scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Showing papers on "Situational ethics published in 1991"


Book
13 Aug 1991
TL;DR: In this paper, the MGT from a discursive perspective, language attitudes and linguistic action are discussed, and the empirical avalanche which followed - standard versus nonstandard speaker evaluations, the role of context, other intervening and mediating variables theoretical developments future developments - the MGF from a Discursive perspective.
Abstract: Part 1 Language in context: the "language builds upon context" approach the "language reflects context" approach - Brown and Fraser's taxonomy, perceived structure of social situations, intergroup relations a model of speech as a reflection of situational representations the "languge determines context" approach further complexities and directions. Part 2 Language attitudes: the matched-guise technique (MGT) the empirical avalanche which followed - standard versus nonstandard speaker evaluations, the role of context, other intervening and mediating variables theoretical developments future developments - the MGT from a discursive perspective, language attitudes and linguistic action. Part 3 Accommodating language: basic concepts and strategies - convergence and divergence, some important distinctions accommodative motives and consequences - convergence and integration, caveats, divergence and intergroup processes further distinctions - psychological versus linguistic accommodation, cognitive organization and identity maintenance functions discourse attuning future rapprochements. Part 4 Language, ethnicity and intergroup communication: the salience and language approaches and problems ethnolinguistic identity strategies of language change - individual mobility and group assimilation, psycholinguistic distinctiveness intergroup communication "breakdown" models of "breakdown" - the stereotype process framework. Part 5 Bilingualism and the survival of languages: the field and its importance influential frameworks - Gardner's model, Clement's model the intergroup model (IGM) - ethnolinguistic vitality, the IGM revised the IGM revisited the very survival of languages integrating models of language survival. Part 6 Language, ageing and health: intergenerational differences - beliefs about talk, over and underaccommodation, other features of discursive style, telling age towards a lifespan communicative framework language, health and social support a language perspective on health and social support. Part 7 Epilogue: future priorities - the status of miscommunication, units of analysis, epistemological dilemmas.

664 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors have stressed the need for evaluative tools that account for situational exectations and constraints, and they have proposed a set of tools to analyze messages.
Abstract: Communication specialists have long been interested in analyzing messages. More recently, they have stressed the need for evaluative tools that account for situational ex pectations and constraints...

111 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper investigated the influence of situational variables and interpersonal construct differentiation on the use of face-saving strategies in role-play persuasive tasks, and found that speakers provided less face support to familiar targets when small requests were involved but provided more face support when making large requests.
Abstract: This study investigated the influences of three situational variables and interpersonal construct differentiation on the use of face-saving strategies. Speakers carried out role-play persuasive tasks that were varied on the dimensions of speaker power, request magnitude, and familiarity. The resulting messages were coded for the dominant levels of autonomy granting and positive face support provided to the target. Speakers provided more face support when they had relatively little power. Furthermore, this effect was stronger for positive face support than for autonomy granting. Speakers also granted more autonomy when making large requests, especially when they had relatively little power. With respect to familiarity, speakers provided less face support to familiar targets when small requests were involved but provided more face support when making large requests. The study also found several interactions between construct differentiation and the situational factors. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.

90 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a multiple-level analysis approach is used to integrate and clarify this vast literature, in particular, person, situation, and situation views of leadership are conceptualized in terms of different perspectives at the person, group and collective levels of analysis.
Abstract: Over five decades, leadership research has examined whether personal characteristics, situational factors, or some combination explains behaviors, attitudes, and perceptions about leadership. To integrate and clarify this vast literature, a multiple levels of analysis approach is used. In particular, person, situation, and person-situation views of leadership are conceptualized in terms of different perspectives at the person, group, and collective levels of analysis. Implications of the multiple-level approach for future leadership research and managerial practice are discussed.

89 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors assessed the stability of job attitudes and affect among young professional engineers experiencing situational change arising from (a) change from university studies to full-time employment and (b) change of employer.
Abstract: Dispositional and situational influences on organizational behavior were examined with reference to the job redesign literature. Dispositional and situational influence was assessed through investigation of the stability of job attitudes and affect among young professional engineers experiencing situational change arising from (a) change from university studies to full-time employment and (b) change of employer.

88 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a situational model of ethical consideration in consumer behavior is proposed and examined for Personal vs. Vicarious effects using a path analytic approach, unique structures are reported for Personal and Vicarious situations in the evaluation of a seller's unethical behavior.
Abstract: The managerial ethics literature is used as a base for the inclusion of Ethical Attribution, as an element in the consumer's decision process. A situational model of ethical consideration in consumer behavior is proposed and examined for Personal vs. Vicarious effects. Using a path analytic approach, unique structures are reported for Personal and Vicarious situations in the evaluation of a seller's unethical behavior. An attributional paradigm is suggested to explain the results.

88 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors found that situational variables did serve as predictors of these categories of violence and support the position that background or personality factors, when used without situational factors, may not provide a complete understanding of prison violence.
Abstract: This study tested situational factors as predictors of types of individual aggressive incidents in a male prison population. The majority of past research on predicting individual incidents of prison violence has seriously downplayed situational factors. The situational variables used covered three general questions: Where? When? and Who Else?. Incidents of violence were categorized by whether the occurrence of an infraction involved aggressive behavior directed at staff, another inmate, self, or property. This study found that situational variables did serve as predictors of these categories of violence. These results support the position that background or personality factors, when used without situational factors, may not provide a complete understanding of prison violence.

81 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored the relationship between job involvement and personal situational characteristics and work outcomes and found that the relationship was approximately equal in size, and that job involvement was correlated with personal situational attributes.
Abstract: Rabinowitz and Hall (1977) suggested that the relationships between job involvement and personal situational characteristics and work outcomes are approximately equal in size. This study explored t...

79 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed four hypotheses about the situational characteristics of selected personal contact crimes and tested those hypotheses using victimization survey data from the United States and Venezuela, and found that coercive crimes are less situationally clustered than non-coercive crimes and that instrumental crimes are more situationally cluster than character crimes.
Abstract: Although it is generally recognized in the social sciences that the “situation” is indispensable for understanding behavior, thus far criminologists have not devoted systematic attention to situational analysis. This paper contributes to the development of a situational perspective on crime by defining the concept of situation, developing four hypotheses about the situational characteristics of selected personal contact crimes, and then testing those hypotheses using victimization survey data from the United States and Venezuela. The research shows that coercive crimes are less situationally clustered than noncoercive crimes and that instrumental crimes are more situationally clustered than character crimes. Despite tremendous differences in crime rates for the two countries, substantial similarity is found in situational crime patterns. The implications of the research for criminological theory are discussed.

62 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Joann Keyton1
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the satisfaction of individual members in task groups and provide an alternative conceptualization and methodology for the construct of group member satisfaction, and illustrate the need to conceptualize satisfaction and dissatisfaction as separate constructs not just polar opposites.
Abstract: Group member satisfaction has a long history in the study of group process. Conceptual and methodological problems have hampered the continued development of this construct. This article examines satisfaction of individual members in task groups and provides an alternative conceptualization and methodology for the construct. Grounded data illustrate the need to conceptualize satisfaction and dissatisfaction as separate constructs, not just polar opposites. Both of these then need to be examined as to their universal and situational impact on group process.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of theories of women's identity that emphasize the relational capacities of women can be found in this article, with a brief summary of five theories that have received attention during the 1980s and focuses on how these perspectives can be integrated and enriched counseling practices.
Abstract: This article reviews theories of women's identity that emphasize the relational capacities of women. It provides a brief summary of five theories that have received attention during the 1980s and focuses on how these perspectives can be integrated and enrich counseling practices. It also cautions against oversimplifying the nature of women's identity and suggests that an inclusive view of women's or men's identity must devote attention to individual differences, situational factors, and external social forces that influence persons.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A multiple‐goals interpretation of the literature on sexual harassment is used to understand the situational features that make sexual harassment difficult to deflect through face‐to‐face communication.
Abstract: This paper employs theoretical message frameworks from literature on assertiveness, intra‐organizational influence, and message design logic to present an interpersonal communication approach for managing sexual harassment in organizations. A multiple‐goals interpretation of the literature on sexual harassment is used to understand the situational features that make sexual harassment difficult to deflect through face‐to‐face communication. The discussion of situational features provides a general context for evaluating the potential effectiveness of message strategies that may be used to manage sexual harassment. The paper concludes with guidelines for developing education programs in organizations and with suggestions for research in the area.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Ochs et al. as discussed by the authors studied socialization through language practices and social interactions that engage novices in a variety of communicative and situational roles in a social group.
Abstract: Guest Editorial Socialization through Language and Interaction: A Elinor Theoretical Introduction Ochs Los Angeles University of California, Socialization is the process whereby novices gain knowledge in a social group. and skills relevant to membership This process is realized largely through language practices and social interactions that engage novices in a variety of communicative and situational roles. The study of socialization is to a large extent the study of how the social and linguistic organization of such language practices and social interactions bear on the emergence of social and cultural competence. A species-wide characteristic of human beings is that they may experience socialization across the lifespan. Indeed, societal change may be related to the possibility of lifelong socialization, as each instance of socialization is an opportunity space not only for continuity of tradition but also for transformation in the expected social order and in what counts as knowledge and competence. Because participation in societies demands diverse and complex arenas of competence, members may find themselves relative novices in some arenas even though they are relative experts in others. Members may be more knowledgeable on one topic than versus religion, reggae versus jazz), more skillful in one role than another (e.g., administrator versus teacher, experimental physicist versus theoretical physicist), more experienced in one activity than another (e.g., speechmaking versus essay writing, litigating a court case versus persuading a child to eat dinner). Of course, being more or less knowledgeable, skillful, and experienced does not necessarily mean that parties to an encounter will necessarily display a stance of expert or novice. In some cases. another (e.g., politics Issues in Applied Linguistics ISSN 1050-4273 Vol.2 No. 2 1991 © Regents of the University of California

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify the basic causes of unethical behavior, the essential elements of a government ethics program, and discuss a few of the elements, and identify two kinds of unethical behaviour, the legal and the illegal.
Abstract: Because unethical behavior stems from an interaction of certain personal and situational conditions and invariably affects other people, ethics in government or in any other workplace must be both an individual and an organizational responsibility. There are two kinds of unethical behavior, the legal and the illegal. The legal kind is by far the most common. This article identifies the basic causes of unethical behavior, the essential elements of a government ethics program, and discusses a few of the elements.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the same conditions that allowed situational information to bias behavior identification also nullified the effect of situational information on dispositional inference, and when behavior was ambiguous or when it was followed by situational information, the latter affected dispositional inferences but not behavior identification.
Abstract: According to Trope's (1986) 2-stage model, the use of situational information ("A was teased") to identify behavior ("A reacted aggressively") may result in subsequent dispositional inferences ("A is an aggressive person") that seem insensitive to situational information. Two determinants of the situational biasing effect on behavior identification were varied, namely, behavior ambiguity and order of situational and behavioral information. It was found that when behavior was ambiguous and preceded by situational information, the latter affected behavior identification but not dispositional inference; in contrast, when behavior was unambiguous or when it was followed by situational information, the latter affected dispositional inference but not behavior identification. Thus, the same conditions that allowed situational information to bias behavior identification also nullified the effect of situational information on dispositional inference.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, a management model of ethical decision making in librarianship is presented, which combines individual variables with situational variables and shows why policymakers and decision makers must exercise moral judgment in performing their duties.
Abstract: A management model of ethical decision making in librarianship is presented. The model combines individual variables with situational variables and shows why policymakers and decision makers must exercise moral judgment in performing their duties. This article also examines the notion of social responsability as an ethical issue.

Posted Content
TL;DR: The body, power and ethics have occupied a central place in Hubert Dreyfus' work, for instance on Foucault, Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Concepts like the body, power and ethics have occupied a central place in Hubert Dreyfus' work, for instance on Foucault, Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty Yet, I’ve been struck by the virtual absence of these concepts in your work on learning Let’s talk about the body first You have given the most comprehensive account of your five-stage model of learning in your book Mind Over Machine In the title of the book and in the book’s general statements about learning ‘mind’ is emphasized It seems to me, however, that many of the examples you provide depend on bodily learning, even if you don’t explicitly state it as such There is a budding discussion these years about the role of the body in philosophy and social thinking How does the body enter into your model of learning and how does this relate to the old split between body and mind in Western thinking? – This is the first question of many posed by Bent Flyvbjerg to Hubert and Stuart Dreyfus in a penetrating interview about their workDen danske version af denne artikel kan findes pa: http://ssrncom/abstract=2278464

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: When children with situational HIA were divided into 'home situational' and 'school situational' subgroups, their scores on other measures of psychopathology and impairment varied, depending on whether the informant was the parent or the teacher.
Abstract: Several studies of children with problems of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention (HIA) have suggested that when such behaviour occurs in more than one setting, associated conduct problems, emotional symptoms, and functional impairment are more serious than when HIA problems are seen in one situation only. Analyses of parent and teacher reports on a community sample of 480 children aged 7-11 are presented to show that in some cases this conclusion may have resulted from a confound between informant and information. When children with situational HIA were divided into 'home situational' and 'school situational' subgroups, their scores on other measures of psychopathology and impairment varied, depending on whether the informant was the parent or the teacher. When the source of information was independent of parents' or teachers' judgments, no differences were found between situationally and pervasively HIA children. Implications for future studies of situational and prevasive HIA are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a telephone survey of 493 individuals in a Southwestern city finds knowledge of AIDS is high among all groups and, as hypothesized, distinguishing audiences according to personal and impersonal levels of problem recognition, involvement and constraint recognition provides a useful extension of James Grunig's situational theory.
Abstract: Situational theory predicts that those with a high problem recognition, high involvement and low constraint recognition will be active information seekers. A telephone survey of 493 individuals in a Southwestern city finds knowledge of AIDS is high among all groups and, as hypothesized, distinguishing audiences according to personal and impersonal levels of problem recognition, involvement and constraint recognition provides a useful extension of James Grunig's situational theory. The addition of valence of support as a predictor is also found to enhance the use of the situational variables in identifying target audiences for communication campaigns.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors defined academic situational constraints as out-of-class circumstances and activities which increase a student's work load, cause stress, and constrain academic performance and development.
Abstract: Academic situational constraints are out-of-class circumstances and activities which increase a student's work load, cause stress, and constrain academic performance and development. In this study,...


Journal ArticleDOI
Cornelius B. Pratt1
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify the challenges that multinational corporations from the developed world face in sub-Saharan Africa and examine the direct foreign-investment and development interests of the region and explore answers to the question "What is to be done?" The occurrence of MNCs' operations in culturally pluralistic societies suggest that they use, as the basis for a corporation-formulated regional code of conduct, a value-based corporate social policy process.
Abstract: The article identifies the challenges that multinational corporations (MNCs) from the developed world face in sub-Saharan Africa and examines the direct foreign-investment and development interests of the region. In light of these challenges and interests, it also explores answers to the question “What is to be done?” The occurrence of MNCs' operations in culturally pluralistic societies suggest that they use, as the basis for a corporation-formulated regional code of conduct, a value-based corporate social policy process. That process should embody utilitarian and situation ethics in the exercise of MNCs' prima facie operations and of their responsibilities to society. For the African normative environment, the appeal of this approach is substantiated by the notion that both utilitarian and situation ethics are at once consistent with the region's investment codes, development interests, and value systems. But more than that, utilitarian and situation ethics are consistent with corporate social policy process and can assist MNCs to meet effectively their social responsibilities by helping them reverse the economic stagnation of most of the continent. However, because deontological (that is, Kantian) ethics emphasize autonomous actions that satisfy individual goals, they are largely at odds with sub-Saharan African value systems that typically emphasize the ethnic group (heteronomy) rather than the self. MNCs would, therefore, do well to de-emphasize their use in the region.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors replicated and extended a study on compliance-resisting and found that the factors of Intimacy and Rights to Resist each had predictable influences on strategy construction.
Abstract: This study replicated and extended a study on compliance‐resisting and found that the factors of Intimacy and Rights to Resist each had predictable influences on strategy construction. Utilizing both constructed strategies and preference rating methods, similar situational effects on strategy selection were determined for negotiation, justification, and positive identity management strategies. For example, both procedures indicated that positive identity management strategies were selected more frequently in intimate situations than in nonintimate situations and both procedures indicated that rights to resist was not associated with this strategy selection. However, comparison of the methods indicated that participants underreported the likelihood‐of‐use of negative relational strategies in intimate situations and generally overreported the likelihood‐of‐use of positive identity management strategies. Recommendations for future research were discussed.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, two Hong Kong telephone surveys, in 1983 and 1985, assess the applicability of Grunig's situational theory of publics to a political problem, the return of Hong Kong to China in July 1997.
Abstract: Two Hong Kong telephone surveys, in 1983 and 1985, assess the applicability of Grunig's situational theory of publics, developed in organizational and environmental contexts, to a political problem, the return of Hong Kong to China in July 1997. Theses studies also explore the relationship between instrumental utility and opinion publics. In 1985, but not in 1983, the theory consistently predicted which publics would talk about the “1997 problem,” but those patterns did not hold for media use. Extrinsic utility discriminated between levels of involvement but not opinion publics. Information relevance was situation specific and discriminated among publics and between levels of involvement, although somewhat inconsistently. The problem-specific measures appear to function better within the theory's context.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: In this article, a trait-theoretical approach is proposed to classify motivational dispositions, which become the basic variables for predicting an individual's behavior and its direction, based solely on motives and not on motivation.
Abstract: The preceding explanations of behavior “at first glance” were person-centered and largely focused on individual differences. The trait-theoretical perspective’s primary task is the classification of motivational dispositions, which become the basic variables for predicting an individual’s behavior. It really does not matter whether one calls them instincts, predispositions, needs, drives, or motives. All of these terms are dispositional concepts that can easily become overtaxed in the face of changing situations and different points in time. They must serve to explain the initiating force for behavior and its direction. Situational determinants have a limited arousal function, the direction of the behavior is determined by an individual’s disposition. In terms of our earlier distinction between motive and motivation, this approach represents the study of motivation based solely on motives and not on motivation. At best it deals with motive-dependent, motivational differences in an identical situation.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article examined the determinates of adolescents' confict strategy choice during conflict with their parents and found that adolescents tend to reciprocate cooperative strategies in all conflict conditions but in highly salient conflict they also reciprocate competitive conflict strategies.
Abstract: This study examined the determinates of adolescents' confict strategy choice during conflict with their parents. Grounded in Giles & Street's (1985) Cognitive Communicator Characteristics Model, it predicted that during minimally salient conflict with their parents, adolescents' strategy choice would be driven by the behavioural dispositions associated with their self-esteem, while in highly salient conflict, adolescents' strategy use would be induced by parental strategy use, a situational cue. Results did not support the idea that behavioural dispositions associated with self-esteem would emerge in minimally salient conflict; however, adolescents' strategy choice was affected by parental strategy choice in highly salient conflict. Adolescents tend to reciprocate cooperative strategies in all conflict conditions but in highly salient conflict they also reciprocate competitive conflict strategies.