Showing papers on "Situational ethics published in 2020"

Shifting attributions for poverty motivates opposition to inequality and enhances egalitarianism

Abstract: Amidst rising economic inequality and mounting evidence of its pernicious social effects, what motivates opposition to inequality? Five studies (n = 34,442) show that attributing poverty to situational forces is associated with greater concern about inequality, preference for egalitarian policies and inequality-reducing behaviour. In Study 1, situational attributions for poverty were associated with reduced support for inequality across 34 countries. Study 2 replicated these findings with a nationally representative sample of Americans. Three experiments then tested whether situational attributions for poverty are malleable and motivate egalitarianism. Bolstering situational attributions for poverty through a writing exercise (Study 3) and a computer-based poverty simulation (Studies 4a and b) increased egalitarian action and reduced support for inequality immediately (Studies 3 and 4b), 1 d later and 155 d post-intervention (Study 4b). Causal attributions for poverty offer one accessible means of shaping inequality-reducing attitudes and actions. Situational attributions may be a potent psychological lever for lessening societal inequality. Piff and Wiwad et al. find that attributing poverty to situational forces is associated with greater concern for inequality, and three experiments reveal that increasing situational attributions for poverty motivates egalitarianism up to 5 months later.

The Bureaucratic Production of Difference : Ethos and Ethics in Migration Administrations

Abstract: In the context of the ever-increasing political problematization of migration in Europe, agencies charged with migrant administration create diverse categories of difference to distinguish between the »deserving migrant« and the illegal one: They assess the detainability or the credibility of asylum seekers, the danger posed by Islamic organizations, and make situational decisions that determine whether migration or labour law applies to individual agricultural workers. In this book, each chapter analyses how organizational interpretations of the common good shape bureaucratic practices. Together, these ethnographic analyses reveal how migration policies in different European countries take shape in administrative practice.

Situational Trust Scale for Automated Driving (STS-AD): Development and Initial Validation

Abstract: Trust is important in determining how drivers interact with automated vehicles. Overtrust has contributed to fatal accidents; and distrust can hinder successful adoption of this technology. However, existing studies on trust are often hard to compare, given the complexity of the construct and the absence of standardized measures. Further, existing trust scales often do not consider its multi-dimensionality. Another challenge is that driving is strongly context- and situation-dependent. We present the Situational Trust Scale for Automated Driving, a short questionnaire to assess different aspects of situational trust, based on the trust model proposed by Hoff and Bashir. We evaluated the scale using an online study in the US and Germany (N=303), where participants faced different videos of an automated vehicle. Results confirm the existence of situational factors as components of trust, and support the scale being a valid measure of situational trust in this automated driving context.

High school students' situational engagement associated with scientific practices in designed science learning situations

Abstract: Correspondence Janna Inkinen, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland. Email: janna.inkinen@outlook.com Abstract This study seeks to understand how different scientific practices in high school science classrooms are associated with student situational engagement. In this study, situational engagement is conceptualized as the balance between skills, interest, and challenge when the reported experiences are all high. In this study, data on situational engagement were collected using the experience sampling method (ESM) from 142 students in southern Michigan (the United States), resulting 993 ESM responses, and 133 students in southern Finland, resulting 1,351 responses. In both countries, scientific practices related to developing models and constructing explanations were associated with higher student situational engagement than other practices. In southern Finland, using a model was also associated with a high level of student situational engagement. The results indicate that students may experience situational engagement more often in science classrooms that use models than those that do not employ such practices. Thus, scientific practices related to models should be used frequently in science

Critical review of religion in coping against the COVID-19 pandemic by former COVID-19 muslim patients in Malaysia

Abstract: The paper human needs can be categorised into two, namely physiological and psychological needs The human physiological need refers to bodily health, whereas the internal need refers to the mental or spiritual aspect required for creating feelings of calmness in a person When a need is not fulfilled, a crisis within a person emerges Erikson opined that a person usually faces a problem caused by psychological or physiological aspects The physical and psychological (internal) aspects of an individual should be simulated within a person until they are capable of facing a crisis One type of crisis that influences the balance of the physical and psychological (internal) aspects is the situational crisis A situational crisis occurs when a certain external element influences the psychological balance in an individual or the environment For example, those suffering from COVID 19 are experiencing a situational crisis in the form of disruptions to the sufferer's physical and psychological (internal) states © 2020 Innovare Academics Sciences Pvt Ltd All rights reserved

What's your laughter doing there? A taxonomy of the pragmatic functions of laughter

Abstract: Laughter is a crucial signal for communication and managing interactions. Until now no consensual approach has emerged for classifying laughter. We propose a new framework for laughter analysis and classification, based on the pivotal assumption that laughter has propositional content. We propose an annotation scheme to classify the pragmatic functions of laughter taking into account the form, the laughable, the social, situational, and linguistic context. We apply the framework and taxonomy proposed in a multilingual corpus study (French, Mandarin Chinese and English), involving a variety of situational contexts. Our results give rise to novel generalizations about the range of meanings laughter exhibits, the placement of the laughable, and how placement and arousal relate to the functions of laughter. We have tested and refuted the validity of the commonly accepted assumption that laughter directly follows its laughable. In the concluding section, we discuss the implications our work has for spoken dialogue systems. We stress that laughter integration in spoken dialogue systems is not only crucial for emotional and affective computing aspects, but also for aspects related to natural language understanding and pragmatic reasoning. We formulate the emergent computational challenges for incorporating laughter in spoken dialogue systems.

Adults’ Dispositional and Situational Perspective-Taking: a Systematic Review

Abstract: Social perspective-taking is a multifaceted skill set, involving the disposition, motivation, and contextual attempts to consider and understand other individuals. It is essential for appropriate behavior in teaching contexts and social life that has been investigated across various research traditions. Because social perspective-taking enables flexible reappraisals of social situations, it can facilitate more harmonious social interactions. We aimed to systematically review the disparate literature focusing on adults’ social perspective-taking to answer the overarching question: Are there findings on factors that positively or negatively related to adults’ social perspective-taking as possible protective factor for mental health? Specific questions were which internal or external factors are related to either dispositional or situation-specific social perspective-taking and are both forms related to each other, or do they vary independently of each other in response to these factors? We reviewed 92 studies published in 56 articles in last ten years including 213,095 healthy adults to answer these questions. The findings suggested several factors (e.g., gender, perceived social interactions) related to the dispositional form. Negative relationships to self-reported or tested (cortisol levels) distress suggested dispositional social perspective-taking as a protective factor for mental health. Dispositional social perspective-taking related to the situational form and some findings suggested changes in both forms through intervention. Thus, coordinating different perspectives on oneself or others reflects flexibility in behavior related to positive social and mental health outcomes.

How do children learn novel emotion words? A study of emotion concept acquisition in preschoolers.

Abstract: Understanding emotion words is vital to understanding, regulating, and communicating one's emotions. Yet, little work examines how emotion words are acquired by children. Previous research in linguistics suggests that children use the sentence frame in which a novel word is presented to home in on the meaning of that word, in conjunction with situational cues from the environment. No research has examined how children integrate these cues to learn the meaning of emotion adjectives (e.g., "happy," "sad," "mad"). We conducted 2 studies examining the role of sentence frame and situational context in children's (ages 3-5) understanding of the meanings of novel words denoting emotions. In Study 1 (N = 135) children viewed a conversation wherein a novel "alien" word was presented in 1 of 3 sentence frames that varied in how likely the word was to denote an emotion (i.e., is daxy, feels daxy, or feels daxy about). Children selected the image that represented the meaning of the word in a picture-pointing task. Images depicted aliens experiencing an emotion, a physical state, or performing an action. In Study 2 (N = 113) situational context was added via cartoons depicting an emotional scenario. Findings suggest that children are more likely to associate emotion images with a novel word with increasing age, more informative sentence frames, and when the situational context implies that an emotion is present. This provides important insight on how educational and clinical settings can use language and situational context to aide in emotion understanding. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

For a situational analytics: An interpretative methodology for the study of situations in computational settings:

Abstract: This article introduces an interpretative approach to the analysis of situations in computational settings called situational analytics. I outline the theoretical and methodological underpinnings o...

Moral Intensity, Issue Characteristics, and Ethical Issue Recognition in Sales Situations

Abstract: Researchers have considered individual and organizational factors of ethical decision making. However, they have little interest in situational factors (McClaren, Journal of Business Ethics 112(1):101–125, 2013) which is surprising given the many situations sales persons face. We address this issue using two pilot qualitative studies successively and a 2 by 2 within-subject experiment with sales scenarios. Qualitative and quantitative data are obtained from front-line employees of the main French retail banks that serve low-income customers. We show that the recognition of an ethical issue differs depending on the role behavior salespersons are engaged in and the nature of the conflict of interest they face. Moreover, the combined effect of these two situational characteristics is mediated by moral intensity. This study not only adds evidence on situational factors affecting ethical decision but also extends empirical research on sales ethics by revealing sales situations that are not considered in the empirical literature. The research implications of the findings are discussed along with the study’s limitations and suggestions for future research.

Revisiting relationships between personality and job performance: working hard and working smart

Abstract: Most research has focused on situational moderators to understand the relationship between personality and job performance under various situations. Instead, this study used the working hard and wo...

A Situational Perspective on Employee Communicative Behaviors in A Crisis: The Role of Relationship and Symmetrical Communication

Abstract: This study investigates the intertwined effects of the employee-organization relationship (EOR), internal communication, and employees’ situational perceptions on individuals’ communicative behavio...

Diagnostics of perception of life events: the situational version of the questionnaire “types of orientations in difficult situation”

Abstract: Aim. The purpose of the study is to analyze psychometric features of the situational version of the questionnaire “Types of Orientations in Difficult Situation”. Methodology. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the factor structure. The consistency of the scales was estimated using the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient; correlations of the scales were estimated by Pearson’s coefficient. Descriptive statistics, Shapiro-Wilks test of normality were used for analysis of the data distribution; differences between men and women were assessed by the t-test. Results. The questionnaire structural model was evaluated in studying different difficult situations of 687 adults. This model fits well with empirical data. The questionnaire has good psychometric properties. The obtained construct differentiates two poles of the coping dimension “approach–avoidance” by introducing orientations that describe the perception of the situation as a complex of cognitive, emotional, motivational components (goal level, forecasting, emotions, focus of efforts, etc.). Research implications. This questionnaire allows to identify significant characteristics of perception of different types of difficult life situations and can be used in studying the dynamic aspects of coping.

When Push Comes to Shove-The Moral Fiction of Reason-Based Situational Control and the Embodied Nature of Judgment.

Abstract: It is a common socio-moral practice to appeal to reasons as a guiding force for one's actions. However, it is an intriguing possibility that this practice is based on fiction: reasons cannot or do not motivate the majority of actions-especially moral ones. Rather, pre-reflective evaluative processes are likely responsible for moral actions. Such a view faces two major challenges: (i) pre-reflective judgments are commonly thought of as inflexible in nature, and thus they cannot be the cause of the varied judgments people rely on in everyday life, and (ii) if reflective reason-based judgments do not play a strong causative role in judgment, why do people rely on the articulation of reasons in their moral practices? And how is moral agency and moral theorizing possible without it? We argue that the pre-reflective judgments motivating moral actions are embodied in nature. The experience of the rightness of an action that drives a person to act depends on the sensorimotor interactions that have cultivated an agent's perspective on the world. These interactions are embedded in relational contexts, relative to which judgments are individuated. Because of this relational embeddedness, they are more flexible than they are commonly thought to be, enabling us to explain the variety of human behavior by appealing to them. The Anglo-European practice of appealing to reason as if they were propositional belief-statements motivating actions can be accounted for as nothing more than an idiosyncratic way of constructing narratives to clarify and express the relational context of intentional actions.

Moving from Intentions to Actions in Youth Entrepreneurship: An Institutional Perspective

Abstract: Situational factors may facilitate or frustrate the translation of entrepreneurial intentions into subsequent actions. In this study, we use data from two waves of a large-scale cross-country study of student entrepreneurship, the Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Students' Survey (GUESSS), conducted in 2011 and 2013/2014 (n = 1434 students from 142 universities in nine countries), in order to investigate the impact of country-level institutions (financial market institutions and legal institutions) on the link between entrepreneurial intentions and subsequent start-up activities. We find that the quality of legal institutions has a significant positive impact on the translation of intentions into actions, whereas the quality of the national financial system does not influence the intentions-actions link. Theoretical and public policy implications are discussed.

The impact of situational factors on ethical choice: a survey of Islamic banking practitioners in UAE

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to use Ferrell and Gresham (1985) contingency model to examine the impact of situational factors on decision-making behaviour related to ethical issues of Islamic banking practitioners.,A total of 262 samples are collected from Islamic banking practitioners in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and data analysis is conducted using structural equation modelling (SEM) with a confirmatory approach.,The empirical findings indicate that decision-making behaviour related to ethical issues of Islamic banking practitioners is significantly influenced in the process of interacting with persons who are part of the organisation, and these influences are determined by the intra-organisational distance and legitimate authority between the individuals and the focal person. Further, it is also empirically verified that decision-making behaviour related to ethical issues of Islamic banking practitioners is significantly influenced by the presence and/or absence of the opportunity factors such as corporate policies, professional codes of ethics and rewards/punishment system that prevails in the organisation.,Coverage of respondents in this study limited to single country, and the scope is limited to the model that adopted in the study.,It is recommended that respective authorities should have proper control over situational factors (i.e. significant others and opportunity factors) in organisations by encouraging ethical actions so that individuals are learned and influenced by each other and reviewing and improving existing corporate policies, professional codes of ethics and rewards/punishment system that limit the barrier and provide recompenses to the individuals in the organisation.,While the literature has presented the connection between ethics and Islamic banking, they failed to address ethical decision-making in Islamic financial institutions (IFIs). Hence, the empirical findings provide insights towards understanding organisational decision-making behaviour that to enhance governance.

The nature and role of morality in situational action theory

Abstract: For situational action theory (SAT), morality is key to the definition of crime and the explanation for why and how acts of crime happen: acts of crime are acts of moral rule-breaking and personal ...

Critical review of positive behavior and resilience in islamic perspective during the COVID 19 pandemic

Abstract: The paper human needs can be categorised into two, namely physiological and psychological needs The human physiological need refers to bodily health, whereas the internal need refers to the mental or spiritual aspect required for creating feelings of calmness in a person When a need is not fulfilled, a crisis within a person emerges Erikson opined that a person usually faces a problem caused by psychological or physiological aspects The physical and psychological (internal) aspects of an individual should be simulated within a person until they are capable of facing a crisis One type of crisis that influences the balance of the physical and psychological (internal) aspects is the situational crisis A situational crisis occurs when a certain external element influences the psychological balance in an individual or the environment For example, those suffering from COVID 19 are experiencing a situational crisis in the form of disruptions to the sufferer's physical and psychological (internal) states © 2020 Innovare Academics Sciences Pvt Ltd All rights reserved

Confronting Abusive Language Online: A Survey from the Ethical and Human Rights Perspective

Abstract: The pervasiveness of abusive content on the internet can lead to severe psychological and physical harm. Significant effort in Natural Language Processing (NLP) research has been devoted to addressing this problem through abusive content detection and related sub-areas, such as the detection of hate speech, toxicity, cyberbullying, etc. Although current technologies achieve high classification performance in research studies, it has been observed that the real-life application of this technology can cause unintended harms, such as the silencing of under-represented groups. We review a large body of NLP research on automatic abuse detection with a new focus on ethical challenges, organized around eight established ethical principles: privacy, accountability, safety and security, transparency and explainability, fairness and non-discrimination, human control of technology, professional responsibility, and promotion of human values. In many cases, these principles relate not only to situational ethical codes, which may be context-dependent, but are in fact connected to universal human rights, such as the right to privacy, freedom from discrimination, and freedom of expression. We highlight the need to examine the broad social impacts of this technology, and to bring ethical and human rights considerations to every stage of the application life-cycle, from task formulation and dataset design, to model training and evaluation, to application deployment. Guided by these principles, we identify several opportunities for rights-respecting, socio-technical solutions to detect and confront online abuse, including `nudging', `quarantining', value sensitive design, counter-narratives, style transfer, and AI-driven public education applications.

Re-Conceptualising Authority Relations in Education: A Micro-Situational Approach.

Abstract: This article explores the conception of authority relations in the classroom that are implicit in some examples of related policy documentation in Scotland and England. We argue that the im...

The interaction of situational factors on individual factors and self-development

Abstract: Organizations are facing pressure to reduce costs of training and enhancing the role of self-development that is self-driven and contextual in nature as a means to supplement employee development. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of individual and situational factors on self-development as well as the moderating role of situational factors. Individual factors are referred to personal characteristics, i.e. learning goal orientation and proactive personality, while situational factors are environmental conditions, including job autonomy and empowering environment.,Data were gathered from 280 middle managers of the banking sector. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was conducted to validate the model.,The study findings revealed a significant direct relationship of individual (learning goal orientation and proactive personality) and situational (empowering environment and job autonomy) factors with self-development. The study also found only a significant moderating effect of empowering environment in relation to learning goal orientation and self-development, correspondingly job autonomy moderates the relationship of proactive personality and self-development.,The study concludes with offering some implication for organization to focus on self-development activities by providing an empowering environment and job autonomy to its employees, which will result to minimize the overall cost of training. Organizations should also identify the individual factors that lead to self-development like proactive personality and learning goal orientation.,This study gives new insight on the predictors of self-development and their interaction. This study may be a pioneer to empirically validate a theoretical model about the interaction of situational factors between individual factors and self-development. Furthermore, it contributes and advances our knowledge by demonstrating how individual and situational factors are influencing middle mangers’ self-development in workplace.

Situational and Individual Risk Factors for Cybercrime Victimization in a Cross-national Context.

Abstract: Routine Activity Theory (RAT) and the general theory of crime have been widely employed to understand cybercrime victimization. However, there is a need to integrate these theoretical frameworks to...