Showing papers on "Situational ethics published in 1970"

Some Personal and Situational Correlates of Reactions to Management Development Training: Reply

Abstract: The article reports the authors' opinions regarding a criticism of their article “Some Personal and Situational Correlates of Reactions to Management Development Training.” The authors' focus on co...

The New Morality and the Religious Communities

Abstract: The new morality is both a behavioral phenom enon and an articulation of a contemporary ethic. Behaviorally speaking, the new morality is a rejection of more traditional models of the moral life and a strong endorsement of new modes. As such, it exhibits elements common to any ethic: adherence to and advocacy of its values and rejection and denial of others. Proponents of the new morality as an ethic, on the other hand, not only have interpreted it to be a repudi ation of legalism, but have also considered it to be an ethic beyond objective obligation. By defining new morality pri marily in the categories of love, they have sought to relieve this "new" morality of all structured constraints. Although it is true that the new morality is more relaxed about older notions of right and wrong, it would be a serious mistake to assume, as have situational ethicists, that practical ethics, as expressed in the new morality, has eliminated the place and function of obli gation. Unfortunately, the debate in the churc...

An Axiomatic Model of Self

Abstract: This paper deals with a hypothetico-deductive model regarding the "self" The model consists of 12 circular propositions, involving the variates of (1) phenomenal field, (2) situational symbol, (3) balance, and (4) conformity The self organizes a "phenomenal field" under a "situational symbol", and his "balance" depends on the extent he experiences a disturbance in the phenomenal field The performance of the situational symbol is "conFormity" The propositions are then examined in the light of available empirical data By and large, there are good supporting data, and this model may be useful for further empirical studies

Is Fletcher's situationism Christian?

Abstract: The question whether or not Fletcher's situationism is truly a Christian ethics has been raised before. Fletcher himself tells us so at the beginning of his book Situation Ethics . According to him the accusation is that he fails to treat situation ethics within a theological framework. Fletcher's answer is that he does so on purpose, since the challenge of situationism does not ultimately depend upon one's theological or non-theological commitments.

Filozofia egzystencji a etyka sytuacyjna Jean Paul Sartre’a

Abstract: The article contains an exposition of the moral philosophy of J. P. Sartre as well as a trial of its evaluation. The author presents the social basis and main theses of Sartre’s .philosophical system and stresses the questions of social conditioning, real contents, and functions of the situational ethics of Sartre. According to the author, the situational ethics of Sartre, being an expression of feelings of intellectuals, middle-class, and students in the period of violent changes in our civilization, simply describes a certain type of man, peculiar to these conditions and this time. Therefore, this type cannot be considered a definite universal construction of a human subject. Pessimism, characteristic for the existentialism, as an expression of .certain social and political conditions, can be easily surmounted, provided that a possibility of definite social transformations can be demonstrated. This gives evidence of a positive alternative which proposes development of social democracy, elimination of the remnants of worship of the individual, as well as a more and more full realization of social humanism, that are limiting the experiments of existentialism. Together with an increasing conviction of a possibility to surmount and to abolish the capitalistic alienation and together with the development of socialist democracy, when marxist thinking comprises more and more effectively all aspects of human fates , the social basis of existentialism and its influence are losing ground. On the other hand, whatever might be said about arbitrariness and subjectivism of many theses of existentialism, it has raised many essential questions of particular importance in our time. These are: 1) subjective aspect of human freedom in situations of a choice of an action; 2) responsibility of an individual to himself, other people, and history; 3) contradiction between general systems of valuation and norms and of a definite situation in which a choice is taken; 4) danger of a non-authentic apparent communication; 5) danger of a lost of personality in conditions of consumptionist civilisation; 6) necessity of responsibility and engagement; 7) necessity of forbearance, tolerance and respecting the subjective world of other persons; 8) existence of conflict situations. According to the author, a resolution of the above problems, which are important for a modern man, can be done only basing on marxism which should be conceived in a creative way. It is necessary, however, to reject arbitrary assumptions of the existentialist metaphysics, ethical formalism, and, above all, ahistorical conception of freedom. The opinions of Sartre that the, good a priori cannot exist, that everybody should determine his own existence, and that in each situation he should maintain his creative attitude and moral alertness, are in a certain sense and within certain limits right and productive. However, depriving people of a possibility to build any system of values and norms of a super-subjective character is a risky thing and may lead to moral relativity and nihilism. The social function of the existentialism is also a double one. On the one hand, existentialism, which demonstrates a super-historical and unchangeable character of the drama of human existence, in some way confirms and justifies the social system submitted to critic. On the other hand, as it states a moral and idealistic outsidership, bareness, and loneliness of a human individual in a modern bourgeois 1society, existentialism presents an important ethical indictment directed to the capitalistic society and indirectly shows a necessity to create such relations which would remove the tragic gap between individual and society. This is the reason of a peculiar paradox that for same people the existentialism is a point of departure from the files of the revolutionary movement, and for others a point which leads into marxism – cum duo faciunt idem, non est idem.

Influence of Subject and Situational Variables on the Persistence of First Grade Children in a Test-Like Situation.

Abstract: EDRS Price MF-$0.65 HC-$3.29 *Achievement Need, Behavior, *Educational Background, Grade 1, *Motivation, Negro Youth, *Persistence, Research Design, *Socioeconomic Background This study was designed to investigate the effect of situational variables on the persistence of 6-year-old children from varying socioeconomic and educational backgrounds. Subjects were 24 male and 24 female children selected randomly from each of four groups of first grade Negro children: one group of advantaged children who had attended preschool and three groups of disadvantaged children whose preschool background varied. In the test-like situation, nine block designs were administered from the Kohs Block Design series to provide relatively insoluble tasks to measure persistence. The difficulty level of the task was described to each child who was tested individually under conditions of reward and non-reward. Expectations based on the effects of socioeconomic and preschool experience differences in background of the four subject groups were not met. Also unsubstantiated were the expectations about the situational variables of reward presence and absence or set for task difficulty. Implications of the findings and possible design changes are discussed. (WY)

Situational Tests for Evaluation of Intervention Programs: A Position.

Abstract: DOCUMENT RESUME TM 000 508 Grimmett, Sadie A. Situational Tests for Evaluation of Intervention Programs: A Position. Arizona Univ., Tucson. Arizona Center for Early Childhood Education. Sep 70 29p. EBBS Price MF-$0.65 HC-$3.24 Academic Performance, Achievement Tests, Behavioral Objectives, Behavior Patterns, Cognitive Ability, Cognitive Measurement, *Disadvantaged Youth, *Early Childhood Education, Experimental Programs, *Intervention, Learning Theories, *Program Evaluation, *Situational Tests, Testing Problems, Verbal Stimuli Evaluation problems evolving from certain objectives of intervention programs and from the characteristics of the target population are investigated. The intellectual process approach of experimental education with its emphasis on conative and motive objectives requires an evaluation technique capable of reflecting the desired behaviors more accurately, and of testing pior children adegu.tely. Lower verbal ability and interpretation difficulties of poor children reduce the effectiveness of achievement tests for assessing the results of experimental education. The advantages of situational tests are noted and it is suggested that tests of this type are necessary for more adequate representation of the effects of intervention, given the characteristics of the target population. (Lk)