Showing papers on "Slow-wave sleep published in 1973"
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TL;DR: Alpha-delta sleep is an EEG defined sleep stage which consists of 5–20% delta waves mixed with large amplitude alpha waves mixed at low Hz, and appears to replace delta sleep in some patients with chronic, somatic malaise and fatigue.
191 citations
TL;DR: These pontine units show homogeneous changes in discharge patterns with respect to sleep stages, firing slowly during drowsy periods and slow wave sleep and firing in rapid bursts during paradoxical sleep.
Abstract: Norepinephrine-containing neurons of the locus coeruleus of the cat were recorded with microelectrodes during unrestrained sleeping and waking. The recorded neurons were subsequently defined by combined fluorescence histochemistry of catecholamines and production of microlesions at recording sites. These pontine units show homogeneous changes in discharge patterns with respect to sleep stages, firing slowly during drowsy periods and slow wave sleep and firing in rapid bursts during paradoxical sleep. These data provide a direct correlation between the activity of defined catecholamine-containing neurons and the spontaneous occurrence of sleep stages.
158 citations
TL;DR: The hypothesis that 5-HT containing neurons, having their perikarya in the raphe nuclei, play an important role in the normal regulation of PGO REM, support the hypothesis that brain stem lesions upon ponto-geniculo-occipital PGO) wave activity.
135 citations
TL;DR: Changes in the mood and performance measures were unrelated to prior sleep length or any specific alterations in the electrophysiological patterns of sleep.
Abstract: The relative effects of extended sleep, sleep deprivation, and shifts of accustomed sleep time on subsequent performance and mood were studied. Ten regular 2400–0800 sleepers worked on E-paced addition and vigilance tasks, and completed an adjective check list to rate their mood following 2100-0800 extended, 2100-0500 advanced-shift, 2400-0800 habitual, 0300-0800 deprivation, and 0300-1100 delayed-shift conditions of sleep. Accuracy and speed of response on the vigilance task were significantly poorer, and negative affect was significantly greater after the conditions of shifted sleep and altered sleep duration than after the habitual sleep condition. Changes in the mood and performance measures were unrelated to prior sleep length or any specific alterations in the electrophysiological patterns of sleep.
115 citations
112 citations
TL;DR: It was concluded that the TG is triggered by an abrupt lightening of sleep and manifests itself during transition from sleep to wakefulness; that is, it appears as an arousal reaction.
88 citations
TL;DR: Dorsal hippocampal single cell activity was recorded from chronically implanted electrodes in unrestrained rats during naturally occurring episodes of quiet waking, sleep with slow waves and paradoxical sleep to imply the existence of a previously undescribed inhibitory pathway, probably via the fimbria, which is differentially active during paradoxicalSleep.
68 citations
TL;DR: Eye movements (EMs) occurred most often during wakefulness and “paradoxical” sleep and least frequent during slow wave sleep and Hippocampal theta activity appeared in a close association with EM and PGO spikes.
67 citations
TL;DR: It was concluded that REM density reflects the output of a sleep-waking negative feedback circuit.
Abstract: Ocular activity during the REM stage of sleep was studied for the purpose of determining what effect previous sleep and waking would have on the intensity of that activity. Eleven Ss slept to satiation during a 54-hr session and then, after a day of waking, slept for another night. REM density (i.e., number of eye mvts per min of REM period) rose progressively during the first night and morning, and then remained at a high level for the remainder of the 54 hrs; the mean REM density for Night 2 and also for Night 3 was about double the REM density of Night 1. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the amount of prior sleep was positively correlated with REM density whereas the amount of waking was negatively correlated. Peak REM density occurred after a mean of 9.88 hrs of sleep. Thereafter, periods of waking alternated with periods of sleep while the REM density oscillated at its peak level. It was concluded that REM density reflects the output of a sleep-waking negative feedback circuit.
60 citations
TL;DR: Visual evoked potentials were recorded in 6 normal 12–13-week-old infants and 4 young adults during wakefulness and sleep in 2 recording sessions approximately one week apart with attention to relationships with the wakefulness-sleep cycle and intra- and intersession consistency.
58 citations
TL;DR: The enriched rats had significantly more slow wave sleep time and REM sleep time, but their percentage REM sleep was not greater, and these results are interpreted with special reference to sleep as a time of synthesis of brain macromolecules.
TL;DR: The results indicate that both the quantity and cyclic period of REM sleep exhibit a circadian rhythm, whereas the propensity for stage 4 is primarily determined by prior length of time awake.
TL;DR: The normal sleep pattern suggests that the lack of growth hormone output seen in emotional deprivation and short stature is not related to disturbed sleep, and suggests a temporal correlation between catch-up growth and growth hormones output.
Abstract: Growth hormone response to arginine, insulin hypoglycemia and sleep was studied during separate hospitalizations in a child with emotional deprivation and short stature. During both study periods growth hormone response to arginine and hypoglycemia was low on admission to the hospital and high after 6 weeks. There was no growth hormone response to slow wave sleep in the first sleep cycle at the time of the second hospital admission but the response to sleep was normal after 6 weeks of hospitalization. These studies suggest a temporal correlation between catch-up growth and growth hormone output. The normal sleep pattern suggests that the lack of growth hormone output seen in emotional deprivation and short stature is not related to disturbed sleep.
TL;DR: During slow wave sleep and pentobarbital anesthesia, a high correlation was observed in the temporal patterns of firing of two neighboring cells recorded simultaneously, and the probability of correlated firing was high with increased concurrent appearance of long silent periods in the neuronal pair.
TL;DR: Day and night sleep differed with respect to both duration and pattern, and night duty seemed to affect the pattern of sleep stage distribution as well as the absolute amount of, not only total sleep, but also some sleep stages, such as Stage SS.
Abstract: The diurnal sleep patterns of female nurses working night duty were compared to their nocturnal sleep patterns while they were working regular hours during the day. Continuous EEG, EOG, and EMG recordings were made at the end of 2 month periods of night and day duty respectively. Day and night sleep differed with respect to both duration and pattern. Despite an earlier onset, the major sleep period was shorter during the day than the night and seemed to be more interrupted later in the session. This finding is in keeping with the increased amount of Stage 1 and decreased amount of slow wave sleep during the day than the night. Although no differences were evident with respect to overall percent REM, differences in the distribution of REM did occur. REM sleep occurred sooner during day than night sleep and there was more of it during the first part of day sleep. Thus night duty seemed to affect the pattern of sleep stage distribution as well as the absolute amount of, not only total sleep, but also some sleep stages, such as Stage SS. It is an open question how the naps of extended duration taken while on night duty influence the pattern of sleep during the day.
TL;DR: The results indicate that selective sleep stage deprivation by manual awakenings was impossible to achieve during the newborn period, and total sleep time was markedly increased.
Abstract: In two separate studies, newborn infants' responses to sleep stage deprivation were investigated. In the first study, neonates were selectively awakened from either REM or NREM sleep during 1 interfeeding sleep period and allowed to recover in an undistrubed second. In the 2nd study, infants were kept totally awake for 1 interfeeding period and allowed to sleep undisturbed during the next. The results indicate that selective sleep stage deprivation by manual awakenings was impossible to achieve during the newborn period. Rather, the infants were partially sleep deprived (both stages of sleep were reduced) with increased amounts of wakefulness. During the disturbance the interrupted sleep stage demonstrated considerable “tenacity.” During undisturbed recovery sleep, in both studies, total sleep time was markedly increased. NREM sleep demonstrated a greater tendency for preferential recovery than REM sleep.
TL;DR: Brain temperature was found to increase upon the appearance of distinct synchronization of the regular hippocampal rhythm and Cyclic increases in synchronization of slow waves and spindles divided by short-term desynchronization periods (slow sleep microcycles) were accompanied by small but distinct temperature elevations on the background of slow temperature fall or plateau.
TL;DR: The data appear to indicate that activation of the ventral pathway induces electrocortical arousal, while depletion of amines within this pathway may induce somnolence.
DOI•
01 Apr 1973TL;DR: The range of heart rate variability at rest and during sleep (sinus arrhythmia) reflects the manner in which autonomic activity is brought to bear in regulating the heart beat.
Abstract: Evidence that the excursion of rhythmic heart rate variability (sinus arrhythmia) may be manipulated by altering the subject’s state of concentration, prompted a study of effects associated with different stages of sleep. There were 9 healthy subjects, ages 16–69, and one 55-year-old subject (C.P.) with a myocardial infarction history. Awake and during sleep the excursion of heart rate variability was greatest among the younger subjects, decreasing progressively with age. C.P. displayed rhythmic heart rate variability only when asleep. In light sleep (Stages 1 and 2) all subjects, with the exception of the 69-year-old, whose rate remained almost fixed throughout the night, displayed rhythmic heart rate variability, roughly synchronous with respiration. Neither the elderly subjeot nor C.P. entered into deep sleep (Stages 3 and 4). Among the other subjects, deep sleep was marked by a precise correlation between the frequency of respiration and heart rate variability. In REM sleep, however, in all subjects, there was often a total dissociation between respiration and rhythmic heart rate variability. There were periods of no heart rate variability with continuing regular respiration and of rhythmic heart rate variability with spontaneous breath holding. In the presence of heart rate variability during REM, C.P. displayed frequent ectopic beats, but ectopic beats were nearly absent in REM periods characterized by a steady, unvarying heart rate. The range of heart rate variability at rest and during sleep (sinus arrhythmia) reflects the manner in which autonomic activity is brought to bear in regulating the heart beat. The study of the behavior of sinus arrhythmia may offer a way to anticipate the occurrence of dangerous cardiac dysarrhythmias and sudden death, especially during sleep.
TL;DR: It is suggested that cycloheximide interferes not only with the animals' capacity to enter the paradoxical sleep stage, but that it also may interfere with the mechanism required for the Paradoxical sleep rebound to be expressed.
TL;DR: In two owls the occurrence of paradoxical sleep was tested both behaviorally and electrographically and this phase of sleep was considered to be analogous to the paradoxicalSleep of mammals.
TL;DR: The influence of vestibular and auditory stimulation on the oculomotor output during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was studied in both normal and autistic children and induced changes are manifestations of a specific effect on the phasic activity of REM sleep.
Abstract: The influence of vestibular and auditory stimulation on the oculomotor output during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was studied in both normal and autistic children. One measure of the ocular activity from the entire night which measured the degree of REM clustering without reference to REM sleep time was significantly smaller for the autistic than for the normal children under the influence of vestibular stimulation. The duration and organization of the REM bursts significantly increased during the course of the night in the normal children in response to the vestibular stimulation and showed no response during the course of the night in the autistic children. The induced changes are manifestations of a specific effect on the phasic activity of REM sleep since no changes in the percent of REM sleep time or the nocturnal sleep cycle occurred.
TL;DR: The increased amount of slow-wave sleep during recovery sleep was not the primary reason for the reduced body motility and the number of body movements was back to baseline level.
Abstract: Following 4 baseline nights, 7 Ss were deprived of REM sleep for 3 nights and 7 were deprived of stage 4 sleep. Both groups were then deprived of total sleep for 1 night and then allowed 2 nights of uninterrupted recovery sleep. Compared to baseline nights, on the first recovery night the number of body movements was significantly reduced in all sleep stages and for total sleep. On the second recovery night, the number of movements was back to baseline level. The increased amount of slow-wave sleep (stages 3 and 4) during recovery sleep was not the primary reason for the reduced body motility.
TL;DR: The results showed that the perfusate extracted from the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) of a sleeping donor increased the durations and decreased the latencies of SWS in recipient cats, and diffusion was restricted to a very small area of the MRF.
TL;DR: The effect of intracisternal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA) was studied in rats with chronic electrodes for recording EEG and neck EMG activity and a modification of the diurnal rhythm in sleep was maintained throughout the recording period.
TL;DR: Analysis of PS was confounded by the short periods of activated EEGs and by the absence of nuchal atonia, which could have reflected shivering or transient arousal from slow wave sleep, rather than PS.
TL;DR: Influences of the “wake-sleep” states on spontaneous activity of thalamic ventro-basal neurons have been studied in the chronic cat using the following analyses for cell discharges: mean firing rate, interspike histogram and joint interval histogram.
Abstract: Influences of the “wake-sleep” states on spontaneous activity of thalamic ventro-basal neurons have been studied in the chronic cat using the following analyses for cell discharges: mean firing rate, interspike histogram and joint interval histogram (J.I.H.). While slow wave sleep is accompagnied by a characteristic firing pattern it is more difficult to compare spontaneous unit activity during wakefulness (W) and desynchronised sleep (D).
TL;DR: Slow vertex potentials, evoked by filtered clicks (1200 Hz), were recorded from 11 adults while awake, in light sleep or in deep sleep, and response patterns, later and higher in voltage than the waking response, were clear inDeep sleep.
Abstract: Slow vertex potentials, evoked by filtered clicks (1200 Hz), were recorded (Cz–M1) from 11 adults while awake, in light sleep or in deep sleep. Sleep was induced by small doses of secobarbital, about 2.5 mg/kg.The familiar waking response pattern, N90–P170, was judged present or absent according to 5 voltage criteria, and the percentage of correct identifications (hit rate) and the percentage of false-positive judgments were related also to the sensation levels of the stimuli. If a 17-percent false-positive rate for a single trial is considered clinically acceptable, the best voltage criterion is about 3.3 μV. This gives a hit rate of about 80% for 20 dB SL clicks.The depth of sleep was estimated by the amount of dealta activity in the EEG, recorded with a 2 to 4-Hz pass-band, a full-wave rectifier and an integrator. Sleep response patterns, later and higher in voltage than the waking response, were clear in deep sleep (stages 3 or 4). The most characteristic and stable component was P200–N330, as describ...
TL;DR: Age is a major determinant of REM amount up to the early teens, but has little effect thereafter; length of sleep has a major influence on REM amount; and there is a strong circadian effect on REM.
Abstract: This paper studies the effect of age, length of prior wakefulness, length of sleep, and a circadian influence on REM sleep. Age is a major determinant of REM amount up to the early teens, but has little effect thereafter. Length of prior wakefulness has little or no effect on REM amount. Length of sleep has a major influence on REM amount, with longer sleep times producing greater amounts of this type of sleep. There is a strong circadian effect on REM, with early night sleep periods producing little REM and early morning periods a relatively great amount of REM.