Showing papers on "Situational ethics published in 1992"
Book•
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: In this article, a serious challenge to those who believe that only broad-based, state funded mega-projects constitute genuine preventive initiatives is presented, in which the authors present a case study of preventive initiatives.
Abstract: This book is a serious challenge to those who believe that only broad-based, state funded mega-projects constitute genuine preventive initiatives.
1,344 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a model of individual and situational influences on individuals' training-related motivation and training effectiveness based on valence-instrumentality-expectancy theory was developed.
Abstract: A model of individual and situational influences on individuals’ training-related motivation and training effectiveness based on valence-instrumentality-expectancy theory was developed. A training ...
901 citations
TL;DR: In this article, personal and situational variables that influence an individual's choice of comparative referent are examined, and the potential impact of these choices for organizations is explored, and Hypotheses detailing the effects of these personal variables on referent choice are presented.
Abstract: This review examines the personal and situational variables that influence an individual's choice of comparative referent. Earlier models (Goodman, 1974; Levine & Moreland, 1987) are considered, which predict referent choice based on the availability of referent information and the relevance of the referent. These models are then expanded to consider situational and personal variables that may influence availability and relevance. Hypotheses detailing the effects of these personal and situational variables on referent choice are presented, and the potential impact of these choices for organizations is explored.
320 citations
TL;DR: In this article, self-evaluation is represented by a "moving baseline" from which situational fluctuations emerge, and self-concept is characterized by both stability and change over the life course.
Abstract: Although theoretical attention has been devoted to the situational variability of the self-concept, empirical investigations continue to rely on one-shot methodologies. Such efforts assume that data obtained through these methods can be generalized to other situations in the person's life, even to subsequent years or stages in the life course. Self-concept is a structural product of reflexive activity, but it is also susceptible to change as the individual encounters new roles, situations, and life transitions. The data reviewed in this paper suggest that: (i) self-evaluation generally becomes more favorable through the life-span; (ii) self-evaluation is represented by a "moving baseline" from which situational fluctuations emerge; (iii) self-concept is characterized by both stability and change over the life course; and (iv) environmental stability plays an important role in self-concept stability. Several avenues of research are recommended to develop an accurate, meaningful, and testable theory of the self-concept over time.
309 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report two studies concerning impression management, impression formation, and feedback-seeking, and conclude that when an individual has a superior performance history, seeking enhances observers' impressions of the seeker's personal characteristics and performance potential in the organization.
283 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined the influence of situational ethics on cheating among college students and found that neutralization is a significant factor in justifying the violation of institutional norms on academic honesty, and that cheating is generally seen as wrong.
Abstract: This research examines the influence of situational ethics on cheating among college students. The analysis of responses from 6,096 students at thirty-one diverse schools suggests that neutralization is a significant factor in justifying the violation of institutional norms on academic honesty. Although cheating is generally seen as wrong, students identify many situations in which they feel cheating is acceptable.
252 citations
TL;DR: A shift away from a theory-driven 'applied ethics' to a more situational, contextual approach to medical ethics opens the way for ethnographic studies of moral problems in health care as well as a conception of moral theory that is more responsive to the empirical dimensions of those problems.
196 citations
TL;DR: The authors used data from youths on the street and in school to test an integration of strain and control theories that spans background and situational factors, and found consistent evidence of the effects of adverse situational conditions: hunger causes theft, and problems of unemployment and shelter produce prostitution.
Abstract: Contemporary sociological theories of delinquency emphasize bakcground and developmental factors while neglecting adverse situational conditions. This study uses data from youths on the street and in school to test an integration of strain and control theories that spans background and situational factors. After background and situational factors. After background and street exposure variables are controlled for and after school and street samples are combined, there is consistent evidence of the effects of adverse situational conditions: hunger causes theft, and problems of unemployment and shelter produce prostitution. These findings broaden and increase theoretical understanding of street life and crime.
161 citations
TL;DR: A two-phase study was conducted to test the Situational Occurrences Theory of Job Satisfaction as discussed by the authors, which posits that job satisfaction is a function of a relatively finite and stable set of variables called situational characteristics and a broader based, fluid set of variable called SitU-Occurrences.
Abstract: A two-phase study was conducted to test the Situational Occurrences Theory of Job Satisfaction. The theory was designed to address the following anomalies: (1) why do employees holding seemingly excellent jobs in terms of the traditional job facets such as pay and benefits sometimes report low satisfaction, (2) why do employees holding similar jobs at the same or different organizations with similar pay, etc. have different job satisfaction levels, and (3) why do employee job satisfaction levels change over time when pay, etc. remains relatively stable? The theory posits that job satisfaction is a function of a relatively finite and stable set of variables called Situational Characteristics and a broader based, fluid set of variables called Situational Occurrences. It was hypothesized that overall job satisfaction could best be predicted from a combination of Situational Occurrences and Situational Characteristics than by either alone. It was also hypothesized that Situational Occurrences play a dominant ...
145 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed the concept of situational domains, groups of similar situations that may provoke anxiety in subsets of social anxious persons, and four conceptually derived situational domains were examined: formal speaking/interaction, informal speaking and interaction, observation by others, and assertion.
127 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a theoretical framework for consumer brand confusion is developed, which is distinguished from related terms, such as uncertainty, miscomprehension, infringement, and deception.
Abstract: A definition and theoretical framework for consumer brand confusion are developed. Brand confusion is distinguished from related terms, such as uncertainty, miscomprehension, infringement, and deception. The factors affecting the likelihood of brand confusion are extended beyond stimulus similarity to include individual and situational factors, and propositions regarding the effects of individual and situational factors are developed. The value of a better understanding of consumer brand confusion to managers and policy makers is discussed.
01 Jan 1992
01 Aug 1992
TL;DR: Shiller, Boycko, and Korobov as mentioned in this paper found that in most countries, money appears to be more important than fame, with the exception of Omsk, where money appeared to be most important.
Abstract: ing from the current economic situation: MI 1. Which of the following achievements would please you more? A. You win fortune without fame: you make enough money through successful business dealings so that you can live comfortably for the rest of your life. B. You win fame without fortune: for example, you win a medal at the Olympics or you become a respected journalist or scholar. Responses in percent Fortune Fame without without Sluvey fame fortune size Ukraine (pre-coup) 67 33 90 Russia (Moscow) 65 35 92 Russia (Omsk) 81 19 107 U.S.A. (New York) 54 46 117 Japan (Tokyo) 68 32 126 Rober t J. Shiller, Maxim Boycko, and Vladimir Korobov 147 Little difference across countries appears in the responses: the exception is Omsk, where money appears to be most important. Virtually no difference in answers appears to exist between Japan and Ukraine or Ja-
TL;DR: The authors argue that the Cooperative Principle has a potential to account for and explain discourse in institutional contexts, but in order to achieve this, due attention has to be paid to factors of a societal kind, such as socioeconomic interests, their social identities, the social and situational powers they (do not) possess, their expectations about activities, etc.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate motivations stemming primarily from the self and find that people's flexible self-concepts are an important source of motivation in impression formation, which suggests that people are more likely to be motivated by the target (e.g., interdependence), 3rd parties (i.e., accountability or time pressure), or the self.
Abstract: Impressions are influenced by motivations stemming primarily from the target (e.g., interdependence), 3rd parties (e.g., accountability or time pressure), or the self. The current studies investigate motivations stemming primarily from the self. In Study 1, Ss were given dispositional feedback about their abilities to categorize or to individuate. In Study 2, they were given situational information about the appropriate norms to categorize or to individuate. As predicted, dispositional feedback influenced low self-monitors, and situational information influenced high self-monitors. Both altered attention to potentially individuating category-inconsistent attributes as well as requests for additional information. Causal models further illuminated the mediating processes. These results suggest that people's flexible self-concepts are an important source of motivation in impression formation.
TL;DR: In this article, a conceptual model of the relationships between enduring, situational, and response involvement is proposed and tested in the context of decision-making associated with a political election, which concerns relationships between involvement, knowledge, confidence, and the stability of preference for a specific candidate over time.
Abstract: A conceptual model of the relationships between enduring, situational, and response involvement is proposed and tested in the context of decision-making associated with a political election. Specifically, the model concerns relationships between involvement, knowledge, confidence, and the stability of preference for a specific candidate over time. Empirical support for the proposed model is found, and implications for involvement researchers and political marketers are offered.
TL;DR: The authors found that children who received compare problems following stories that induced situational understanding of qualitative comparisons performed better than children who did not receive compare problems that had nothing to do with the comparison of sets.
TL;DR: Grunig's situational theory segments publics from a larger population based on the activeness or passiveness of communication behavior as mentioned in this paper, which predicts different levels of communication activity about the election.
Abstract: Grunig's situational theory segments publics from a larger population based on the activeness or passiveness of communication behavior. This study found support for the Grunig model in a survey conducted during the 1990 governor's race in Kansas. The variables of the theory—problem recognition, level of involvement, and constraint recognition—accurately predicted different levels of communication activity about the election. The theory also predicted the outcomes of communication successfully. In contrast to previous studies using the situational theory, this study found a strong relationship between the situational variables and standard demographic characteristics of age, education, and income—thus suggesting the possibility of using segmentation procedures that include both situational variables and media demographics. Finally, the article suggests that the situational theory could be enhanced by including an energy variable—specifically Hull-Spence's behavior equation—and a media use variable.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the common leisure occasion, those informal, unstructured leisure situations which emerge throughout the day, in order to understand the situational factors conducive to its application.
Abstract: This study explores the common leisure occasion—those informal, unstructured leisure situations which emerge throughout the day—in attempt to understand the situational factors conducive to its app...
TL;DR: The Japanese self is commonly discussed as contextual, or "relational" (Araki 1973), defined in interaction with others as mentioned in this paper, so that human beings are consistently described as "always... existing in a network of human relationships" (Nakamura 1967:192), "identified as acting in some kind of human relationship, never autonomously" (Smith 1983:49).
Abstract: The Japanese self is commonly discussed as contextual, or "relational" (Araki 1973), defined in interaction with others. This "relational" self is preeminently social, so that human beings are consistently described as "always . .. existing in a network of human relationships" (Nakamura 1967:192), "identified as acting in some kind of human relationship, never autonomously" (Smith 1983:49). Moreover, fluidity, or the ability to shift communication appropriately over a wide range of situational modes, is regarded as an essential aspect of self (Bachnik 1989; Doi 1986; Lebra 1976; Kondo 1987; Rosenberger 1988; Smith 1983; Tobin 1988). In fact, characteristics such as "relational," "social," and "situational" tie a "shifting" self closely to a "shifting" social organization. Smith's (1983) depiction of Japanese society as "organic" specifies that participants are part of the social order and, furthermore, that they actively constitute this order, rather than passively "reading" it like actors on stage following a script. Smith also relates social order closely to emotional aspects of the self: "codes of conduct in Japan [have] a major component of relativity and flexibility, for [their] other face is human feelings or compassion" (1983:47). This specifies that self and society are linked in practice by codes of conduct [giri and ninjoo] with two "faces," one social, the other emotional. Japanese operate by shifting between
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the hypothesis that individuals process their experiences at higher levels of cognitive complexity when the situational affordances are congruent with their motivational dispositions and found that the complexity with which Ss evaluated the target persons was greater when perceivers'motives were congruant with the situation.
Abstract: This study examined the hypothesis that individuals process their experiences at higher levels of cognitive complexity when the situational affordances are congruent with their motivational dispositions. Power- and intimacy-motivated Ss viewed a videotape of 2 job candidates involved in a peer interview under conditions that made either power or intimacy a relevant concern. As predicted, the complexity with which Ss evaluated the target persons was greater when perceivers'motives were congruent with the situation
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: This paper explored the interrelationships among three sets of variables: situational perceptions, conflict management styles, and two factors reflecting the initiation of conflict (i.e., nature of awareness and type of initiating event).
Abstract: This study explored the interrelationships among three sets of variables: situational perceptions, conflict management styles, and two factors reflecting the initiation of conflict (i.e., nature of awareness and type of initiating event). While styles were not related to either initiating factor, the data indicated that the nature of awareness and the type of initiating event were related to one another and that several situational perceptions were related to these initiating factors. Analyses confirmed that situational perceptions provided a more powerful account of styles than did the initiating factors. This study also examined the associations between two methods of measuring situational perceptions and two prominent conflict management typologies. Results mostly confirmed hypotheses. With one exception, five Likert‐type measures of situational perceptions were positively related to measures developed from open‐ended descriptions of the conflict. Open‐ended measures of three types of “problem‐solving ...
TL;DR: The second special issue of Leadership Quarterly is the second special issues focusing on individual differences and leadership as discussed by the authors, with three separate themes being pursued: cognitive and creative capacities, problem-solving skills, and social competencies condition leader success, and methodological and measurement issues related to leader emergence and identification.
Abstract: This issue of Leadership Quarterly is the second of three special issues focusing on individual differences and leadership. Our intention across the three issues is to update research and theory bearing upon this topic. Accordingly, three separate themes are being pursued. The first highlights recent advances in work on leadership functions and styles as well as the prediction of managerial performance. The purpose is to indicate how individual differences related to cognitive and creative capacities, problem-solving skills, and social competencies condition leader success. A second theme emphasizes social situational variables that determine, alter, or require the operation of particular leader qualities. Articles concerning this theme illustrate how variables such as organizational level, problem novelty, situational stress, and subordinate characteristics can determine when certain individual leadership characteristics are particularly critical for effective leadership. The final theme refers to methodological and measurement issues related to leader emergence and identification. Hence one focus is on the statistical analysis of data from individuals placed in alternate group situations. A second focus is on the methodological considerations and technologies related to managerial selection. The first special issue contained three articles which examined the role of differential cognitive qualities that are linked to effective organizational problem-solving. For example, Fleishman, Mumford, Zaccaro, Levin, Korotkin, and Hein (199 1) described
TL;DR: The notion of a generic research script is meaningful to both users and intermediaries as a high‐level description of situation and a researcher's position in the script is a predictor of the relevance of documents, and currently, intermediaries can make very little use of situational information.
Abstract: This paper is an exploratory study of one approach to incorporating situational information into information retrieval systems, drawing on principles and methods of discourse linguistics. A tenet of discourse linguistics is that texts of a specific type possess a structure above the syntactic level, which follows conventions known to the people using such texts to communicate. In some cases, such as literature describing work done, the structure is closely related to situations, and may therefore be a useful representational vehicle for the present purpose. Abstracts of empirical research papers exhibit a well‐defined discourse‐level structure, which is revealed by lexical clues. Two methods of detecting the structure automatically are presented: (i) a Bayesian probabilistic analysis; and (ii) a neural network model. Both methods show promise in preliminary implementations. A study of users' oral problem statements indicates that they are not amenable to the same kind of processing. However, from in‐depth interviews with users and search intermediaries, the following conclusions are drawn: (i) the notion of a generic research script is meaningful to both users and intermediaries as a high‐level description of situation; (ii) a researcher's position in the script is a predictor of the relevance of documents; and (iii) currently, intermediaries can make very little use of situational information. The implications of these findings for system design are discussed, and a system structure presented to serve as a framework for future experimental work on the factors identified in this paper. The design calls for a dialogue with the user on his or her position in a research script and incorporates features permitting discourse‐level components of abstracts to be specified in search strategies.
Book•
01 Apr 1992
TL;DR: It's a new age you're the boss - what would you do? have business ethics gotten worse? are moral standards really declining? the changing marketplace some basic propositions putting our ethical mouth where our money is how this book is organized how to be unethical what's your ethical IQ? who decides what's ethical? ethical is the art of doing the right thing how not to implant a new ethic - a case study the new ethics is situational business ethics is a different game as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: It's a new age you're the boss - what would you do? have business ethics gotten worse? are moral standards really declining? the changing marketplace some basic propositions putting our ethical mouth where our money is how this book is organized how to be unethical what's your ethical IQ? who decides what's ethical? ethical is the art of doing the right thing how not to implant a new ethic - a case study the new ethics is situational business ethics is a different game a conceptual framework dilemmas facing the CEO business is a matter of life or death products of their time mixed motives and maniacal methods dilemmas for directors a question of conscience conduct becoming a corporation is corporate charity good corporate responsibility? dilemmas for employers how to drive your employees to cheat a tale of two corporations - Hutton and Heniz motivated to manipulate managing to bankruptcy - Drexel Burnham Lambert dilemmas for managers harbingers of a new work ethic.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the ramifications of a situational perspective for instructional supervision, and propose a new approach, tentatively termed Situational Supervision, to understand and change the contexts of learning.