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Showing papers on "Situation awareness published in 2009"


Book
20 Mar 2009
TL;DR: Theoretical underpinnings of Situation Awareness: A Critical Review as discussed by the authors is a critical review of the state of situation awareness in air traffic control and major aircraft accidents in the last decade.
Abstract: Contents: Preface Part I: Introduction and Overview MR Endsley, Theoretical Underpinnings of Situation Awareness: A Critical Review RW Pew, The State of Situation Awareness Measurement Part II: Measurement Approaches G Klein, Analysis of Situation Awareness From Critical Incident Reports MD Rodgers, RH Mogford, B Strauch, Post Hoc Assessment of Situation Awareness in Air Traffic Control Incidents and Major Aircraft Accidents DG Jones, Subjective Measures of Situation Awareness HH Bell, DR Lyon, Using Observer Ratings to Assess Situation Awareness MR Endsley, Direct Measurement of Situation Awareness: Validity and Use of SAGAT GF Wilson, Strategies for Psychophysiological Assessment of Situation Awareness AR Pritchett, RJ Hansman, Use of Testable Responses for Performance-Based Measurement of Situation Awareness CD Wickens, The Trade-Off of Design for Routine and Unexpected Performance: Implications of Situation Awareness MA Vidulich, Testing the Sensitivity of Situation Awareness Metrics in Interface Evaluations Part III: Special Topics in Situation Awareness LJ Gugerty, WC Tirre, Individual Differences in Situation Awareness CA Bolstad, TM Hess, Situation Awareness and Aging W Shebilske, BP Goettl, DJ Garland, Situation Awareness, Automaticity, and Training C Prince, E Salas, Team Situation Awareness, Errors, and Crew Resource Management: Research Integration for Training Guidance MR Endsley, MM Robertson, Training for Situation Awareness in Individuals and Teams

1,243 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, a study was conducted to compare two different situation awareness measures (a freeze probe recall approach and a post trial subjective rating approach) when used to assess participant situation awareness during a military planning task.
Abstract: Assessing operator situation awareness is a key component of sociotechnical system design and evaluation. This article describes a study that was undertaken in order to compare two different situation awareness measures (a freeze probe recall approach and a post trial subjective rating approach) when used to assess participant situation awareness during a military planning task. The results indicate that only the participant situation awareness scores derived via the freeze probe recall method produced a statistically significant correlation with performance on the planning task and also that there was no significant correlation between the two methods, which suggests that they were measuring different aspects of participant situation awareness during the trials. In conclusion, the findings, whilst raising doubts over the validity of the post trial subjective rating approach, offer validation evidence for the use of freeze probe recall approaches to measure situation awareness during simulated tasks. The findings are subsequently discussed with regard to their wider implications for the future measurement of situation awareness in complex collaborative systems. Relevance to industry Situation Awareness is a critical commodity for teams working in industrial systems. Accordingly, designers and analysts require reliable and valid methods for assessing the impact of new systems, interfaces, training programs and procedures on the level of situation awareness held by operators. This article presents a review and comparison of situation awareness measurement approaches for use in complex industrial systems and provides recommendations on the types of methods to use during future situation awareness assessments.

270 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Change detection accuracy and situation awareness were higher and workload was lower for both automation conditions compared to manual performance and beneficial effects on change detection and workload were significantly greater for adaptive compared to static automation.
Abstract: Human operators supervising multiple uninhabited air and ground vehicles (UAVs and UGVs) under high task load must be supported appropriately in context by automation. Two experiments examined the ...

179 citations


BookDOI
16 Dec 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an overview of the history of human factors in aviation and present a Framework for the Effective Practice of Human Factors, or "What Your Mentor Never Told You About a Career in Human Factors."
Abstract: Contents: B.H. Kantowitz, Series Foreword. Preface. Part I:Introduction. J.M. Koonce, A Historical Overview of Aviation Human Factors. J.E. Deaton, J.G. Morrison, Aviation Research and Development: A Framework for the Effective Practice of Human Factors, or "What Your Mentor Never Told You About a Career in Human Factors..." D. Meister, Measurement in Aviation Systems. D.W. Abbott, M.A. Wise, J.A. Wise, Underpinnings of System Evaluation. R. Westrum, A.J. Adamski, Organizational Factors Associated With Safety and Mission Success in Aviation Environments. Part II:Human Capabilities and Performance. L. Bainbridge, Processes Underlying Human Performance. R.R. Amalberti, Automation in Aviation: A Human Factors Perspective. C. Prince, E. Salas, Team Processes and Their Training in Aviation. D.E. Maurino, Crew Resource Management: A Time for Reflection. G. Costa, Fatigue and Biological Rhythms. M.R. Endsley, Situation Awareness in Aviation Systems. D.L. Pohlman, J.D. Fletcher, Aviation Personnel Selection and Training. Part III:Aircraft. L. Hitchcock, Pilot Performance. J.M. Reising, K.K. Liggett, R.C. Munns, Controls, Displays, and Workplace Design. W.F. Moroney, B.W. Moroney, Flight Simulation. L.E. Kovarik, R.C. Graeber, P.R. Mitchell, Human Factors Considerations in Aircraft Cabin Design. B.E. Hamilton, Helicopter Human Factors. Part IV:Air Traffic Control. M.S. Nolan, Air Traffic Control. D.J. Garland, E.S. Stein, J.K. Muller, Air Traffic Controller Memory: Capabilities, Limitations, and Volatility. V.D. Hopkin, Air Traffic Control Automation. K. Kerns, Human Factors in Air Traffic Control/Flight Deck Integration: Implications of Data-Link Simulation Research. Part V:Aviation Operations and Design. J.M. Hammer, Human Factors of Functionality and Intelligent Avionics. T.A. Lindholm, Weather Information Presentation. C.G. Drury, Human Factors in Aviation Maintenance. R.J. Lofaro, Human Factors in U.S. Civil Aviation Security. S. Baker, Aviation Incident and Accident Investigation. R.D. Gilson, Forensic Aviation Human Factors [Accident/Incident Analyses for Legal Proceedings].

155 citations


Book
28 Nov 2009
TL;DR: Situation awareness (SA) is the concept that is used within human factors circles to describe the level of awareness that operators have of the situation that they are engaged in; it focuses on how operators develop and maintain a sufficient understanding of 'what is going on' in order to achieve success in task performance.
Abstract: Having an accurate understanding of what is going on is a key commodity for teams working within military systems. 'Situation awareness' (SA) is the term that is used within human factors circles to describe the level of awareness that operators have of the situation that they are engaged in; it focuses on how operators develop and maintain a sufficient understanding of 'what is going on' in order to achieve success in task performance. Over the past two decades, the construct has become a fundamental theme within the areas of system design and evaluation and has received considerable attention from the human factors research community. Despite this, there is still considerable debate over how SA operates in complex collaborative systems and how SA achievement and maintenance is best supported through system, procedure and interface design. This book focuses on the recently developed concept of distributed situation awareness, which takes a systems perspective on the concept and moves the focus on situation awareness out of the heads of individual operators and on to the overall joint cognitive system consisting of human and technological agents. Situation awareness is viewed as an emergent property of collaborative systems, something that resides in the interaction between elements of the system and not in the heads of individual operators working in that system. The first part of the book presents a comprehensive review and critique of existing SA theory and measurement approaches, following which a novel model for complex collaborative systems, the distributed SA model, and a new modelling procedure, the propositional network approach, are outlined and demonstrated. The next part focuses on real-world applications of the model and modelling procedure, and presents four case studies undertaken in the land warfare, multinational warfare and energy distribution domains. Each case study is described in terms of the domain in question, the methodology employed, and the findings derived in relation to situation awareness theory. The third and final part of the book then concentrates on theoretical development, and uses the academic literature and the findings from the case study applications to validate and extend the distributed SA model described at the beginning of the book. In closing, the utility of the distributed SA model and modeling procedure are outlined and a series of initial guidelines for supporting distributed SA through system design are articulated

135 citations


Book
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: The role of event processing in enabling business dashboards and situation awareness and their costs and benefits is discussed in this paper, where a prescriptive guide explains how to use event processing to support the design of business processes and the systems that support them.
Abstract: How to implement effective event-processing solutions Business people and IT professionals understand well the benefits of corporate agility and fast response to emerging threats and opportunities. However, many people are less familiar with the techniques now available to help accomplish those aspirations. Event processing has emerged as the key enabler for situation awareness and a set of guiding principles for systems that can adapt quickly to shifts in company and market conditions. Written by experts in the field, this prescriptive guide explains how to use event processing in the design of business processes and the systems that support them. Event Processing: Designing IT Systems for Agile Companies covers: The role of event processing in enabling business dashboards and situation awareness Types of event-processing applications and their costs and benefits How event-driven architecture (EDA) complements conventional request-driven SOA How to implement event processing without disrupting existing applications Table of contents 1 Event Processing Overview 2 Event Processing Patterns in Business 3 Using Event Processing in Business Applications 4 Costs and Benefits of Event Processing Applications 5 Types of Event-Processing Applications 6 Event Processing Architecture 7 Events and Complex Events 8 From Architecture to Applications 9 The Role of Event Processing in SOA and Application Development 10 Positioning Event Processing in the IT World 11 Best Practices 12 Future of Event Processing App A Books and Other Resources App B Glossary

121 citations


Book
20 Mar 2009
TL;DR: This work focuses on Cognitive Engineering in the Aviation Domain--Opportunities and Challenges, and on the development of models and models for Human-Automation Coordination and Collaboration.
Abstract: Contents: C.E. Billings, Foreword. R. Amalberti, N.B. Sarter, Introduction: Cognitive Engineering in the Aviation Domain--Opportunities and Challenges. Part I:Frameworks and Models of Human-Automation Coordination and Collaboration. K.M. Corker, Cognitive Models and Control: Human and System Dynamics in Advanced Airspace Operations. V. De Keyser, D. Javaux, Mental Workload and Cognitive Complexity. E. Hollnagel, Modeling the Orderliness of Human Action. M. Leroux, Cognitive Aspects of Automation. Part II:Use(r)-Centered System Design and Training in Support of Joint System Performance. T.S. Abbott, Task-Oriented Display Design: The Case of an Engine-Monitoring Display. J.M. Flach, J. Rasmussen, Cognitive Engineering: Designing for Situation Awareness. P.G.A.M. Jorna, Context Simulation: An Interactive Methodology for User-Centered System Design and Future Operator Behavior Validation. C.M. Mitchell, Horizons in Pilot Training: Desktop Tutoring Systems. J. Paries, R. Amalberti, Aviation Safety Paradigms and Training Implications. M. Plat, R. Amalberti, Experimental Crew Training to Deal With Automation Surprises. J. Reason, A Cognitive Engineering Perspective on Maintenance Errors. D.D. Woods, N.B. Sarter, Learning From Automation Surprises and "Going Sour" Accidents.

105 citations


Book
20 Mar 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, Vidulich et al. presented an overview of mental workload and situation awareness for aviation psychology practice, and applied it to pilot actions and tasks: selection, execution, and control.
Abstract: Contents: Preface. Foreword. Series Foreword. P.S. Tsang, M.A. Vidulich, Introduction to Aviation Psychology. R.N. Haber, L. Haber, Perception and Attention During Low-Altitude High-Speed Flight. L.R. Young, Spatial Orientation. M.A. Vidulich, Mental Workload and Situation Awareness: Essential Concepts for Aviation Psychology Practice. C.D. Wickens, Aviation Displays. D. O'Hare, Aeronautical Decision Making: Metaphors, Models, and Methods. C.D. Wickens, Pilot Actions and Tasks: Selection, Execution, and Control. R.A. Hess, Pilot Control. R. Parasuraman, E.A. Byrne, Automation and Human Performance in Aviation. T.R. Carretta, M.J. Ree, Pilot Selection Methods. J. Patrick, Training. M.K. Kaiser, J.A. Schroeder, Flights of Fancy: The Art and Science of Flight Simulation. P.J. Sherman, Applying Crew Resource Management Theory and Methods to the Operational Environment. P.S. Tsang, Assessing Cognitive Aging in Piloting.

101 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper presents a Context-aware Decision Support (CaDS) system, which consists of a situation model for shared situation awareness modelling and a group of entity agents, one for each individual user, for focused and customized decision support.
Abstract: Situation awareness modelling is popularly used in the command and control domain for situation assessment and decision support. However, situation models in real-world applications are typically complex and not easy to use. This paper presents a Context-aware Decision Support (CaDS) system, which consists of a situation model for shared situation awareness modelling and a group of entity agents, one for each individual user, for focused and customized decision support. By incorporating a rule-based inference engine, the entity agents provide functions including event classification, action recommendation, and proactive decision making. The implementation and the performance of the proposed system are demonstrated through a case study on a simulated command and control application.

100 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Five experimental hypotheses are developed and it is proposed that advanced driving should increase the number of information elements in the driver's working memory, increase the interconnection between those elements, increased the amount of 'new' information in memory as well as the prominence of existing information, and that finally, it should stimulate behaviours that help drivers evolve better situations to be aware of.

97 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that Monte Carlo simulation of safety relevant air traffic scenarios is a viable approach for systemic accident assessment and particularly focuses on the effectiveness of a runway incursion alert system that warns an air traffic controller.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Some of the work commissioned by the U.K. Ministry of Defence to assess the feasibility of using 60 GHz millimeter-wave smart antenna technology to provide covert communications capable of meeting these stringent networking needs is presented.
Abstract: Mobile ad hoc networking of dismounted combat personnel is expected to play an important role in the future of network-centric operations. High-speed, short-range, soldier-to-soldier wireless communications will be required to relay information on situational awareness, tactical instructions, and covert surveillance related data during special operations reconnaissance and other missions. This article presents some of the work commissioned by the U.K. Ministry of Defence to assess the feasibility of using 60 GHz millimeter-wave smart antenna technology to provide covert communications capable of meeting these stringent networking needs. Recent advances in RF front-end technology, alongside physical layer transmission schemes that could be employed in millimeter-wave soldier- mounted radio, are discussed. The introduction of covert communications between soldiers will require the development of a bespoke directive medium access layer. A number of adjustments to the IEEE 802.11 distribution coordination function that will enable directional communications are suggested. The successful implementation of future smart antenna technologies and direction of arrival-based protocols will be highly dependent on thorough knowledge of transmission channel characteristics prior to deployment. A novel approach to simulating dynamic soldier-to-soldier signal propagation using state-of-the-art animation-based technology developed for computer game design is described, and important channel metrics such as root mean square angle and delay spread for a team of four networked infantry soldiers over a range of indoor and outdoor environments is reported.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a survey and analysis conducted in light of these challenging requirements and constraints is presented, which involves techniques and strategies from work done in the areas of sensor fusion, sensor networks, smart sensing, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), photogrammetry, and other intelligent systems where finding optimal solutions to the placement and deployment of multimodal sensors covering a wide area is important.
Abstract: Although sensor planning in computer vision has been a subject of research for over two decades, a vast majority of the research seems to concentrate on two particular applications in a rather limited context of laboratory and industrial workbenches, namely 3D object reconstruction and robotic arm manipulation. Recently, increasing interest is engaged in research to come up with solutions that provide wide-area autonomous surveillance systems for object characterization and situation awareness, which involves portable, wireless, and/or Internet connected radar, digital video, and/or infrared sensors. The prominent research problems associated with multisensor integration for wide-area surveillance are modality selection, sensor planning, data fusion, and data exchange (communication) among multiple sensors. Thus, the requirements and constraints to be addressed include far-field view, wide coverage, high resolution, cooperative sensors, adaptive sensing modalities, dynamic objects, and uncontrolled environments. This article summarizes a new survey and analysis conducted in light of these challenging requirements and constraints. It involves techniques and strategies from work done in the areas of sensor fusion, sensor networks, smart sensing, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), photogrammetry, and other intelligent systems where finding optimal solutions to the placement and deployment of multimodal sensors covering a wide area is important. While techniques covered in this survey are applicable to many wide-area environments such as traffic monitoring, airport terminal surveillance, parking lot surveillance, etc., our examples will be drawn mainly from such applications as harbor security and long-range face recognition.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An evaluation of research and measures used in HF research on ATC that will aid research and ATC measurement is provided and it is predicted that, given the changing role of ATCOs and profound future airspace requirements and configurations, issues of stress, trust, and boredom will become more significant.
Abstract: Objective: This article provides a critical review of research pertaining to the measurement of human factors (HF) issues in current and future air traffic control (ATC). Background: Growing worldwide air traffic demands call for a radical departure from current ATC systems. Future systems will have a fundamental impact on the roles and responsibilities of ATC officers (ATCOs). Valid and reliable methods of assessing HF issues associated with these changes, such as a potential increase (or decrease) in workload, are of utmost importance for advancing theory and for designing systems, procedures, and training. Method: We outline major aviation changes and how these relate to five key HF issues in ATC. Measures are outlined, compared, and evaluated and are followed by guidelines for assessing these issues in the ATC domain. Recommendations for future research are presented. Results: A review of the literature suggests that situational awareness and workload have been widely researched and assessed using a variety of measures, but researchers have neglected the areas of trust, stress, and boredom. We make recommendations for use of particular measures and the construction of new measures. Conclusion: It is predicted that, given the changing role of ATCOs and profound future airspace requirements and configurations, issues of stress, trust, and boredom will become more significant. Researchers should develop and/or refine existing measures of all five key HF issues to assess their impact on ATCO performance. Furthermore, these issues should be considered in a holistic manner. Application: The current article provides an evaluation of research and measures used in HF research on ATC that will aid research and ATC measurement.

Journal Article
TL;DR: This work outlines the basic design principles and practice of on-site information systems for emergency first responders and shows that such an information system could greatly improve their performance as well as reducing the risks they face, once the emerging technologies are in place to implement them.
Abstract: This paper explores the design specification of on-site emergency response information systems. In particular how emerging technologies such as wireless sensor networks, RFID, and wireless communication technologies, might enable on-site dynamic information to be retrieved, shared, and presented to the first responders. The information needed for an emergency response is discussed and end-user requirements are identified through extensive interviews with fire fighters together with observation made of fire emergency response training simulations. These requirements are considered in relation to the identified responsibilities of the core members in the first responder hierarchy. On-site dynamic information collection is discussed in terms of wireless sensor networks and radio frequency identification technologies, and information sharing among the first responders is implemented based on a local wireless communication network. The on-site dynamic information required by emergency personnel is presented at three situation awareness levels in order to meet the various requirements of the first responders. Finally, a prototype information system for fire and rescue services is discussed to illustrate and evaluate the methods proposed in this paper. This work outlines the basic design principles and practice of on-site information systems for emergency first responders and shows that such an information system could greatly improve their performance as well as reducing the risks they face, once the emerging technologies are in place to implement them. Although our focus was on structural fire and fire fighters, the on-site emergency response system proposed here is applicable to other emergency response as well, due to the existence of common training methods and standard operating procedures.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A novel cyber fusion system is proposed to address specifically the tracking and projection of multistage attacks to provide situation awareness and threat prediction from massive volumes of sensed data.

Book ChapterDOI
20 Oct 2009
TL;DR: A novel system architecture that emphasizes the role of formal logic and automated theorem provers in its main components and offers three logical languages to adequately model different aspects of the domain is developed.
Abstract: Situation Awareness (SA) is the problem of comprehending elements of an environment within a volume of time and space. It is a crucial factor in decision-making in dynamic environments. Current SA systems support the collection, filtering and presentation of data from different sources very well, and typically also some form of low-level data fusion and analysis, e.g., recognizing patterns over time. However, a still open research challenge is to build systems that support higher-level information fusion, viz., to integrate domain specific knowledge and automatically draw conclusions that would otherwise remain hidden or would have to be drawn by a human operator. To address this challenge, we have developed a novel system architecture that emphasizes the role of formal logic and automated theorem provers in its main components. Additionally, it features controlled natural language for operator I/O. It offers three logical languages to adequately model different aspects of the domain. This allows to build SA systems in a more declarative way than is possible with current approaches. From an automated reasoning perspective, the main challenges lay in combining (existing) automated reasoning techniques, from low-level data fusion of time-stamped data to semantic analysis and alert generation that is based on linear temporal logic. The system has been implemented and interfaces with Google-Earth to visualize the dynamics of situations and system output. It has been successfully tested on realistic data, but in this paper we focus on the system architecture and in particular on the interplay of the different reasoning components.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Nov 2009
TL;DR: This work introduces a fine-grained adaptation methodology based on well-established concepts that is easy to comprehend and likely to be accepted by the end user and lets the machine operate like a virtual team member in that it continuously builds its own view of the situation independent from the human.
Abstract: There is a continuing trend of letting fewer people deal with larger amounts of information in more complex situations using highly automated systems. In such circumstances, there is a risk that people are overwhelmed by information during intense periods or, on the other hand, do not build sufficient situational awareness during periods of slack to deal with situations where human intervention becomes necessary. A number of studies show encouraging results in increasing the efficiency of human-machine systems by making the automation adapt itself to the human needs. Current literature shows no examples of adaptive automation in real operational settings, however. We introduce a fine-grained adaptation methodology based on well-established concepts that is easy to comprehend and likely to be accepted by the end user. At the same time, we let the machine operate like a virtual team member in that it continuously builds its own view of the situation independent from the human. Working agreements between human and machine provide lower and upper bounds of automation that are in advance determined by the end user so that unwanted appropriation of responsibility by the machine is avoided. The framework is domain neutral and therefore thought to be applicable across a wide range of complex systems, both military and civilian. It gives researchers an architecture that they can use in their own work to get adaptive automation up and running quickly and easily.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The reactor shutdown task and alarm reset task simulations were conducted in this study to evaluate operators’ mental workload and performance and indicated that for ensuring safe operating in NPPs, the design of automation needs to be carefully implemented.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 2009
TL;DR: The ideas of distributed situation awareness are extended to consider compatible and transactive awareness in collaborative environments to suggest that in these systems compatibility in the awareness of system agents is essential for task performance.
Abstract: This article focuses on research undertaken within the military domain by the HFI-DTC using a network approach within a schemata theoretical framework to understand the structural aspects of social tasks and situated cognition. This research has led to developments of ideas on distributed cognition, based on the analysis of networks team awareness in distributed tasks. In this article we extend the ideas of distributed situation awareness to consider compatible and transactive awareness in collaborative environments. It is suggested that in these systems compatibility in the awareness of system agents is essential for task performance. Any exchange of awareness ‘elements’ is more like a transaction than a ‘sharing’ of awareness, because agents relate the information to their own personal goals and tasks. Examples are presented to illustrate these concepts. It is proposed that by examination of the phenotype schemata (through interviews, transcripts, observation and task analysis), one may begin to understand the underlying genotype schemata.

30 Dec 2009
TL;DR: The AwareCar concept would detect driver state (fatigue or stress); display that information to the driver to improve the driver’s situational awareness in relation to road conditions and their own ‘normal’ driving behaviors; and offer in‐vehicle systems to refresh the driver thereby improving performance and safety.
Abstract: Traffic safety has been traditionally addressed through individual improvements to the car by manufacturers; improvements to the driver through education and enforcement; and, improvements to the infrastructure by government. While none of these approaches is incorrect, they are incomplete. The authors believe that further opportunities for enhancing safety are to be found in creatively exploiting the overlapping and interactive nature of the role of the vehicle, driver, and driving environment in accident prevention and mitigation. The authors apply wellness, as developed in the fields of health behavior and sports psychology, as an integrating framework to envision driver performance as dynamic and improvable. From this perspective, and building on advances in ambient intelligence, they propose the development of an AwareCar. The AwareCar concept would detect driver state (fatigue or stress); display that information to the driver to improve the driver’s situational awareness in relation to road conditions and their own ‘normal’ driving behaviors; and offer in‐vehicle systems to refresh the driver thereby improving performance and safety. Progress in the development of this concept is discussed in the context of the ongoing research, testing, and validation of the MIT AwareCar platform.

Dissertation
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: The use of radar and camera for situation awareness is gaining popularity in automotivesafety applications and accurate estimates of theego vehicle’s mot ...
Abstract: The use of radar and camera for situation awareness is gaining popularity in automotivesafety applications. In this thesis situation awareness consists of accurate estimates of theego vehicle’s mot ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An Adaptive Resonance Theory based architecture capable of seamlessly switching among the three types of learning is discussed that can be used to help optimize the decision making of a human operator in such a scenario.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
08 Jun 2009
TL;DR: Functional attributes of situational awareness in computer network security are discussed: dynamism and complexity, automation, realtime processing, multisource data fusion, heterogeneity, security visualisation, decision control, risk assessment, resolution, forecasting and prediction.
Abstract: The underpinning of situational awareness in computer networks is to identify adversaries, estimate impact of attacks, evaluate risks, understand situations and make sound decisions on how to protect valued assets swiftly and accurately. SA also underscores situation assessment in order to make accurate forecast in dynamic and complex environments. In this paper, situational awareness in computer network security is investigated. Functional attributes of situational awareness in computer network security are discussed: dynamism and complexity, automation, realtime processing, multisource data fusion, heterogeneity, security visualisation, decision control, risk assessment, resolution, forecasting and prediction.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present findings from a design-oriented study focusing on emergency response work and how mobile live video capabilities can improve information sharing and situation awareness in emergency response.
Abstract: This paper presents findings from a design-oriented study focusing on emergency response work. Traditionally, Information Technology (IT) for emergency response work has included en route navigation advice, resource management, hazard material databases, property information repositories and situation reporting using sketching functionality. Now, a new class of IT has become available, namely mobile live video capabilities. This paper presents initial findings from a study on how mobile live video capabilities can improve information sharing and situation awareness in emergency response work.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The event analysis for systemic teamwork (EAST) method is applied to an example of military command and control and the emergent properties relate to the degree of system reconfigurability, systems level situational awareness and the role of mediating technology.

Journal ArticleDOI
Hyun Chul Lee, Poong Hyun Seong1
TL;DR: This model incorporates human factors significantly affecting operators’ situation assessment, such as attention, working memory decay, and mental model, and it is expected that this model can be used in the design and evaluation of human system interfaces as well as the prediction of situation awareness errors in the human reliability analysis.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
26 Jul 2009
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the implementation of a dynamic service-oriented system, in which autonomous agents represent different components of low voltage grid, in order to achieve distributed and autonomous control for subgrid operation of a distribution system.
Abstract: Electric Power system of Denmark exhibits some unique characteristics. An increasing part of the electricity is produced by distributed generators (DGs). Most of these DGs are connected to the network at the distribution level. At the same time the concept of vehicle to grid (V2G) is already in the process of realization. This situation has created an incentive in electric power industry to utilize modern information and communication technologies (ICT) for improving the distribution system automation. This paper describes our work on how significantly increased amount of distributed generation could be exploited for the robust control of electric power systems. In particular, we present our work on the implementation of a dynamic service oriented system, in which autonomous agents represent different components of low voltage grid. These agents could offer and utilize electric power control services. We present results from several experiments where agents offer and utilize services in order to achieve distributed and autonomous control for subgrid operation of a distribution system. Finally it is discussed how the service oriented architecture can be combined with knowledge based reasoning to implement situation awareness required in complex control situations.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
20 Jan 2009
TL;DR: This work uses some of the characteristics of process control systems such as the regularity of network traffic patterns to perform intrusion detection, with the potential to detect unknown attacks, and presents a visualization tool that supports multiple usercustomizable views and animation for analyzing network packet traces.
Abstract: To protect process control networks from cyber intrusions, preventive security measures such as perimeter defenses (for example, network firewalls and demilitarized zones) and secure versions of process control network protocols have been increasingly adopted or proposed. Although system hardening and fixing known vulnerabilities of existing systems are crucial to secure process control systems, intrusion monitoring is essential to ensure that the preventive measures are not compromised or bypassed. Our approach involves a multilayer security architecture for monitoring process control systems to achieve accurate and effective situational awareness. Also, we leverage some of the characteristics of process control systems such as the regularity of network traffic patterns to perform intrusion detection, with the potential to detect unknown attacks. To facilitate human analysts to gain a better understanding of anomalous network traffic patterns, we present a visualization tool that supports multiple usercustomizable views and animation for analyzing network packet traces.

Book
09 Dec 2009
TL;DR: The present study focuses on the development of a methodology for integrating human Factors Methods Methodology Discussion Conclusions References Index into Systemic Teamwork.
Abstract: Introduction Introduction Human Factors Methods Application in Sport Structure of the Book Data Collection Methods Introduction Interviews Questionnaires Observational Study Task Analysis Methods Introduction Hierarchical Task Analysis Task Decomposition Verbal Protocol Analysis Operation Sequence Diagrams Cognitive Task Analysis Introduction Cognitive Work Analysis Critical Decision Method Concept Maps Applied Cognitive Task Analysis Human Error Identification and Analysis Methods Introduction Defining Human Error Error Classifications Theoretical Perspectives on Human Error Human Error Methods Accimaps Fault Tree Analysis Systematic Human Error Reduction and Prediction Approach Human Error Template Task Analysis for Error Identification Technique for Human Error Assessment Situation Awareness Assessment Methods Introduction Situation Awareness Theory Situation Awareness and Sport Measuring Situation Awareness Situation Awareness Requirements Analysis Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique Situation Present Assessment Method Situation Awareness Rating Technique Situation Awareness Subjective Workload Dominance Propositional Networks Mental Workload Assessment Methods Introduction Mental Workload Workload and Sport Mental Workload Assessment Primary and Secondary Task Performance Measures Physiological Measures NASA Task Load Index Subjective Workload Assessment Technique The Subjective Workload Dominance Method Instantaneous Self-Assessment Method Teamwork Assessment Methods Introduction Teamwork Teamwork Assessment Methods Social Network Analysis Team Task Analysis Coordination Demands Analysis Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork Interface Evaluation Introduction Interface Evaluation Methods Checklists Heuristic Analysis Link Analysis Layout Analysis Interface Surveys Human Factors Methods Integration: Case Study Introduction Integrating Human Factors Methods Methodology Discussion Conclusions References Index