Showing papers on "Skills management published in 1984"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the scope of (work-related) cultural differences as they were revealed by research in more than 50 countries around the world and discuss how these differences affect the validity of management techniques and philosophies in various countries within the functioning and meaning of planning.
Abstract: The nature of management skills is such that they are culturally specific: a management technique or philosophy that is appropriate in one national culture is not necessarily appropriate in another. The paper describes the scope of (work-related) cultural differences as they were revealed by research in more than 50 countries around the world and discusses how these differences affect the validity of management techniques and philosophies in various countries within the functioning and meaning of planning.
1,357 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, a study of self-employed women in the US found that the "typical" female entrepreneur is married with children, herself the first-born child of middle class parents, and her business is most likely to be service-oriented.
Abstract: Studies female entrepreneurs in order to identify obstacles that women face in business and to explore means of improvement Though the number of self-employed women has been increasing dramatically - from 17 million in 1977 to 23 million in 1982 - the vast majority of studies of entrepreneurs are still narrowly focused on non-minority men In an effort to expand the research on entrepreneurial women, this study questions 468 self-employed women in 18 states, assessing demographics, the nature of their business ventures, and the problems they encounter According to this research, the "typical" female entrepreneur is married with children, herself the first-born child of middle class parents Her business is most likely to be service-oriented, and she tends to start it around the age of 40 Obstacles include problems with finance and credit, as well as lack of business and financial planning training Consequently, most of the businesses are small with low growth rates and revenues According to the business owners themselves, in order to further develop women's role in business, stereotypes need to be eliminated concerning women as entrepreneurs, and more visible role models and mentors for younger women are needed The analysis concludes with specific recommendations for improvement: (1) Women should be encouraged to study in fields other than liberal arts (2) Women should have access to seminars on finance, management, marketing, etc (3) Women should seek assistance from experts, colleagues, and friends to establish formal and informal networks (CJC)
484 citations
TL;DR: Empirical characteristics of high-performance skill acquisition are reviewed, including long acquisition periods, heterogeneity of component learning, development of inappropriate strategies, and training of timesharing skills.
Abstract: A high-performance skill is defined as one for which (1) more than 100 hours of training are required, (2) substantial numbers of individuals fail to develop proficiency, and (3) the performance of...
296 citations
Journal Article•
264 citations
TL;DR: Preliminary indications suggest that the main goals and training objectives were being accomplished and that clients were progressing in their conversational skills, their selection of relevant topics, and their perceptions of themselves.
Abstract: An ongoing social skills training program was implemented with 15 verbal autistic adolescents and adults. The major long-range goals were for the participants to have positive peer-related social experiences in a supportive atmosphere and to learn useful skills in this way. Short-term training objectives included how to meet other people, stay on a topic of conversation, ask questions, pay attention, and express one's feelings and emotions. Teaching techniques included modeling, coaching, and role-playing. Preliminary indications suggest that the main goals and training objectives were being accomplished and that clients were progressing in their conversational skills, their selection of relevant topics, and their perceptions of themselves. The implications of this program for the understanding and treatment of autistic adolescents and adults is described, as well as the viability of a social skills training model. The need for more research on this most important issue is highlighted.
168 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors divide skills into five skill groups: classroom survival skills, friendship-making skills, dealing with feelings, alternatives to aggression, and dealing with stress, and provide strategies for teaching 60 specific prosocial skills such as asking for help, saying thank you, accepting consequences, using self-control, making a complaint, and handling group pressure.
Abstract: This newly revised book is divided into five skill groups: classroom survival skills, friendship-making skills, dealing with feelings, alternatives to aggression, and dealing with stress.Within these skill groups the authors provide strategies for teaching 60 specific prosocial skills, such as asking for help, saying thank you, accepting consequences, using self-control, making a complaint, and dealing with group pressure.Appendices contain program evaluation forms and a 42-page annotated bibliography of Skillstreaming research.
139 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a generative process model of motivational skills training is proposed, in which the central role of perceived self-efficacy and personal control are explicated and support for this model from current theories of learning and motivation is presented.
Abstract: Continuing intrinsic motivation to learn is the result of actively generating and implementing a variety of metacognitive, cognitive, and affective processes and skills. An understanding of these processes, skills, and their interrelationships forms a basis for the design of an effective motivational skills training program. This article advances a generative process model of continuing motivation in which the central role of perceived self‐efficacy and personal control are explicated. Support for this model from current theories of learning and motivation is presented, along with implications for specific skills training interventions. It is argued that the functional purpose of motivational skills training is to promote perceptions of self‐efficacy and personal control that underlie the ability to take positive self‐control and change negative attitudes and orientations toward learning. For students with motivational deficiencies, this training is a necessary precursor to their active engagement in the ...
127 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that making choices is an essential part of functioning independently as an adult in society Activities specifically directed toward helping students learn to make choices, however, are typically negle
Abstract: Making choices is an essential part of functioning independently as an adult in society Activities specifically directed toward helping students learn to make choices, however, are typically negle
126 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1984
97 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated whether previous failures to obtain transfer from speaking and listening tasks to criticism tasks were because of criticism requiring a more abstract level of skill, and if so, the nature of that skill.
Abstract: SONNENSCHEIN, SUSAN, and WHITEHURST, GROVER J. Developing Referential Communication: A Hierarchy of Skills. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1984, 55, 1936-1945. This study is 1 in a series in which we have attempted to determine the nature and psychological organization of the components of referential communication. Our premise has been that preschoolers lack knowledge of certain procedural rules of communication; they often are unaware that a message should differentiate referents from nonreferents and that certain rules are applicable for both speaking and listening. Training on these rules has led to improved speaking and listening performance. In this study, we investigate whether previous failures to obtain transfer from speaking and listening tasks to criticism tasks were because of criticism requiring a more abstract level of skill, and if so, the nature of that skill. 5-year-olds received difference-rule training on either speaking, listening, or criticism tasks (this type of training had previously been effective in improving speaking or listening skills). Data indicated that the skills required for a child to assign blame for others' communicative failures are superordinate to the child's speaking, listening, and self-evaluation skills, and the skills involved in evaluating others' communicative performance can transfer to the child's own speaking and listening. Discussion focuses on the theoretical and practical applications of the findings vis-A-vis referential communication as well as the adaptability of such a methodology for probing the organization of any group of related tasks and skills.
TL;DR: A review of the book "Developing Managerial Skills in Engineers and Scientists: Succeeding As a Technical Manager" by M. K. Badawy can be found in this article.
Abstract: The article presents a review of the book “Developing Managerial Skills in Engineers and Scientists: Succeeding As a Technical Manager,” by M. K. Badawy.
TL;DR: In this article, the transfer of management knowhow to developing countries through managers who undertake a graduate program in business at an advanced country is examined, based upon a study of 67 Turkish managers, all of whom received a master's degree in business in the United States.
TL;DR: This article investigated the relationship between study skills, self-concept, and academic achievement and whether the self-report measures contributed to the prediction of grade-point average for students in the US.
Abstract: This study investigated the relationships between study skills, self-concept, and academic achievement and whether the self-report measures contributed to the prediction of grade-point average for ...
Book•
05 Jul 1984
TL;DR: The purpose of the book is to examine issues involved in the translation of plans into actions and concepts into practice and to help managers understand the nature of the problems they face and to suggest ideas that may prove helpful in resolving them.
Abstract: This book is a guide for district health teams facing the challenge of establishing a viable primary health care program in developing countries. The purpose of the book is to examine issues involved in the translation of plans into actions and concepts into practice. While the book addresses specific problems its larger goal is to help managers understand the nature of the problems they face and to suggest ideas that may prove helpful in resolving them. Chapter 1 looks at the need for management in district health care. Topics in this chapter range from why a new approach is needed to the management requirements of a new approach and the role of doctors as managers and leaders. Chapter 2 is concerned with discovering the health needs in the district. In addition to epidemiological issues this chapter considers what is wrong with existing health services and how to identify local resources. Chapter 3 discusses the entire process of making a health plan for the district from the definition of "plan" to the writing of project proposals. Chapter 4 contains information on building a health organization in the district and looks at the organization as an internal system as a skill pyramid as a network of individuals and as a system for accomplishing goals. Chapter 5 covers the practical management issues involved with translating plans into action including participation standards safety management skills teamwork motivation communication change conflict management supervision personnel training counseling financial activities infrastructure supplies and transportation. Chapter 6 discusses monitoring and evaluation and chapter 7 considers future prospects and challenges.
13 Mar 1984
TL;DR: In this paper, a model is proposed which helps students improve their competencies in critical management skills, and issues surrounding classroom application of the model are discussed, as well as the model's effectiveness.
Abstract: A model is proposed which helps students Improve their competencies In critical management skills. Issues surrounding classroom application of the model are discussed.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The Thinking/Writing model as discussed by the authors integrates principles of learning theory, composing process research, and practical writing strategies to motivate teachers to use writing as a tool for promoting cognitive growth, and is developed to motivate them to use it as a teaching tool.
Abstract: Author(s): Olson, CB | Editor(s): Brandt, RS | Abstract: The Thinking/Writing model integrates principles of learning theory, composing process research, and practical writing strategies. It is developed to motivate teachers to use writing as a tool for promoting cognitive growth. (MD)
TL;DR: An Independent Living Skills Training Program that uses a psychoeducational model is described and, to date, 17 multiply handicapped adults, whose average length of institutionalization was 11.9 years, have participated in the program.
Abstract: The growing rehabilitation and consumer movement toward independent community living for disabled adults has placed new demands on the health care delivery system. Programs must be developed for the disabled adult that provide direct training in adaptive community skills, such as banking, budgeting, consumer advocacy, personal health care, and attendant management. An Independent Living Skills Training Program that uses a psychoeducational model is described. To date, 17 multiply handicapped adults, whose average length of institutionalization was 11.9 years, have participated in the program. Of these 17, 58.8% returned to community living and 23.5% are waiting for openings in accessible housing units.
TL;DR: The authors found that 5-year-olds do not know the importance of differentiating referents from non-referents and are unaware that the speaking and listening roles are complementary.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors summarized the recent report (Tabberer and Allman, 1982) of the "Teaching of Study Skills" Project which was sponsored by the NFER between 1979 and 1982.
Abstract: Summary This article summarizes the recent report (Tabberer and Allman, 1982) of the ‘Teaching of Study Skills’ Project which was sponsored by the NFER between 1979 and 1982. The project investigated study skills initiatives being introduced for students aged 16 to 19 in schools and colleges. The research revealed a variety of approaches and highlighted in particular difficulties arising from the way provision was planned and begun. The importance of considering the role of subject teachers in study skills teaching is emphasized.
TL;DR: Results of the survey indicated that piano skills, knowledge of psychology, emotional maturity, and the ability to express needs and feelings were considered most important for the prospective intern to possess.
Abstract: The music therapy curriculum consists of two distinct parts: the academic phase and the internship. The music therapy student must apply for a clinical internship during the last year of the academic phase, and the student is expected to evolve from student to professional music therapist during the internship phase. The present study sought to determine the skills, knowledge, and qualities clinical training directors considered most important for a prospective intern to possess. The sample population of the survey consisted of 25 clinical training directors from the Great Lakes Region. Results of the survey indicated that piano skills, knowledge of psychology, emotional maturity, and the ability to express needs and feelings were considered most important for the prospective intern to possess.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Most of the investigations labeled as "metacognitive research" have virtually ignored planning or the regulation of cognition as mentioned in this paper, which involves the learners in predicting and defining tasks, scheduling appropriate strategies for those tasks, and checking those strategies and outcomes in terms of effectiveness and outcomes.
Abstract: Most investigations have examined an isolated task, which according to Bransford's model (1979) neglects other factors of successful independent learning. Moreover, most of the investigations labeled as "metacognitive research" have virtually ignored planning or the regulation of cognition. When properly carried out, planning involves the learners in predicting and defining tasks, scheduling appropriate strategies for those tasks, and checking those strategies and outcomes in terms of effectiveness and
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a statistical reanalysis of the student ratings of instruction, including individual versus class effects, using the MANOVA test statistic, which is based on the results of a survey conducted by the Counseling Psychology Department at Iowa State University.
Abstract: and consideration is a rarity today. Also, a special thanks to student ratings of instruction: Individual versus class effects. Robert Strahan, whose statistical expertise was untiringly Journal of Educational Psychology, 1979, 71 293-302. offered. The statistical reanalysis would have been much more difficult to accomplish without Robert's guidance. Notes 2. Strahan, R. F. On choosing a MANOVA test statistic. Journal 1. I wish to thank an anonymous reviewer whose criticism of the of Counseling Psychology, 1983, Under review. initial data analysis (step-wise regression) was very construc3. Address requests for reprints to Gary D. Phye, Department of tive and offered in an unassuming mannet,. Such diligence Psychology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 5001 1.