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Showing papers on "Situation awareness published in 2014"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The human factors literature on intelligent systems was reviewed, and two key human performance issues related to H-A teaming for multirobot control and some promising user interface design solutions to address these issues were discussed.
Abstract: The human factors literature on intelligent systems was reviewed in relation to the following: efficient human supervision of multiple robots, appropriate human trust in the automated systems, maintenance of human operator's situation awareness, individual differences in human-agent (H-A) interaction, and retention of human decision authority. A number of approaches-from flexible automation to autonomous agents-were reviewed, and their advantages and disadvantages were discussed. In addition, two key human performance issues (trust and situation awareness) related to H-A teaming for multirobot control and some promising user interface design solutions to address these issues were discussed. Some major individual differences factors (operator spatial ability, attentional control ability, and gaming experience) were identified that may impact H-A teaming in the context of robotics control.

354 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The 1090 MHz communication channel is analyzed to understand the current state and its behavior under the increasing traffic load, and important security challenges faced by ADS-B are considered.
Abstract: Air traffic is continuously increasing worldwide, with both manned and unmanned aircraft looking to coexist in the same airspace in the future. Next generation air traffic management systems are crucial in successfully handling this growth and improving the safety of billions of future passengers. The Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) system is a core part of this future. Unlike traditional radar systems, this technology empowers aircraft to automatically broadcast their locations and intents, providing enhanced situational awareness. This article discusses important issues with the current state of ADS-B as it is being rolled out. We report from our OpenSky sensor network in Central Europe, which is able to capture about 30 percent of the European commercial air traffic. We analyze the 1090 MHz communication channel to understand the current state and its behavior under the increasing traffic load. Furthermore, the article considers important security challenges faced by ADS-B. Our insights are intended to help identify open research issues, furthering new interest and developments in this field.

239 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work is the first to propose the utilization of parked vehicles as relay nodes for safety applications in vehicular networks, and results clearly indicate that situation awareness can be significantly improved.
Abstract: We study the effectiveness of Inter-Vehicle Communication (IVC) in urban and suburban environments at low node densities, with a particular focus on cooperative awareness and traffic safety. The recently standardized DSRC/WAVE protocol suite defines a platform for such applications, which mainly focus on beaconing, i.e., periodic 1-hop-broadcast. In general, such safety relevant transmissions are defined by time criticality. One of the major problems to be solved is how to tackle the very difficult and complex radio signal attenuation due to buildings and other obstacles, especially in cities. Typical concepts address this problem by requiring all vehicles to also act as relays or by using dedicated Roadside Units (RSUs). We show how such systems may be operated more efficiently and how the situation can be further improved by relying on parked vehicles in addition to, or as a replacement for, RSUs. Given the fact that the U.S. DOT is already evaluating whether to make DSRC mandatory for new cars, wide availability of radio equipped cars can be predicted; also the impact in terms of energy consumption is negligible. We performed an extensive set of simulations to evaluate the negative impact of buildings at low node densities and the benefit of our proposal. Our results clearly indicate that situation awareness can be significantly improved. When disseminating safety critical events in a realistic scenario, reasonable numbers of parked cars can increase cooperative awareness by up to 25%, a factor which requires an unreasonably costly number of RSUs. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to propose the utilization of parked vehicles as relay nodes for safety applications in vehicular networks.

98 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
08 Jun 2014
TL;DR: The proposed ontology allows for a coherent understanding of the interactions between the perceived entities and contextual data and can be used to improve the situation awareness of an ADAS (Advanced Driving Assistance System), by determining which entities are the most relevant for the subject vehicle navigation.
Abstract: Within a vehicle driving space, different entities such as vehicles and vulnerable road users are in constant interaction. That governs their behaviour. Whilst smart sensors provide information about the state of the perceived objects, considering the spatio-temporal relationships between them with respect to the subject vehicle remains a challenge. This paper proposes to fill this gap by using contextual information to infer how perceived entities are expected to behave, and thus what are the consequences of these behaviours on the subject vehicle. For this purpose, an ontology is formulated about the vehicle, perceived entities and context (map information) to provide a conceptual description of all road entities with their interaction. It allows for inferences of knowledge about the situation of the subject vehicle with respect to the environment in which it is navigating. The framework is applied to the navigation of a vehicle as it approaches road intersections, to demonstrate its applicability. Results from the real-time imple- mentation on a vehicle operating under controlled conditions are included. They show that the proposed ontology allows for a coherent understanding of the interactions between the perceived entities and contextual data. Further, it can be used to improve the situation awareness of an ADAS (Advanced Driving Assistance System), by determining which entities are the most relevant for the subject vehicle navigation.

89 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 2014
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that the SASS provides a useful graphical, mathematically consistent system for dealing with incomplete and uncertain information to help operators maintain the risk of dynamic situations at an acceptable level.
Abstract: Operators handling abnormal situations in safety-critical environments need to be supported from a cognitive perspective to reduce their workload, stress, and consequent error rate. Of the various cognitive activities, a correct understanding of the situation, i.e. situation awareness (SA), is a crucial factor in improving performance and reducing error. However, existing system safety researches focus mainly on technical issues and often neglect SA. This study presents an innovative cognition-driven decision support system called the situation awareness support system (SASS) to manage abnormal situations in safety-critical environments in which the effect of situational complexity on human decision-makers is a concern. To achieve this objective, a situational network modeling process and a situation assessment model that exploits the specific capabilities of dynamic Bayesian networks and risk indicators are first proposed. The SASS is then developed and consists of four major elements: 1) a situation data collection component that provides the current state of the observable variables based on online conditions and monitoring systems, 2) a situation assessment component based on dynamic Bayesian networks (DBN) to model the hazardous situations in a situational network and a fuzzy risk estimation method to generate the assessment result, 3) a situation recovery component that provides a basis for decision-making to reduce the risk level of situations to an acceptable level, and 4) a human-computer interface. The SASS is partially evaluated by a sensitivity analysis, which is carried out to validate DBN-based situational networks, and SA measurements are suggested for a full evaluation of the proposed system. The performance of the SASS is demonstrated by a case taken from US Chemical Safety Board reports, and the results demonstrate that the SASS provides a useful graphical, mathematically consistent system for dealing with incomplete and uncertain information to help operators maintain the risk of dynamic situations at an acceptable level.

88 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings suggest that, in addition to minor differences in the structure of different road users' situation awareness, the actual content of situation awareness in terms of road user schemata, the resulting interaction with the world and the information underpinning situation awareness is markedly different.
Abstract: Collisions between different road users make a substantial contribution to road trauma. Although evidence suggests that different road users interpret the same road situations differently, it is not clear how road users' situation awareness differs, nor is it clear which differences might lead to conflicts. This article presents the findings from an on-road study conducted to examine driver, motorcyclist and cyclist situation awareness in different road environments. The findings suggest that, in addition to minor differences in the structure of different road users' situation awareness (i.e. amount of information and how it is integrated), the actual content of situation awareness in terms of road user schemata, the resulting interaction with the world and the information underpinning situation awareness is markedly different. Further examination indicates that the differences are likely to be compatible along arterial roads, shopping strips and at roundabouts, but that they may create conflicts between different road users at intersections. Interventions designed to support compatible situation awareness and behaviour between different road users are discussed.

82 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A distributed system for personal positioning based on inertial sensors that consists of an inertial measurement unit connected to a radio carried by a person and the server connected to another radio, which leads to long operation time as power consumption also remains very low.
Abstract: Accurate position information is nowadays very important in many applications. For instance, maintaining the situation awareness in command center in emergency operations is very crucial. Due to signal strength attenuation and multipath, Global Navigation Satellite Systems are not suitable for indoor navigation purposes. Radio network-based positioning techniques, such as wireless local area network, require local infrastructure that is often vulnerable in emergency situations. We propose here a distributed system for personal positioning based on inertial sensors. The system consists of an inertial measurement unit (IMU) connected to a radio carried by a person and the server connected to another radio. Step length and heading estimation is computed in the IMU and sent to the server. On the server side, the position is estimated using particle filter-based map matching. The benefit of the distributed architecture is that the computational capacity can be kept very low on the user side, which leads to long operation time as power consumption also remains very low.

82 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
26 Feb 2014
TL;DR: In this article, the feasibility of unmanned, autonomous merchant vessels is investigated by the EU project MUNIN (Maritime Unmanned Navigation through Intelligence in Networks), where ships will be manned during passage to and from port and unmanned during ocean-passage.
Abstract: The feasibility of unmanned, autonomous merchant vessels is investigated by the EU project MUNIN (Maritime Unmanned Navigation through Intelligence in Networks). The ships will be manned during passage to and from port and unmanned during ocean-passage. When unmanned, the ships will be controlled by an automatic system informed by onboard sensors allowing the ship to make standard collision avoidance manoeuvres according to international regulation. The ship will be continuously monitored by a remote shore centre able to take remote control should the automatic systems falter. For the humans in the shore control centre the usual problems of automations remains as well as a pronounced problem of keeping up adequate situation awareness through remote sensing.

78 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper demonstrates how factors such as human–robot communication and human mental models regarding robots impact a human’s ability to recognize the actions or states of an automated system.
Abstract: Increasingly autonomous robotic systems are expected to play a vital role in aiding humans in complex and dangerous environments. It is unlikely, however, that such systems will be able to consistently operate with per fect reliability. Even less than 100% reliable systems can provide a significant benefit to humans, but this benefit will depend on a human RSHUDWRU¶VDELOLW\WRXQGHUVWDQGDURERW¶VEHKDYLRUVDQGVWDWHV7KHQRWLRQRIV\VWHPWUDQVSDUHQF\LV examined as a vital aspect of robotic design, for PDLQWDLQLQJKXPDQV¶WUXVWLQDQGUHOLDQFHRQLQFUHDVLQJO\DXWRPDWHGSODWIRUPV6\VWHPWUDQVSDUHQF\LVGHVFULEHGDVWKHGHJUHHWRZKLFKDV\VWHP¶VDFWLRQRUWKHLQWHQWLRQRIDQDFWLRQLVDSSDUHQWWRKXPDQoperators and/ or observers. While the physical designs of robotic systems have been demonstrated to greatly influence KXPDQV¶L PSUHVVLRQVR IU RERWVG HWHUPLQDQWVR IWU DQVSDUHQF\ between humans and robots are not solely robot -centric. Our approach considers transparency as emergent property of the human ±robot system. In this paper, we present insights from our interdisciplinary efforts to improve the transparency of teams made up of humans and unmanned robots . These near -futuristic teams are those in which robot agents wi ll autonomously collaborate with humans to achieve task goals. This paper demonstrates how factors such as human ±robot communication and human mental models regarding robots impact DKXPDQ¶VDE LOLW\WR U HFRJQL]HWK HDFWLRQVR UV WDWHVRID QDX WRPDWHGV \VWHP . Furthermore, we will discuss the implications of system transparency on other critical HRI factors such as situation awareness , operator workload , and perceptions of trust . Keywords: human ±robot interaction, autonomous systems, transparency, trust, re liability, human ±robot teams, mental models, situation awareness

67 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Sep 2014
TL;DR: The best mechanism to improve system ef-ficacy was found when the system allowed for real-time adaptation of traffic based on engagement met-rics driven from the EEG data.
Abstract: Future air traffic systems aim at increasing both the capacity and safety of the system, necessitating the development of new metrics and advisory tools for controllers' workload in real-time. Psychophysiologi- cal data such as Electroencephalography (EEG) are used to contrast and validate subjective assessments and workload indices. EEG used within augmented cognition systems form situation awareness advisory tools that are able to provide real-time feedback to air-traffic control supervisors and planners. This aug- mented cognition system and experiments using the system with air traffic controllers are presented. Traf- fic indicators are used in conjunction with EEG-driven cognitive indicators to adapt the traffic in real-time through Computational Red Teaming (CRT) based adaptive control mechanisms. The metrics, measures, and adaptive control mechanisms are described and evaluated. The best mechanism to improve system ef- ficacy was found when the system allowed for real-time adaptation of traffic based on engagement met- rics driven from the EEG data.

66 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe experience with applying a user-centric design methodology in developing systems for human-robot teaming in Urban Search & Rescue (USSR) in tunnel accidents.
Abstract: The paper describes experience with applying a user-centric design methodology in developing systems for human-robot teaming in Urban Search & Rescue. A human-robot team consists of several robots (rovers/UGVs, microcopter/UAVs), several humans at an off-site command post (mission commander, UGV operators) and one on-site human (UAV operator). This system has been developed in close cooperation with several rescue organizations, and has been deployed in a real-life tunnel accident use case. The human-robot team jointly explores an accident site, communicating using a multi-modal team interface, and spoken dialogue. The paper describes the development of this complex socio-technical system per se, as well as recent experience in evaluating the performance of this system.

Book ChapterDOI
15 Oct 2014
TL;DR: The Emergency Situation Awareness (ESA) system provides all-hazard situation awareness information for emergency managers using content gathered from the public Twitter API, enabling effective alerting for unexpected incidents and monitoring of emergency events with results accessible via an interactive website.
Abstract: The Emergency Situation Awareness (ESA) system provides all-hazard situation awareness information for emergency managers using content gathered from the public Twitter API. It collects, filters and analyses Tweets from specific regions of interest in near-real-time, enabling effective alerting for unexpected incidents and monitoring of emergency events with results accessible via an interactive website.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an interactive card game is used to guide first responders to establish situational awareness about an imaginary building fire emergency, and examines the information items needed by first responders in this process.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A study on how emergent “collaboration needs” in current work of response teams located on-site and in the control center could be supported by mobile geo-Collaboration systems.
Abstract: Emergencies are characterized by high complexity and unpredictability. In order to assess and manage them successfully, improvisation work and informal communication, even beyond local and organizational boundaries, is needed. Such informal practices can facilitate ad hoc participation of units in situation assessment, but this may lack overall situation awareness. This article presents a study on how emergent “collaboration needs” in current work of response teams located on-site and in the control center could be supported by mobile geo-collaboration systems. First, we present the results of an empirical study about informal work and mobile collaboration practices of emergency services. Then we describe the concept of a mobile geo-collaboration system that addresses the aspects detected in the empirical study and that was implemented as an Android application using web sockets, a technology enabling full-duplex ad hoc communication. Finally, we outline the findings of its evaluation in practice and its implications.

Patent
11 Apr 2014
TL;DR: In this paper, a distributed processing network system (10), an integrated response system (50) comprising multiple distributed processing networks (DPNs) and related methods providing situational awareness information for emergency responses is described.
Abstract: A distributed processing network system ( 10 ), an integrated response system ( 50 ) comprising multiple distributed processing network systems and related methods providing situational awareness information for emergency responses. In one embodiment there is disclosed a response system ( 50 ) comprising first and second server based systems ( 10, 11 ) each providing real time awareness of personnel ( 18, 19 ) for different organizations, the first system receiving information for a first organization and the second system receiving information for a second organization, the first system coupled to the second system to communicate information generated in the first system to personnel in the second organization via the second system to facilitate timely and appropriate response by personnel in the second organization to an emergency situation in the first organization.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The effect of an information system based on building information modeling (BIM) on the decisions made by construction trade crews when determining their sequence of work was examined.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
24 Mar 2014
TL;DR: This work proposes a novel and general architecture for an early warning system and describes an implementation of this architecture for a real scenario, using Twitter as source of information for the detection of earthquakes on the Italian territory.
Abstract: Social Sensing is based on the idea that communities or groups of people provide a set of information similar to those obtainable from a single sensor. This amount of information generate a complex and adequate knowledge of one or more specific issues. A possible field of application for Social Sensing is Emergency Management. By using the Social Media it is possible to gather updated information about emerging situations of danger, in order to gain greater situational awareness and to alert interested parties promptly or verify information obtained through other channels. A system able to timely detect events that are of social concern can be referred to as an Early Warning system. In this work we propose a novel and general architecture for an early warning system and, as a proof-of-concept, we describe an implementation of this architecture for a real scenario. We use Twitter as source of information for the detection of earthquakes on the Italian territory. We compare our results with official data provided by the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, the authority responsible for the monitoring of seismic events in Italy. Results show an high ability of the system in the timely detection of events with magnitude equal or greater than 3.5 Richter with only 10% of False Positives.

Patent
07 Mar 2014
TL;DR: In this article, a system and methods for providing personnel communications management within an enterprise or group of related enterprises during crisis situations are described, including event management, shared situational awareness, personnel tracking, and unified crisis notification management to multiple users.
Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for providing personnel communications management within an enterprise or group of related enterprises during crisis situations. In particular, the systems and methods provide event management, shared situational awareness, personnel tracking, and unified crisis notification management to multiple users.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
10 Nov 2014
TL;DR: This work proposes a system that uses modern distributed processing technologies to analyze streams using stream slices, which are presented to analysts in a web-based visual analytics application, called NVisAware, and visually guides the user in the feature selection process to summarize the slices.
Abstract: The analysis of data streams is important in many security-related domains to gain situational awareness. To provide monitoring and visual analysis of such data streams, we propose a system, called NStreamAware, that uses modern distributed processing technologies to analyze streams using stream slices, which are presented to analysts in a web-based visual analytics application, called NVisAware. Furthermore, we visually guide the user in the feature selection process to summarize the slices to focus on the most interesting parts of the stream based on introduced expert knowledge of the analyst. We show through case studies, how the system can be used to gain situational awareness and eventually enhance network security. Furthermore, we apply the system to a social media data stream to compete in an international challenge to evaluate the applicability of our approach to other domains.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A situation risk awareness approach for process systems safety where the effect of ever-increasing situational complexity on human decision-makers is a concern and two important aspects – addressing hazards that arise from hardware failure and reducing human error through decision-making – have been considered.

Posted Content
TL;DR: Future combat system is a network based soldier friendly system which connects eighteen individual weapon system connected with the soldier via network to support the soldier with real time situational awareness and joint operability among forces to complete a mission successfully with low mortality rate.
Abstract: Future combat system (FCS) is a network based soldier friendly system which connects eighteen individual weapon system connected with the soldier via network. The prime idea of FCS concept is to support the soldier with real time situational awareness and joint operability among forces to complete a mission successfully with low mortality rate.This system allows the soldier to see first, understand first and act decisively. Basic work done behind the screen is fusing data collected from different reconnaissance vehicle, unattended ground sensors, unmanned aerial vehicles and live assets. System of system common operating environment supports the system. SOSCOE provides reusable software architecture for platform and battle command application via low bandwidth Adhoc network. It uses TINEX workflow engine which minimizes traffic and allows different software to execute flexibly. Since, most of the system operates in remote environment with battery support, power consumption is a serious issue. System with many nodal points has to be encrypted strictly to prevent the network from attacks (simply hacking). Use of instruments with less power consumption, particularly custom design hardware and wireless sensors or sensors will help to tackle this problem.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was found that implement control and monitoring task automation significantly affected the situation awareness of operators, and vehicle steering task automation reduced the attentional demand of the task.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
04 Dec 2014
TL;DR: Preliminary results from behavioral data show significant differences in time to initiate evasive action across conditions, and participants in the fully autonomous condition showed greater trust and comfort with the car's autonomous features than those in the autonomous speed control condition.
Abstract: What effect will periods of automated driving will have on driver performance after transfer of control? In our driving simulator experiment (N = 48) participants in four different automation conditions (fully autonomous vehicle, autonomous steering, autonomous speed control, no automation) were evaluated based on their post-transition accident avoidance, situational awareness, and feelings of trust in and comfort with autonomous or partially autonomous driving. Preliminary results from behavioral data show significant differences in time to initiate evasive action across conditions. Participants in the fully autonomous condition showed greater trust and comfort with the car’s autonomous features than those in the autonomous speed control condition.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a model that explains how actors comprehend the situation and how they interact during the operations, and offer ideas for developing the information systems that are used in the emergency situations as a means of supporting situational awareness, interaction and decision-making.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed a guide for assessing human performance using standard human factors measurement tools, and tested the sensitivity of those tools with two interface designs at three levels of workload (i.e., easy, medium, and difficult).
Abstract: In the petrochemical industry, control room operators must address safety-critical alarms and other tasks using complex interfaces. This study developed a guide for assessing human performance using standard human factors measurement tools, and tested the sensitivity of those tools with two interface designs (i.e., gray and black) at three levels of workload (i.e., easy, medium, and difficult). The guide measures human performance through speed and accuracy, perceived workload using two standard instruments (i.e., NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) and Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT)), situation awareness through the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT), and gaze through eye tracking coordinates. Twelve engineering student participants completed one simulation session at each of the three workload levels using one of two interface designs. Workload was manipulated through the number of simulated events (failures) in each session. Overall, the speed and accuracy measures, workload ratings, and eye tracking showed sensitivity to differences in workload level, and situation awareness showed sensitivity to the interaction between workload level and interface type. None of the tools were sensitive to interface type alone. Accuracy was highest under easy workload. Time per failure decreased at higher workload levels. Perceived workload ratings from the SWAT increased as workload increased, but workload ratings from the NASA-TLX were not different across workload levels. When workload increased, situation awareness remained steady for the gray interface but decreased sharply for the black interface, illustrating an interaction effect. Finally, the percentage of time spent looking at different areas of the screen during steady-state periods differed among workload levels. The tools in this guide can be used in the petrochemical industry to make design decisions for control room interfaces when workload levels are a concern.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
16 Jun 2014
TL;DR: Results show that predictive trajectory displays have the potential to improve situational awareness of the future automation mode and energy state of the aircraft, and that prediction accuracy and computational times are sufficient to support more advanced use in tactical flight management.
Abstract: This paper describes the implementation and evaluation of a trajectory prediction function. This function is a critical component of tactical flight management, a new concept that can increase the resiliency and robustness of trajectory based operations through a paradigm shift that improves Flight Management System (FMS) compatibility with tactical operations. The trajectory prediction function generates and continually updates the fourdimensional flight path that will be flown by the FMS. This motion-based trajectory represents an extension of the aircraft’s current state, and incorporates control laws, mode transition logic, and drag estimation as part of the prediction. The predicted trajectory is then displayed on navigation and vertical situation displays in an effort to reduce mode confusion occurrences and increase situational awareness of what the automation is doing now and what it will do in the future. These display features were evaluated in the Advanced Concepts Flight Simulator at NASA Ames Research Center to investigate the impact on flight crew energy state awareness when operating in the highly constrained and dynamic environment of the Next Generation Air Transportation System. Commercial airline crews flew multiple optimized profile descents under two conditions. In one condition, crews were presented with standard navigation displays, including a Vertical Situation Display (VSD). In the second condition, trajectory predictions were added to both the lateral map display and the VSD. Results show that predictive trajectory displays have the potential to improve situational awareness of the future automation mode and energy state of the aircraft, and that prediction accuracy and computational times are sufficient to support more advanced use in tactical flight management.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: This chapter focuses on challenges and approaches to integration of information technology and computational representations of human situation awareness and points out a number of limitations in their current state of development and applications to CSA.
Abstract: As the previous chapters emphasized, the human cognition—and the technology necessary to support it—are central to Cyber Situational Awareness. Therefore, this chapter focuses on challenges and approaches to integration of information technology and computational representations of human situation awareness. To illustrate these aspects of CSA, the chapter uses the process of intrusion detection as a key example. We argue that effective development of technologies and processes that produce CAS in a way properly aligned with human cognition calls for cognitive models—dynamic and adaptable computational representations of the cognitive structures and mechanisms involved in developing SA and processing information for decision making. While visualization and machine learning are often seen among the key approaches to enhancing CSA, we point out a number of limitations in their current state of development and applications to CSA. The current knowledge gaps in our understanding of cognitive demands in CSA include the lack of a theoretical model of cyber SA within a cognitive architecture; the decision gap, representing learning, experience and dynamic decision making in the cyberspace; and the semantic gap, addressing the construction of a common language and a set of basic concepts about which the security community can develop a shared understanding.

Patent
13 Aug 2014
TL;DR: A real-time traffic management system comprising a main light controller module configured to monitor and control functionality of one or more traffic lights, a master control unit server software application, a network operations control module, and a network watcher application program is presented in this paper.
Abstract: A real-time traffic management system comprising a main light controller module configured to monitor and control functionality of one or more traffic lights, a master control unit server software application, a network operations control module, and a network watcher application program. The main light controller module communicates with one or more coordinating light controller modules, onsite personnel, and a network operations center. The main light controller uses a camera that detects instances of vehicle demand and provides live images for situational awareness. The main light controller module comprises a global positioning satellite receiver and a light sensor for monitoring ambient lighting conditions. The network watcher application program continuously scans incoming data, monitors performance of all components in the system, and issues alerts and alarms to notify personnel of events or conditions outside of established tolerances.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A model for wide-area situational awareness is proposed in this paper based on a set of current technologies such as the wireless sensor networks, the ISA100.11a standard and cloud-computing together with aSet of high-level functional services for recovery of states and control in crisis situations.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
04 Mar 2014
TL;DR: The design and use of a mobile visual analytics toolkit for public safety data that equips law enforcement agencies with effective situation awareness and risk assessment tools is explored.
Abstract: The advent of modern smart phones and handheld devices has given analysts, decision-makers, and even the general public the ability to rapidly ingest data and translate it into actionable information on-the-go. In this paper, we explore the design and use of a mobile visual analytics toolkit for public safety data that equips law enforcement agencies with effective situation awareness and risk assessment tools. Our system provides users with a suite of interactive tools that allow them to perform analysis and detect trends, patterns and anomalies among criminal, traffic and civil (CTC) incidents. The system also provides interactive risk assessment tools that allow users to identify regions of potential high risk and determine the risk at any user-specified location and time. Our system has been designed for the iPhone/iPad environment and is currently being used and evaluated by a consortium of law enforcement agencies. We report their use of the system and some initial feedback.