Sleep (system call)

About: Sleep (system call) is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 2633 publications have been published within this topic receiving 27806 citations. The topic is also known as: Sleep() & sleep().

Method of sleep time measurement

Abstract: A method to aid the treatment of sleeping disorders that are aggravated by an insomniac's underestimation of total sleep time and sleep efficiency, and overestimation of time necessary to fall asleep. The method includes an observation of the beginning of rest time and self-actuated measurement of the time necessary to fall asleep. The insomniac is made aware of the elapsed wake time and total sleep time upon wakening by further observing the time of awaking and the elapsed wake time as recorded on a wrist watch or other device. The apparatus can include a wrist mounted timer with a hand mounted actuator that stops timing when the insomniac falls asleep and disengages contact with the actuator.

A Validation of Six Wearable Devices for Estimating Sleep, Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Adults

Abstract: The primary aim of this study was to examine the validity of six commonly used wearable devices, i.e., Apple Watch S6, Garmin Forerunner 245 Music, Polar Vantage V, Oura Ring Generation 2, WHOOP 3.0 and Somfit, for assessing sleep. The secondary aim was to examine the validity of the six devices for assessing heart rate and heart rate variability during, or just prior to, night-time sleep. Fifty-three adults (26 F, 27 M, aged 25.4 ± 5.9 years) spent a single night in a sleep laboratory with 9 h in bed (23:00–08:00 h). Participants were fitted with all six wearable devices—and with polysomnography and electrocardiography for gold-standard assessment of sleep and heart rate, respectively. Compared with polysomnography, agreement (and Cohen’s kappa) for two-state categorisation of sleep periods (as sleep or wake) was 88% (κ = 0.30) for Apple Watch; 89% (κ = 0.35) for Garmin; 87% (κ = 0.44) for Polar; 89% (κ = 0.51) for Oura; 86% (κ = 0.44) for WHOOP and 87% (κ = 0.48) for Somfit. Compared with polysomnography, agreement (and Cohen’s kappa) for multi-state categorisation of sleep periods (as a specific sleep stage or wake) was 53% (κ = 0.20) for Apple Watch; 50% (κ = 0.25) for Garmin; 51% (κ = 0.28) for Polar; 61% (κ = 0.43) for Oura; 60% (κ = 0.44) for WHOOP and 65% (κ = 0.52) for Somfit. Analyses regarding the two-state categorisation of sleep indicate that all six devices are valid for the field-based assessment of the timing and duration of sleep. However, analyses regarding the multi-state categorisation of sleep indicate that all six devices require improvement for the assessment of specific sleep stages. As the use of wearable devices that are valid for the assessment of sleep increases in the general community, so too does the potential to answer research questions that were previously impractical or impossible to address—in some way, we could consider that the whole world is becoming a sleep laboratory.

Mechanism underlying the Sleep-Dream Cycle

Abstract: THE cyclic nature of sleep in mammals, including the regular recurrence of a state characterized by a low voltage desynchronized electroencephalogram, rapid eye movements, and heightened autonomic activity, is now firmly established1,2. This state, associated in humans with dreaming, has been called “dreaming state”, “rapid eye-movement sleep” or “paradoxical sleep”, and we refer to it as the “D-state”3.

Method of operating battery powered computing device with radio transmitter

Abstract: A portable computing device (e.g. a notebook type computer) also includes communications features including a pager receiver and a radio frequency modem which are supported by allowing the device, under application program control, to resume operation from a suspend (sleep) state upon receipt of a paging message. Additionally, depending upon the contents of the paging message, various application programs can be automatically launched in the main processor. Under application program control, the device can operate in a background state with for instance the main screen, its backlight and the keyboard powered down, but with the main processor running at full speed for unattended operation. Under application program control in normal or background mode, the device can request that the unit suspend operation without user intervention, for battery power savings during unattended operations. Under application program control, the device can set the state of a status message indicating a message pending or a urgent message waiting. Thus reception of messages during unattended and/or background state operation is communicated to the user without resuming full operation. Additionally, in response to a drop in output voltage from the battery which is the system power supply, transmission power of the RF modem is reduced, thereby allowing RF modem transmissions over the entire battery discharge curve.

Rising temperatures erode human sleep globally

Abstract: •Warmer temperatures reduce sleep globally, amplifying the risk of insufficient sleep •The elderly, women, and residents of lower-income countries are impacted most •Those living in warmer climates lose more sleep per degree of temperature rise •Climate change is projected to unequally erode sleep, widening global inequalities Ambient temperatures are rising worldwide, with the greatest increases recorded at night. Concurrently, the prevalence of insufficient sleep is rising in many populations. Yet it remains unclear whether warmer-than-average temperatures causally impact objective measures of sleep globally. Here, we link billions of repeated sleep measurements from sleep-tracking wristbands comprising over 7 million sleep records (n = 47,628) across 68 countries to local daily meteorological data. Controlling for individual, seasonal, and time-varying confounds, increased temperature shortens sleep primarily through delayed onset, increasing the probability of insufficient sleep. The temperature effect on sleep loss is substantially larger for residents from lower-income countries and older adults, and females are affected more than males. Those in hotter regions experience comparably more sleep loss per degree of warming, suggesting limited adaptation. By 2099, suboptimal temperatures may erode 50–58 h of sleep per person-year, with climate change producing geographic inequalities that scale with future emissions. Ambient temperatures are rising worldwide, with the greatest increases recorded at night. Concurrently, the prevalence of insufficient sleep is rising in many populations. Yet it remains unclear whether warmer-than-average temperatures causally impact objective measures of sleep globally. Here, we link billions of repeated sleep measurements from sleep-tracking wristbands comprising over 7 million sleep records (n = 47,628) across 68 countries to local daily meteorological data. Controlling for individual, seasonal, and time-varying confounds, increased temperature shortens sleep primarily through delayed onset, increasing the probability of insufficient sleep. The temperature effect on sleep loss is substantially larger for residents from lower-income countries and older adults, and females are affected more than males. Those in hotter regions experience comparably more sleep loss per degree of warming, suggesting limited adaptation. By 2099, suboptimal temperatures may erode 50–58 h of sleep per person-year, with climate change producing geographic inequalities that scale with future emissions.