homojunction solar cell. Next it analyzes two archetypal high-efficiency device architectures – the interdigitated back-contact silicon cell and the silicon heterojunction cell – both of which have demonstrated power conversion efficiencies greater than 25%. Last, it gives an up-to-date summary of promising recent pathways for further efficiency improvements and cost reduction employing novel carrier-selective passivating contact schemes, as well as tandem multi-junction architectures, in particular those that combine silicon absorbers with organic–inorganic perovskite materials.
751 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors demonstrate continuous-wave InAs/GaAs quantum dot lasers directly grown on silicon substrates with a low threshold current density of 62.5 cm−2, a room-temperature output power exceeding 105mW and operation up to 120°C.
Abstract: Reliable, efficient electrically pumped silicon-based lasers would enable full integration of photonic and electronic circuits, but have previously only been realized by wafer bonding. Here, we demonstrate continuous-wave InAs/GaAs quantum dot lasers directly grown on silicon substrates with a low threshold current density of 62.5 A cm–2, a room-temperature output power exceeding 105 mW and operation up to 120 °C. Over 3,100 h of continuous-wave operating data have been collected, giving an extrapolated mean time to failure of over 100,158 h. The realization of high-performance quantum dot lasers on silicon is due to the achievement of a low density of threading dislocations on the order of 105 cm−2 in the III–V epilayers by combining a nucleation layer and dislocation filter layers with in situ thermal annealing. These results are a major advance towards reliable and cost-effective silicon-based photonic–electronic integration.
682 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a graphene cage is grown conformally around the micro-silicon particles to improve their cycling stability, which is shown to improve the cycling stability of battery anodes.
Abstract: Micrometre-size silicon particles are desirable battery anode materials but are even more prone to structure degradation than nanoscale particles. Here, graphene cages grown conformally around the micro-silicon particles are shown to improve their cycling stability.
644 citations
TL;DR: A wafer-scale process for manufacturing strongly adhering carbide-derived carbon films and interdigitated micro-supercapacitors with embedded titanium carbide current collectors is described, fully compatible with current microfabrication and silicon-based device technology.
Abstract: Integration of electrochemical capacitors with silicon-based electronics is a major challenge, limiting energy storage on a chip. We describe a wafer-scale process for manufacturing strongly adhering carbide-derived carbon films and interdigitated micro-supercapacitors with embedded titanium carbide current collectors, fully compatible with current microfabrication and silicon-based device technology. Capacitance of those films reaches 410 farads per cubic centimeter/200 millifarads per square centimeter in aqueous electrolyte and 170 farads per cubic centimeter/85 millifarads per square centimeter in organic electrolyte. We also demonstrate preparation of self-supported, mechanically stable, micrometer-thick porous carbon films with a Young’s modulus of 14.5 gigapascals, with the possibility of further transfer onto flexible substrates. These materials are interesting for applications in structural energy storage, tribology, and gas separation.
595 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an 18% efficient monolithic silicon/perovskite tandem solar cells were constructed by combining optical optimization of the device architecture including light trapping approaches. But the design of the tandem cell is limited by the photocurrent generated in the silicon bottom cell that is reduced due to reflectance losses.
Abstract: Tandem solar cells combining silicon and perovskite absorbers have the potential to outperform state-of-the-art high efficiency silicon single junction devices. However, the practical fabrication of monolithic silicon/perovskite tandem solar cells is challenging as material properties and processing requirements such as temperature restrict the device design. Here, we fabricate an 18% efficient monolithic tandem cell formed by a silicon heterojunction bottom- and a perovskite top-cell enabling a very high open circuit voltage of 1.78 V. The monolithic integration was realized via low temperature processing of the semitransparent perovskite sub-cell where an energetically aligned electron selective contact was fabricated by atomic layer deposition of tin oxide. The hole selective, transparent top contact was formed by a stack of the organic hole transport material spiro-OMeTAD, molybdenum oxide and sputtered indium tin oxide. The tandem cell design is currently limited by the photocurrent generated in the silicon bottom cell that is reduced due to reflectance losses. Based on optical modelling and first experiments, we show that these losses can be significantly reduced by combining optical optimization of the device architecture including light trapping approaches.
549 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the feasibility of a next-generation hybrid anode using silicon-nanolayer-embedded graphite/carbon was demonstrated, and the authors reported scalable synthesis of silicon-nolayer embedding graphite electrodes that display cycling stability at the industrial electrode density.
Abstract: Existing anode technologies are approaching their limits, and silicon is recognized as a potential alternative due to its high specific capacity and abundance. However, to date the commercial use of silicon has not satisfied electrode calendering with limited binder content comparable to commercial graphite anodes for high energy density. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of a next-generation hybrid anode using silicon-nanolayer-embedded graphite/carbon. This architecture allows compatibility between silicon and natural graphite and addresses the issues of severe side reactions caused by structural failure of crumbled graphite dust and uncombined residue of silicon particles by conventional mechanical milling. This structure shows a high first-cycle Coulombic efficiency (92%) and a rapid increase of the Coulombic efficiency to 99.5% after only 6 cycles with a capacity retention of 96% after 100 cycles, with an industrial electrode density of >1.6 g cm−3, areal capacity loading of >3.3 mAh cm−2, and <4 wt% binding materials in a slurry. As a result, a full cell using LiCoO2 has demonstrated a higher energy density (1,043 Wh l−1) than with standard commercial graphite electrodes. Silicon has long been recognized as a high-energy battery electrode but its commercialization faces significant barriers. Here the authors report scalable synthesis of silicon-nanolayer-embedded graphite electrodes that display cycling stability at the industrial electrode density.
534 citations
TL;DR: A low-temperature process for semitransparent perovskite/crystalline silicon tandem solar cells is presented, yielding efficiencies up to 14.5%, and the effects of varying the intermediate recombination layer and hole transport layer thicknesses on tandem cell photocurrent generation are presented, experimentally and by transfer matrix simulations.
Abstract: Monolithic perovskite/crystalline silicon tandem solar cells hold great promise for further performance improvement of well-established silicon photovoltaics; however, monolithic tandem integration is challenging, evidenced by the modest performances and small-area devices reported so far. Here we present first a low-temperature process for semitransparent perovskite solar cells, yielding efficiencies of up to 14.5%. Then, we implement this process to fabricate monolithic perovskite/silicon heterojunction tandem solar cells yielding efficiencies of up to 21.2 and 19.2% for cell areas of 0.17 and 1.22 cm2, respectively. Both efficiencies are well above those of the involved subcells. These single-junction perovskite and tandem solar cells are hysteresis-free and demonstrate steady performance under maximum power point tracking for several minutes. Finally, we present the effects of varying the intermediate recombination layer and hole transport layer thicknesses on tandem cell photocurrent generation, expe...
447 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the dopant-free electron and hole carrier-selective heterocontacts using alkali metal fluorides and metal oxides, respectively, in combination with passivating intrinsic amorphous silicon interlayers, were successfully developed and implemented.
Abstract: A salient characteristic of solar cells is their ability to subject photo-generated electrons and holes to pathways of asymmetrical conductivity—‘assisting’ them towards their respective contacts. All commercially available crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells achieve this by making use of doping in either near-surface regions or overlying silicon-based films. Despite being commonplace, this approach is hindered by several optoelectronic losses and technological limitations specific to doped silicon. A progressive approach to circumvent these issues involves the replacement of doped-silicon contacts with alternative materials which can also form ‘carrier-selective’ interfaces on c-Si. Here we successfully develop and implement dopant-free electron and hole carrier-selective heterocontacts using alkali metal fluorides and metal oxides, respectively, in combination with passivating intrinsic amorphous silicon interlayers, resulting in power conversion efficiencies approaching 20%. Furthermore, the simplified architectures inherent to this approach allow cell fabrication in only seven low-temperature (≤200 ∘C), lithography-free steps. This is a marked improvement on conventional doped-silicon high-efficiency processes, and highlights potential improvements on both sides of the cost-to-performance ratio for c-Si photovoltaics. The use of doped-silicon contacts in silicon solar cells adds cost and complexity to the fabrication process. These issues can now be circumvented by using dopant-free carrier-selective interfaces on silicon, realized by alkali metal fluorides and metal oxides.
443 citations
TL;DR: Using rice husk (RH) as silicon source, this article reported for the first time the fabrication of silicon/nitrogen-doped carbon/carbon nanotube (SNCC) nano/micro-hierarchical structured spheres through a facile electrospray approach.
TL;DR: A robust buffer layer is introduced by solution-processing AZO nanoparticles, enabling a sputtered amorphous ITO layer without damaging the underlying device.
Abstract: A sputtered oxide layer enabled by a solution-processed oxide nanoparticle buffer layer to protect underlying layers is used to make semi-transparent perovskite solar cells. Single-junction semi-transparent cells are 12.3% efficient, and mechanically stacked tandems on silicon solar cells are 18.0% efficient. The semi-transparent perovskite solar cell has a T 80 lifetime of 124 h when operated at the maximum power point at 100 °C without additional sealing in ambient atmosphere under visible illumination.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss new research on silicon-based anodes conducted during the past couple of years and summarize the core issues in developing the silicon anode and effective strategies in yielding more promising results.
TL;DR: Silicon nanoparticle-based lithium-ion battery negative electrodes where multiple nonactive electrode additives are replaced with a single conductive binder, in this case, the conducting polymer PEDOT PSS are described.
Abstract: This work describes silicon nanoparticle-based lithium-ion battery negative electrodes where multiple nonactive electrode additives (usually carbon black and an inert polymer binder) are replaced with a single conductive binder, in this case, the conducting polymer PEDOT:PSS. While enabling the production of well-mixed slurry-cast electrodes with high silicon content (up to 95 wt %), this combination eliminates the well-known occurrence of capacity losses due to physical separation of the silicon and traditional inorganic conductive additives during repeated lithiation/delithiation processes. Using an in situ secondary doping treatment of the PEDOT:PSS with small quantities of formic acid, electrodes containing 80 wt % SiNPs can be prepared with electrical conductivity as high as 4.2 S/cm. Even at the relatively high areal loading of 1 mg/cm2, this system demonstrated a first cycle lithiation capacity of 3685 mA·h/g (based on the SiNP mass) and a first cycle efficiency of ∼78%. After 100 repeated cycles a...
TL;DR: A scalable but delicate prelithiation scheme based on electrical shorting with lithium metal foil that enables robust full-cell operations in pairing with an emerging nickel-rich layered cathode, Li[Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05]O2, leading to a full cell energy density 1.5-times as high as that of graphite-LiCoO2 counterpart in terms of the active material weight.
Abstract: Despite the recent considerable progress, the reversibility and cycle life of silicon anodes in lithium-ion batteries are yet to be improved further to meet the commercial standards. The current major industry, instead, adopts silicon monoxide (SiOx, x ≈ 1), as this phase can accommodate the volume change of embedded Si nanodomains via the silicon oxide matrix. However, the poor Coulombic efficiencies (CEs) in the early period of cycling limit the content of SiOx, usually below 10 wt % in a composite electrode with graphite. Here, we introduce a scalable but delicate prelithiation scheme based on electrical shorting with lithium metal foil. The accurate shorting time and voltage monitoring allow a fine-tuning on the degree of prelithiation without lithium plating, to a level that the CEs in the first three cycles reach 94.9%, 95.7%, and 97.2%. The excellent reversibility enables robust full-cell operations in pairing with an emerging nickel-rich layered cathode, Li[Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05]O2, even at a commerci...
TL;DR: In this paper, a comparative study comprising three transition metal oxides, MoO3, WO3 and V2O5, acting as front p-type contacts for n-type crystalline silicon heterojunction solar cells was performed.
TL;DR: Elimination of inactive ingredients such as metal current collector and polymeric binder reduces the total electrode weight and may provide the means to produce efficient lightweight batteries.
Abstract: Silicon and graphene are promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries because of their high theoretical capacity; however, low volumetric energy density, poor efficiency and instability in high loading electrodes limit their practical application. Here we report a large area (approximately 15 cm × 2.5 cm) self-standing anode material consisting of molecular precursor-derived silicon oxycarbide glass particles embedded in a chemically-modified reduced graphene oxide matrix. The porous reduced graphene oxide matrix serves as an effective electron conductor and current collector with a stable mechanical structure, and the amorphous silicon oxycarbide particles cycle lithium-ions with high Coulombic efficiency. The paper electrode (mass loading of 2 mg cm(-2)) delivers a charge capacity of ∼588 mAh g(-1)electrode (∼393 mAh cm(-3)electrode) at 1,020th cycle and shows no evidence of mechanical failure. Elimination of inactive ingredients such as metal current collector and polymeric binder reduces the total electrode weight and may provide the means to produce efficient lightweight batteries.
Patent•
14 Jul 2016TL;DR: In this paper, a laminated body is formed by alternately laminating a plurality of dielectric films and electrode films on a silicon substrate, and a through hole extending in the lamination direction is formed.
Abstract: A laminated body is formed by alternately laminating a plurality of dielectric films and electrode films on a silicon substrate. Next, a through hole extending in the lamination direction is formed in the laminated body. Next, a selective nitridation process is performed to selectively form a charge layer made of silicon nitride in a region of an inner surface of the through hole corresponding to the electrode film. Next, a high-pressure oxidation process is performed to form a block layer made of silicon oxide between the charge layer and the electrode film. Next, a tunnel layer made of silicon oxide is formed on an inner side surface of the through hole. Thus, a flash memory can be manufactured in which the charge layer is split for each electrode film.
TL;DR: The results show that silicon nanosheet and MX2 layers can be served as effective light absorption medium under resonance conditions and show much better performance than that of the conventional sensing scheme where pure Au thin film is used.
Abstract: In this work, we designed a sensitivity-enhanced surface plasmon resonance biosensor structure based on silicon nanosheet and two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. This configuration contains six components: SF10 triangular prism, gold thin film, silicon nanosheet, two-dimensional MoS2/MoSe2/WS2/WSe2 (defined as MX2) layers, biomolecular analyte layer and sensing medium. The minimum reflectivity, sensitivity as well as the Full Width at Half Maximum of SPR curve are systematically examined by using Fresnel equations and the transfer matrix method in the visible and near infrared wavelength range (600 nm to 1024 nm). The variation of the minimum reflectivity and the change in resonance angle as the function of the number of MX2 layers are presented respectively. The results show that silicon nanosheet and MX2 layers can be served as effective light absorption medium. Under resonance conditions, the electrons in these additional dielectric layers can be transferred to the surface of gold thin film. All silicon-MX2 enhanced sensing models show much better performance than that of the conventional sensing scheme where pure Au thin film is used, the highest sensitivity can be achieved by employing 600 nm excitation light wavelength with 35 nm gold thin film and 7 nm thickness silicon nanosheet coated with monolayer WS2.
TL;DR: The impact active silicon photonic integrated circuits could have on interconnects, telecommunications, sensors, and silicon electronics is reviewed in this article, where the authors present a review of recent breakthroughs in the Silicon photonic technology and components.
Abstract: We review recent breakthroughs in the silicon photonic technology and components, and describe progress in silicon photonic integrated circuits. Heterogeneous silicon photonics has recently demonstrated performance that significantly outperforms native III/V components. The impact active silicon photonic integrated circuits could have on interconnects, telecommunications, sensors, and silicon electronics is reviewed.
20 Jan 2016
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a 64×64 digital silicon photonic switch with a low on-chip insertion loss (3.7 ǫ) and broadband operation (300 nnm).
Abstract: Large-scale photonic switches are essential devices for energy- and cost-efficient optical communication networks in cloud and data-intensive computing. Silicon photonics is an attractive platform for high-density photonic integrated circuits with low manufacturing costs through the leveraging of existing advanced complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor processes. Many optical components such as lasers, modulators, splitters, and photodetectors have been successfully integrated on silicon; however, the quest for large-scale silicon photonic switches has remained elusive. Previous silicon photonic switches made of cascaded 1×2 or 2×2 building blocks have a limited port count (≤8×8) or excessive optical losses (>15 dB). Here, we present a 64×64 digital silicon photonic switch with a low on-chip insertion loss (3.7 dB) and broadband operation (300 nm). The measured switching time is 0.91 μs, and the extinction ratio is larger than 60 dB. The matrix switch with 4096 microelectromechanical-systems-actuated vertical adiabatic couplers has been integrated on a 8.6 mm×8.6 mm chip. To our knowledge this is the largest monolithic switch, and the largest silicon photonic integrated circuit, reported to date. The passive matrix architecture of our switch is fundamentally more scalable than that of multistage switches.
TL;DR: It is shown that the composite catalyst chosen is stable with better hydrogen evolution activity than rhodium nanoparticles and even exceeding those of commercial platinum/carbon at high overpotentials, and reveals that silicon plays a key role in the electrocatalysis.
Abstract: Currently, platinum-based electrocatalysts show the best performance for hydrogen evolution. All hydrogen evolution reaction catalysts should however obey Sabatier's principle, that is, the adsorption energy of hydrogen to the catalyst surface should be neither too high nor too low to balance between hydrogen adsorption and desorption. To overcome the limitation of this principle, here we choose a composite (rhodium/silicon nanowire) catalyst, in which hydrogen adsorption occurs on rhodium with a large adsorption energy while hydrogen evolution occurs on silicon with a small adsorption energy. We show that the composite is stable with better hydrogen evolution activity than rhodium nanoparticles and even exceeding those of commercial platinum/carbon at high overpotentials. The results reveal that silicon plays a key role in the electrocatalysis. This work may thus open the door for the design and fabrication of electrocatalysts for high-efficiency electric energy to hydrogen energy conversion.
TL;DR: In this article, the Brillouin amplification was demonstrated in silicon with just 5'mW pumping and greater than 5'dB amplification was achieved in the case of silicon nodes.
Abstract: Net Brillouin amplification is demonstrated in silicon with just 5 mW pumping. Greater than 5 dB amplification is achieved.
TL;DR: Huang et al. as mentioned in this paper proposed a method to solve the problem of energy minimization in the context of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
Abstract: Dr. B. Chen, Dr. Y. Bai, X. Zheng, Dr. Q. Dong, Dr. L. Shen, Prof. J. Huang Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln , NE 68588 , USA E-mail: jhuang2@unl.edu Z. Yu, Dr. M. Boccard, Prof. Z. Holman School of Electrical Computer, and Energy Engineering Arizona State University Tempe , AZ 85287 , USA Dr. T. Li, Prof. A. Gruverman Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln , NE 68588 , USA
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of selective laser melting on the metallurgy of high-silicon steel (6.9%wt.Si) was investigated using microscopy, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Electron Backscatter Diffraction(EBSD).
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that top cell partners for silicon tandem solar cells should be selected on the basis of their spectral efficiency, i.e., their efficiency resolved by wavelength.
Abstract: Combining silicon and other materials in tandem solar cells is one approach to enhancing the overall power conversion efficiency of the cells. We argue that top cell partners for silicon tandem solar cells should be selected on the basis of their spectral efficiency — their efficiency resolved by wavelength.
TL;DR: In this article, a bi-layer environmental barrier coating (EBC) was designed to reduce the susceptibility of SiC composites to hot water vapor erosion is reported, which consisted of a silicon bond coat and a pore-free ytterbium disilicate (YbDS) topcoat.
TL;DR: New reports related to engineering Si- NC surfaces, synthesis of Si-NC/polymer hybrids, and their applications in sensing, diodes, catalysis, and batteries are summarized.
Abstract: Silicon nanocrystals (Si-NCs) are emerging as an attractive class of quantum dots owing to the natural abundance of silicon in the Earth’s crust, their low toxicity compared to many Group II–VI and III–V based quantum dots, compatibility with the existing semiconductor industry infrastructure, and their unique optoelectronic properties. Despite these favorable qualities, Si-NCs have not received the same attention as Group II–VI and III–V quantum dots, because of their lower emission quantum yields, difficulties associated with synthesizing monodisperse particles, and oxidative instability. Recent advancements indicate the surface chemistry of Si-NCs plays a key role in determining many of their properties. This Review summarizes new reports related to engineering Si-NC surfaces, synthesis of Si-NC/polymer hybrids, and their applications in sensing, diodes, catalysis, and batteries.
TL;DR: Investigation of the effects of different binders on the cycling performance and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation on silicon nanoparticle electrodes found the Lewis basic -CO2Na of CMC was found to scavenge HF in electrolyte.
Abstract: The effects of different binders, polyvinylidene difluoride (PVdF), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and cross-linked PAA–CMC (c–PAA–CMC), on the cycling performance and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation on silicon nanoparticle electrodes have been investigated. Electrodes composed of Si–PAA, Si–CMC, and Si–PAA–CMC exhibit a specific capacity ≥3000 mAh/g after 20 cycles while Si–PVdF electrodes have a rapid capacity fade to 1000 mAh/g after just 10 cycles. Infrared spectroscopy (IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) reveal that PAA and CMC react with the surface of the Si nanoparticles during electrode fabrication. The fresh Si–CMC electrode has a thicker surface coating of SiOx than Si–PAA and Si–PAA–CMC electrodes, due to the formation of thicker SiOx during electrode preparation, which leads to lower cyclability. The carboxylic acid functional groups of the PAA binder are reactive toward the electrolyte, causing the decomposition of LiPF6 and dissoluti...