Showing papers on "Slow-wave sleep published in 1969"

Human Growth Hormone Release: Relation to Slow-Wave Sleep and Sleep-Waking Cycles

Abstract: Release of human growth hormone during sleep is significantly related to slow, synchronized stages of sleep and therefore would seem to be controlled by related neural mechanisms. When sleep-waking cycles are reversed by 12 hours, the release of growth hormone with sleep is reversed; thus release does not follow an inherent circadian rhythm independent of sleep.

Morphine effects on human REM state, waking state and NREM sleep.

Abstract: After 4 adaptation nights, IM doses of morphine sulfate (7.5, 15, 30 mg/70 kg) and placebo were studied in 8 male postaddicts, using a cross-over design with randomized block analysis to demonstrate significant drug effect. Morphine decreased the number and duration of REM periods, delayed the onset of the first REM period, and possibly increased the time between REM period onsets. Thus, morphine significantly decreased REM state (REMS), but did not alter the pattern of maximum REMS in late night. Morphine significantly increased waking state (WS) but did not alter the pattern of maximum WS in early night. Morphine significantly increased tension, and shifted maximum tension from early night to middle night. Morphine altered EEG sleep patterns; although NREM definitions were thus less certain, morphine appeared to increase NREM light sleep (stages 1 and 2) and decrease NREM deep sleep (stages 3 and 4). After an initial decrease in REMS by 30 mg/70 kg of morphine, an increase in REMS was noted in the third night of the 2 pilot study subjects. The arousal response to morphine seen in post-addicts needs further study in other populations and during the course of chronic morphine use.

Stage 4 sleep in schizophrenia.

Abstract: THE stage 4 EEG (employing the Dement and Kleitman 1 nomenclature) of sleep, as measured in our laboratory, consists of high-voltage (over 50V) slow (under 4 cycles per second) activity occurring with a stipulated density (over 16 waves per 20second epoch, or over 50% of the epoch occupied by such slow waves). Stage 3 EEG represents a lesser density (10 to 16 waves per 20-second epoch) of this slow-wave activity. Stage 3 and 4 EEG constitute, along with spindles and K-complexes, the distinguishing features of nonrapid eye-movement (NREM) or slow-wave sleep. Both stage 3 and 4 EEG are maximal during the first few hours of sleep 1 and their distributions across the night may usefully be described as a function of the successive sleep cycles. 2 Stage 4 EEG reaches its highest level in early childhood 3 and then shows a hyper

Natural and melatonin-induced sleep in young chickens--a behavioral and electrographic study.

Abstract: 1. Natural sleep and waking states of young chickens were studied by polygraphic recording (EEG, EOG, EMG and ECG) together with behavioral observation. Effects of melatonin were observed. 2. The sleep-wake periods of the chickens were analysed for three states: awake, slow wave sleep (SS) and paradoxical sleep (PS). Polygraphic characteristics of these 3 states were analogous to, though in several aspects different from, those in mammalians. 3. The sleep states alternated irregularly at short intervals. SS usually did not last longer than 6 min without being interrupted by an episode of arousal or PS. PS appeared at irregular intervals usually lasting only 6–8 sec. Total duration of PS was 7.3±1.8% of total sleep time. 4. Melatonin (0.01–0.06 mg/g) had a powerful sedative and hypnotic effect which appeared within 1–2 min after i. perit. injection and lasted for 30–60 min. Melatonin-induced sleep was characterized by slow EEG activity of high voltage similar to that in normal SS but with a higher incidence of 2–3 c/sec waves. 5. Melatonin besides activating SS, delayed the appearence of the first PS episode and decreased total PS time. 6. In melatonin sleep as in natural sleep the chickens were easily aroused by sensory stimuli both in behavior and electrographic pattern. 7. Possible mechanisms related to sleep-inducing effects of melatonin are discussed.

Tonic and Phasic Events during Sleep: Psychological Correlates and Implications:

Abstract: The most widely accepted model of sleep in recent years has been one which draws qualitative distinctions between stage REM and NREM sleep. This conceptualization is now challenged by a tonic-phasi...

Encephalic Cycles during Sleep and Wakefulness in Humans: A 24-Hour Pattern

Abstract: Twenty-four-hour polygraphic tracings from normal humans indicate that a pattern of alternating periods of the presence and absence of rapid eye movement, shown to exist for normal sleep, exist over all 24 hours of the daily period. This finding suggests that the so-called sleep-dream cycle of human sleep is not specific to sleep, but is a general activity pattern of the brain.

All-night sleep studies of acute schizophrenics.

Abstract: THE relationship between sleep and schizophrenia, and particularly the dream state and schizophrenia, has long held the neuropsychiatrist's attention and interest. Kraepelin, 1 Jackson, 2 and Jung 3 hypothesized around the turn of the century, that a similarity did indeed exist between the dream state and dementia praecox. Objective methods for studying sleep and dreaming, however, were lacking, and research in the borderland of sleep-schizophrenia remained in the realm of speculation. With the discovery by Aserinsky, Kleitman, and Dement 4-6 in the early 1950's that through all-night electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings, sleep could be qualitatively separated into two distinct interdigitating phases—rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and slow wave sleep, the former being associated with a high percentage of dream recall—the sleepschizophrenia paradigm became subject for the first time to experimental scrutiny. Most sleep studies with schizophrenics since then have focused on the REM state, comparing schizophrenics with their normal counterparts. The

Sleep and wakefulness in a group of shift workers

Abstract: Tune, G. S. (1969).Brit. J. industr. Med.,26, 54-58. Sleep and wakefulness in a group of shift workers. Fifty-two shift workers recorded their hours of sleep and wakefulness for a period of 10 weeks. Compared with matched non-shift-working control subjects it was found that they took a higher average duration of sleep per 24 hours and more and longer naps outside the major sleep period. A comparison of the on and off duty records from the shift workers showed that a sleep debt was incurred during the former which was largely paid off by taking long naps in the latter. It is suggested that the longer sleep taken by shift workers may be necessary in order to pay off specific kinds of sleep debt.

Evoked response audiometry in newborn infants.

Abstract: The auditory evoked responses of normal infants during natural sleep were recorded using an averaging computer. The evoked responses had two prominent components (P2 and N2), which in deep sleep were of larger amplitude and of longer peak latency than in light sleep. The infants showed lower thresholds to lower frequency stimuli. The thresholds of infants less than two days old were higher than those of older infants. The peak latency of component N, was longer in younger infants especially in deep sleep. There was a significant air-bone gap in the thresholds of infants under two days old; this indicates a conductive hearing impairment in the early days after birth. Infant maturity cannot be determined precisely through study of the evoked resonpses because of their great variability.

An Electroencephalographic Study of Nocturnal Sleep in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Abstract: Summary 1) A whole night EEG study was carried out on twenty temporal lobe epileptics and fourteen normal subjects. ECG, respiratory curve, GSR and horizontal eye movements were also simultaneously recorded polygraphically. Primary attention was devoted to the changes of temporal spikes in different stages of nocturnal sleep and also to the characteristics of sleep course of the patients. 2) The electrographic depth of sleep was divided into the following five stages; A (wakefulness), B (drowsiness and light sleep), C (moderately deep sleep), D (deep sleep) and P (paradoxical phase of sleep or REM sleep). The sleep diagrams were drawn on all the patients and the rate of incidence of spike discharges throughout a whole night was demonstrated in each stage of sleep on seven patients. 3) As to the pattern of sleep cycles during a whole night, the majority of twenty patients with temporal lobe epilepsy showed some disorganizations of the pattern of sleep cycles to more or less degree. Although there were great individual differences, the most characteristic features observed on the sleep course of the patients were prolongation and frequent appearance of C stage, shortening or poor appearance of D stage and irregular appearance of P stage. These changes were observed more remarkably in younger patients. The disorganizations of sleep cycles observed on temporal lobe epileptics seemed partly due to the dysfunctions or lesions of limbic system of the brain. Spindle-formed rhythmical waves with frequencies ranging from 8 to 12 c/s were found during C stage of the patients. The lower voltage of delta waves during the deepest stage of sleep and the poor appearance of humps during light stage of sleep were also observed. 4) The most frequent incidence of temporal spikes was observed during C stage on most of the patients. Only a few patients showed the most frequent incidence of spikes during B stage. No clear correlation was found between the types of the incidence of spike discharges and etiological or clinical factors. During P stage, spike discharges were generally suppressed as well as during A stage in most of the patients. On the patients with bilateral multifoci, the mode of incidence of spikes during sleep almost the same in both hemispheres. 5) Nine clinical seizures were observed on seven patients during nocturnal recordings. Two seizures occurred during C stage, three during D stage, three during P stage and one during B stage. On a female patient, three seizures were provoked during B stage and P stage in one night. So the predilected depth of sleep for nocturnal seizures was never found in this study. After clinical seizures, the depth of sleep did not alter, the patients did not generally awake and could not remember their nocturnal fits next morning. Ictal EEG patterns were rhythmic slow waves started at the region of the EEG spike focus with a exception of a case which showed irregular spike and wave complex. 6) The neuronal mechanisms underlying the modifications of incidence of spike discharges during sleep were discussed in terms of interrelation between the activity level of the brain and the mechanism producing seizure discharges.

Effects of Selected Phenothiazines on REM Sleep in Schizophrenics

Abstract: SINCE THE discovery of rapid eye movements (REMs) associated with a desynchronized electroencephalogram (EEG) during behavioral sleep 1 and the correlation of this sleep stage with dreaming, 2 considerable investigation of REM sleep has been instituted to assess its significance in normal man and in various psychiatric illnesses. The similarity between mentation during dreaming in normal people and thought patterns in schizophrenia has led to many investigations of REM sleep in this disease. These studies have not consistently demonstrated marked differences in REM sleep between schizophrenics and normal subjects. 3 Similarly, REM sleep does not appear to be markedly altered in mental illness characterized primarily by depression. 3 Several recent studies have suggested, however, that Stage 4 or delta sleep may be decreased in schizophrenia 4 and depressive psychosis. 5,6 Various drugs used in the treatment of mental illness have been

Waking fantasies following interrupted and completed REM periods.

Abstract: THE RECENT development of dream research shows a marked, though historically not uncommon, shift in emphasis from description and measurement to theorizing. Thus, the "rebound effect" found to result from REM sleep deprivation has been interpreted as evidence that REM sleep serves to clear the central nervous system of certain metabolic substances.1The observation that neonates spend 50% or more of their total sleep time in stage 1 REM has led to the speculation that the endogenous stimulation provided by REM sleep is vital tp the maturation and differentiation of the central nervous system.2The finding that the opossum, the most primitive mammal in existence, has sleep cycle characteristics not unlike man's has been considered to suggest a "sentinel" or "vigilance" function, preparing the sleeping organism for fight or flight.3 Each of these propositions, however, provides a rationale for

Relation of Sleep Onset to Rapid Eye Movement Sleep

Abstract: ALTHOUGH most investigators conceptualize rapid eye movement (REM) sleep as one of two distinct kinds of sleep, 1,2 a body of opinion persists which holds that the REM sleep cycle may be part of a more general rhythm continuing during both waking and sleeping. 3-10 Kleitman has discussed a "basic rest-activity cycle," reflected in the two alternating kinds of sleep, which may also be operative during waking. 3,4 Globus has reported data on daytime naps which suggests that REM sleep tends to occur at the same clock times each day 5,6 and Globus and Gardner have conceptualized REM "sleep" as a time-locked ultradian rhythm superimposed as a ripple on the slower moving circadian rhythm of waking and sleeping. 7 Similarly, Friedman and Fisher have suggested that "the concept of a sleep dream cycle be amended to that of a 24 hour continuous cycle of drive accumula

Alpha chloralose and nocturnal physiological patterns.

Abstract: Sleep physiological patterns were examined following a single oral dose (500 mg) of the hypnotic drug alpha chloralose. The drug increased SW sleep and decreased REM sleep without affecting total sleep time or the amount of stage 2. These changes were accompanied by a shift to slower frequencies and greater EEG synchrony, as well as a decrease in the number of spontaneous arousals in all stages of sleep, and throughout the night of medication. Except for a slight decrease in eye movement density, the drug had no systematic effects on phasic phenomena such as electrodermal or cardio-respiratory fluctuations, nor was there a systematic change in basal heart and breathing rates.

Hypnosis and Pre-sleep Patterns

Abstract: I should like to consider one particular neurophysiological aspect of hypnosis—that of electroencephalography. The basic question is to ascertain whether there exists some relation between hypnosis and sleep, or pre-sleep patterns. The great majority of investigations on sleep have so far been focussed essentially on the study of two phases of sleep: that associated with slow EEG activity, on one hand; and that with fast EEG activity, or stage 1-REM sleep, on the other. Very few investigators, however, have directed their attention to the EEG patterns in drowsiness, and it is this particular aspect that I propose to discuss here. Almost all authors are agreed that, amongst the phases of sleep, it is possible to distinguish: stage 1 (known in America as “1—non-REM”), which is a stage of light sleep; the stages of slow wave sleep, which would include stages 2, 3 and 4; and finally, the stage of dreaming sleep, which is called “1-REM” in the USA, and “PMO” (phase of ocular motion) in France. These, then, are the constituent parts of sleep: drowsiness, slow wave sleep, and dreaming sleep.