Showing papers on "Situation awareness published in 1990"
Book•
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: This is the only college level book that gives readers a genuine understanding of the air traffic control system and does not simply require them to memorize lists of rules and regulations.
Abstract: Spisak pojmova: str. 601-633. - Skracenice: str. 634-637. - Bibliografija: str. 638-639. - Registar.
288 citations
01 Oct 1990
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the utility of situation awareness in a manned fighter sweep tactical mission using experienced pilot subjects and found that Blue Team subjects were almost twice more likely to later kill an aircraft when they had situation awareness of that aircraft, as measured by SA.
Abstract: Situation awareness (SA) can generally be defined as the pilot's mental model of the world around him. The ability of the pilot to maintain situation awareness has been recognized in the pilot community as crucial to mission success and survivability. Little empirical work has been done to explore this construct, however, as measurement techniques have been lacking. The Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) was developed and validated as an objective measure of a pilot's situation awareness to meet this need. An investigation of the relationship between situation awareness and performance was conducted using SAGAT. The study evaluated the utility of situation awareness in a manned fighter sweep tactical mission using experienced pilot subjects. A total of 90 trials were conducted. The results support the importance of situation awareness for mission effectiveness. Blue Team subjects were almost twice as likely to later kill an aircraft when they had SA of that aircraft, as measured by SA...
108 citations
15 Oct 1990
TL;DR: In this article, a cognitive theory is presented that has relevance for the definition and assessment of situational awareness in the cockpit, and it is concluded that the goal of inserting advanced technology into any system is that it results in an increase in the effectiveness, timeliness, and safety with which the system's activities can be accomplished.
Abstract: A cognitive theory is presented that has relevance for the definition and assessment of situational awareness in the cockpit. The theory asserts that maintenance of situation awareness is a constructive process that demands mental resources in competition with ongoing task performance. Implications of this perspective for assessing and improving situational awareness are discussed. It is concluded that the goal of inserting advanced technology into any system is that it results in an increase in the effectiveness, timeliness, and safety with which the system's activities can be accomplished. The inherent difficulties of the multitask situation are very often compounded by the introduction of automation. To maximize situational awareness, the dynamics and capabilities of such technologies must be designed with thorough respect for the dynamics and capabilities of human information-processing. >
27 citations
01 Oct 1990
TL;DR: In this article, the attitude recovery task on a combat aircraft was performed using simulated attitude recovery tasks with different types of attitude representation, including pictorial Command Indicator (CI) and contact analog attitude indicator (AI).
Abstract: Highly agile combat aircraft create demanding requirements for the cognitive quality of aircraft attitude information. Evidence is presented on aircrew decision-making performance on simulated attitude recovery tasks requiring situational awareness with different types of attitude representation. Pictorial aircraft “outside-looking-in” attitude representations appear to require cognitive rotation prior to response selection. A pictorial Command Indicator (CI), with only small attitude deflections, generated relatively low processing demands, without increasing situational awareness. A contact analog Attitude Indicator (AI) representation was superior to relatively less familiar Head-Up Display (HUD) pitch scale, even when switching attention between references. The supremacy of AIs is attributed to the greater accessibility and compatibility of appropriate “inside-looking-out” cognitive schemata. HUD representations create relatively low understanding of situations, but appropriate schemata may become mor...
13 citations
15 Oct 1990
TL;DR: In this article, the Integrated Terrain Access and Retrieval System (ITARS) is used as a prototype for a future information management system, and some of the efforts at integrating these data into the cockpit are described.
Abstract: The major use of digital terrain and feature data has been for radar prediction, intervisibility calculations, and in some cases, a replacement for conventional paper charts. It is noted that, as additional and more accurate spatial (digital) data products become available, and new digital utilization technologies are developed, new weapon systems will become increasingly dependent on these spatial products. Spatial (digital) data products are defined as a combination of old (archival) recent, and/or real-time data. These products will improve mission performances in the areas of mission planning and optimum route selection; threat and terrain detection and obstacle avoidance; autonomous navigation; dynamic route planning; and situation awareness. These digital data products will be included as an integral part of specific weapon systems. Using the Integrated Terrain Access and Retrieval System (ITARS) as a prototype for a future information management system, some of the efforts at integrating these data into the cockpit are described. >
5 citations
01 Feb 1990
TL;DR: A psychological distancing model of telecommunication effects was used in conjunction with an information processing model of decision making to predict the effect of increasing communication 'bandwidth' connecting remotely located teams upon group cohesion, information sharing and task performance.
Abstract: : A psychological distancing model of telecommunication effects was used in conjunction with an information processing model of decision making to predict the effect of increasing communication 'bandwidth' connecting remotely located teams upon group cohesion, information sharing and task performance. The model was expanded to include human machine interactions and was used to predict increased 'psychological closeness' between humans and intelligent machines as the number of communication channels connecting them increased. These ideas were explored within a series of experiments conducted within a simulated Command Control Communication intelligence environment. Results showed that increasing communication bandwidth led to increased cohesion between humans, and to a limited extent, between humans and machines. However, increasing communication richness did not always lead to increased situation awareness or task performance. There was an apparent tradeoff between maintaining communication with remote teammates and attending to local task responsibilities. System designers need to consider these tradeoffs when networking people or intelligent machines for collaborative problem solving.;
5 citations
21 May 1990
TL;DR: Evaluation results indicate that operational deployment of a system using ATN technology would result in optimal use of navigation resources, reduced pilot workload, improved situational awareness, and intelligent navigation system failure detection and isolation, which provide significant improvement in mission effectiveness.
Abstract: An overview is given of the adaptive tactical navigation (ATN) system, a laboratory prototype of a knowledge-based system which provides navigation system management and decision aiding for the next generation of tactical aircraft. The purpose of the ATN system is to manage a future multisensor navigation suite, dynamically selecting the best source of navigation information based on the current mission phase, mission goals, threat environment, and equipment availability. ATN encompasses functions as diverse as sensor data interpretation, diagnosis, and planning. The ATN system was developed and evaluated in a laboratory environment, followed by rehosting and evaluation in an F-16 cockpit simulation dome environment. Evaluation results indicate that operational deployment of a system using ATN technology would result in optimal use of navigation resources, reduced pilot workload, improved situational awareness, and intelligent navigation system failure detection and isolation. Collectively, these benefits provide significant improvement in mission effectiveness. Program results and lessons learned are presented. >
2 citations
01 Oct 1990
TL;DR: The capability to allow a pilot to modify the situation's pseudo 3-D viewpoint as a function of time appears to be of particular importance.
Abstract: This paper shows the results of a research program funded by Douglas Aircraft Co. (DAC) to enhance the situational awareness of pilots flying large aircraft low to the ground in high-threat environments. Radical display formats are employed in flying the aircraft. These formats relate to the spatial alignment of a pilot to mobile threats, imprecisely located destinations, moving weather, and fixed terrains. Assumed in the program is a survival-enhancing intelligent avionics autopilot, called Adaptive Network for Avionics Research Management (ANARM). Demonstrations can be done on any IBM-compatible personal computer supporting VGA displays. The capability to allow a pilot to modify the situation's pseudo 3-D viewpoint as a function of time appears to be of particular importance.
2 citations
15 Oct 1990
TL;DR: The benefits and operational advantages of using a data link to exchange battle plans and apply cooperative tactics are discussed, and the data link requirements to support tactical operations are presented, and are shown to be critically dependent on the ability to exchange target tracking data between aircraft.
Abstract: The benefits and operational advantages of using a data link to exchange battle plans and apply cooperative tactics are discussed. Advantages that a data link provides are increased situational awareness, cooperative missile launches, flexible formation flying, and potentially cooperative application of electronic countermeasures. The data link requirements to support such tactical operations are presented, and are shown to be critically dependent on the ability to exchange target tracking data between aircraft. Most advanced fighter studies and projects include some concept of cooperative functions using an intraflight data link. This link is assumed to be covert and unjammable. A number of cooperative concepts and their data transfer requirements are examined. These functions are organized into three categories: situation awareness, offensive functions, and defensive functions. >
2 citations
21 May 1990
1 citations
Proceedings Article•
01 Jan 1990