Showing papers on "Situation awareness published in 1987"

Space station proximity operations windows: Human factors design guidelines

Abstract: Proximity operations refers to all activities outside the Space Station which take place within a 1-km radius. Since there will be a large number of different operations involving manned and unmanned vehicles, single- and multiperson crews, automated and manually controlled flight, a wide variety of cargo, and construction/repair activities, accurate and continuous human monitoring of these operations from a specially designed control station on Space Station will be required. Total situational awareness will be required. This paper presents numerous human factors design guidelines and related background information for control windows which will support proximity operations. Separate sections deal with natural and artificial illumination geometry; all basic rendezvous vector approaches; window field-of-view requirements; window size; shape and placement criteria; window optical characteristics as they relate to human perception; maintenance and protection issues; and a comprehensive review of windows installed on U.S. and U.S.S.R. manned vehicles.

The Integration of Artificial Intelligence Techniques to Improve the Effectiveness of Electronic Countermeasure Strategies in a Tactical Environment

Abstract: : A ground-based tactical mission planning system is presented which increases the situational awareness of a pilot planning an offensive counter air attack mission (air-to-ground). The system increases the situational awareness by automating many labor-intensive tasks associated with tactical mission planning such as fuel and time calculations. It allows the pilot to concentrate on the primary objectives of the mission. This system also provides a rich development environment for an electronic warfare engineer designing new (ECM) strategies by providing facilities to alter ECM resources. It incorporates artificial intelligence techniques to increase the user's understanding of the threat environment and how to effectively apply ECM techniques to maximize the probability of a successful mission. It accomplishes these tasks by determining the effectiveness of a mission plan or a new ECM strategy. This thesis investigates the novel integration of four explored ideas to produce such a system: 1) A prototype, interactive, ground-based, tactical mission planning system developed for F-16 pilots of the 17th Air Force. 2) An ECM strategy generation module based on local constraints associated with threats that is patterned after the constraint-directed search techniques applied by Fox for job-shop scheduling; 3) An objective-oriented simulation patterned after ROSS to evaluate the effectiveness of the ECM strategy; and 4) A technique of reasoning about uncertainty to evaluate the ECM strategy.