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Showing papers on "Slow-wave sleep published in 1974"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The combination of histochemical and electrophysiologic methods proved essential for correlating neurochemistry and function within the heterogeneous NE-containing nuclei of the cat pons.
Abstract: Single catecholamine-containing neurons in the dorso-lateral pontine tegmentum were recorded in unanesthetized, freely behaving cats. Microscopic lesions were made on each recorded unit and subsequently identified for catecholamines by fluorescence histochemical analysis. The majority of the NE-containing neurons exhibited low spontaneous discharge rates in quiet wakefulness and in slow wave sleep. In paradoxical sleep, the medially located NE-containing neurons tend to exhibit ursting discharges which are closely related to individual PGO waves. The laterally or dorsally situated NE units fire more slowly and tend to derease their firing activity during paradoxical sleep. Tonically active, relatively fast NE-containing units were also found. Often, those neurons showed greatly increased activity before the cat awoke from either slow wave sleep or paradoxical sleep, with activity persisting during the early moments of waking. The combination of histochemical and electrophysiologic methods proved essential for correlating neurochemistry and function within the heterogeneous NE-containing nuclei of the cat pons.

202 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings suggest that the NA neurons of the locus coeruleus projecting via the dorsal CA bundle to certain forebrain areas, e.g. the cerebral cortex, are important for maintenance of the electrocortical aspects of waking.

198 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is observed that a period of 90 min free sleep immediately consecutive to each conditioning session (15 trials) is sufficient for good retention to occur, and the duration of PS is augmented during the initial days of conditioning.

71 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Depriving the S of stage REM or stage 4 during recovery sleep does not affect the recuperation rate and the amount of sleep is probably more important than the kind of sleep.
Abstract: Twelve young (17–21 yrs) male Navy recruits volunteered for a sleep loss study. After 4 baseline days, the Ss were completely deprived of sleep for 2 days and nights. Next followed an experimental phase of 2 days and nights after which all Ss received 2 nights of uninterrupted sleep. During the experimental phase, the 4 Ss in the REM-deprived group were aroused whenever they showed signs of REM sleep. The 4 Ss of the stage 4-deprived group were aroused whenever they showed signs of entering stage 4 sleep, and the 4 Ss of the Control group had uninterrupted sleep. All tests (speed and accuracy of addition, speed and accuracy of self-paced vigilance, errors of omission in experimenter paced vigilance, immediate recall of word lists, and mood) showed significant impairment after the first night of complete sleep loss. But during the experimental (sleep-stage-deprivation) and recovery phases, all three groups showed equal rates of recovery. Depriving the S of stage REM or stage 4 during recovery sleep does not affect the recuperation rate. Frequent arousals (50–100 per night) also do not impair recovery. The amount of sleep is probably more important than the kind of sleep.

70 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Ss who had no stage deprivation prior to 1 night of sleep loss had more impairment following sleep loss than did the Ss of this study, and there were no marked changes in any area following 3 nights of stage REM and stage 4 deprivation.
Abstract: To determine whether prior deprivation of stage REM or stage 4 sleep would potentiate the effects of total sleep loss, 7 young adult males were denied REM sleep and 7 were denied stage 4 sleep for 3 nights before 1 night of total sleep loss. Measures of autonomic and EEG activity, mood, anxiety, Rorschach CET and on several performance tasks were obtained during baseline, following stage deprivation, total sleep loss, and during recovery. There were no marked changes in any area following 3 nights of stage REM and stage 4 deprivation. The changes following total sleep loss were similar for both groups. Prior deprivation of stage REM or stage 4 did not potentiate sleep loss effects. Ss who had no stage deprivation prior to 1 night of sleep loss had more impairment following sleep loss than did the Ss of this study.

55 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: These results support the information-processing model of REM sleep function and temporarily retarded bar-press acquisition, abolished observational learning of the bar- press habit, and prevented adaptation to a shift from a CRF to a DRL schedule.

54 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Consistency of the relationship between nights for the sleep stages was not generally improved by equating sleep time either within or between Ss.
Abstract: Variability of sleep measures during 4 nights was examined in 10 normal young adults. The variables analyzed included: Sleep Stage Percentages; Sleep Time; Latency, Duration, and Cycle Time of REM; No. of REM Periods; and No. of Eye Movements (EM). No indication of First Night Effect was found, except that EM showed significant increases across nights. Although group means corresponded to conventional norms, considerable inter- and intraindividual variability was apparent, with Stage 2 and REM yielding lowest Variability Coefficients. Between nights, consistent positive correlations were found for Awake, REM, REM Latency, and particularly for Stage 4 and EM. Consistency of the relationship between nights for the sleep stages was not generally improved by equating sleep time either within or between Ss. Few intercorrelations between variables were significant. Within nights the first REM Duration was the shortest and the first Non-REM Duration the longest, while neither REM nor Non-REM Cycle Time changed significantly. In 25% of the records, Stage 3 terminated before Stage 4. Variability was discussed in terms of procedural aspects, trait characteristics, and situational factors.

50 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Sleep latency and awake time were significantly decreased on chlorpromazine while stage II, delta sleep, delta%, nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, REM activity, REM latency, and REM density were significantly increased.
Abstract: The sleep of 13 chronic male schizophrenics was studied during a one-month trial of chlorpromazine and compared with one-month placebo periods. Electroencephalographic recordings were made only after the patients had been on chlorpromazine hydrochloride or a placebo for at least three weeks. Sleep latency and awake time were significantly decreased on chlorpromazine while stage II, delta sleep, delta%, nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, REM activity, REM latency, and REM density were significantly increased. There were no significant changes in REM time, REM%, stage II%, and NREM%.

41 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results indicate that the polycyclicsleep-wake cycle is a definable rhythm of the cat's sleep-wake pattern, and complement the traditional measures of percent sleep and wakefulness and the sleep cycle length in experimental studies of sleep.

40 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: Independent but mutually related mechanisms are responsible for the two phases of sleep, including the synchronized phase and the desynchronized phase.
Abstract: Recent experiments indicate that sleep is not a passive event but an active phenomenon involving several brain structures (cf. Moruzzi, 1963; Jouvet, 1967). Physiological sleep of mammals consists of a synchronized phase, or light sleep, characterized by large-amplitude, slow electroencephalogram (EEG) waves, frequently grouped in spindles (cf. Moruzzi, 1963) and a desynchronized phase, or deep sleep, characterized by low voltage, fast cortical waves (Dement, 1958, 1964), and a great reduction of the tonic electromyographic (EMG) activity recorded from the postural neck muscles (Jouvet, 1962, 1967). One typical feature of desynchronized sleep is the sudden appearance from time to time of bursts of rapid eye movements, REM (Aserinsky and Kleitman, 1953, 1955; Dement, 1958, 1964; Jouvet, 1962, 1967), often associated with a typical motor pattern, characterized by the occurrence of quick muscular contractions (cf. Gassel et al., 1964 c). Independent but mutually related mechanisms are responsible for the two phases of sleep.

40 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In order to investigate whether sleep deprivation activates the photoconvulsive response, 35 patients were investigated electroencephalographically after 24–36 h of waking and in 34 cases with sleep deprivation, the response was positive.
Abstract: In order to investigate whether sleep deprivation activates the photoconvulsive response 35 patients were investigated electroencephalographically after 24–36 h of waking. In 34 cases with sleep depri

Journal Article
TL;DR: Three ponies kept in an environment with controlled light and temperature, were studied for behaviour (time spent in recumbency and time required to consume hay or oats) and for electrical activity of the brain during the night phase of the circadian rhythm.
Abstract: For several weeks, three ponies kept in an environment with controlled light and temperature, were studied for behaviour (time spent in recumbency and time required to consume hay or oats) and for electrical activity of the brain (cortical and sub-cortical) during the night phase of the circadian rhythm. Recumbency was adopted by all the ponies for six or seven periods during the night. With a regimen of hay ad libitum, about four hours were cumulated in sternal recumbency and only one hour in complete lateral recumbency. Various degree of sleep, as identified by cortical and hippocampal electrical activities, accounted for 30% of the circadian cycle. Paradoxical sleep was calculated to occur during 7% of the 24 hours. When oats were substituted for hay or during fasting for two to five days, the total recumbency time and the total sleep time (slow wave sleep and paradoxical sleep) increased. The time in lateral recumbency did not change.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is proposed that POSTS of human subjects might indicate that some form of “playback” of information takes place during NREM sleep in cortical areas related to vision, and might be used to re-examine vast amounts of visual material collected during the day.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The data suggest that during sleep, different, although probably interrelated, mechanisms underly RVM evocation and their complexity and control their length, and this may influence the length of evoked RVMs.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The relationship of naturally occurring sleep-related human growth hormone (HGH) secretion to a subject’s age, body build and pattern of sleep was investigated to determine if these quantities signified a change in sleep patterns.
Abstract: The relationship of naturally occurring sleep-related human growth hormone (HGH) secretion to a subject’s age, body build and pattern of sleep was investigated to determine if these quantities signifi

Journal Article
TL;DR: In the present experiment, rigid control over the sleep and wake-up times was employed in an attempt to contain the natural rhythm to a 24-hr cycle, indicating that, for practical purposes, the free-running sleep-wakefulness rhythm can be contained to a 23-hour cycle by rigid control of the sleep portion of the cycle.
Abstract: In the present experiment, rigid control over the sleep and wake-up times was employed in an attempt to contain the natural rhythm to a 24-hr cycle. Eight subjects were isolated from all time and social cues for 10 days. They were placed on a rigid schedule of sleep between 11 p.m. and 7 a.m. The results indicate that, for practical purposes, the free-running sleep-wakefulness rhythm can be contained to a 24-hr cycle by rigid control of the sleep portion of the cycle. When part of the control was released by allowing the subjects to sleep beyond 7 a.m., they slept an average of 67 min longer and showed sleep latencies which averaged 73 min. From these data it is concluded that control of the sleep portion of the sleep-wakefulness cycle, particularly control of the wake-up time, is sufficient to contain the free-running sleep-wakefulness rhythm to a 24-hr cycle.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: If lithium, which is now being used chronically for many patients, were to adversely affect sleep, then these patients may experience long-term sleep alterations of unknown implications and it is of interest to determine what, if any, are the correlations between lithium’s therapeutic and prophylactic effects and its influence on the disturbed sleep pattern of these patients.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The effect on the macaque EEG of an increase in slow wave sleep with concomitant decreased levels of wakefulness and REM with respect to baseline levels, provides a quantitative basis for comparing sedative-hypnotic agents in monkeys.
Abstract: The immediate and persistent effects of single oral doses of sodium pentobarbital 20 mg/kg, nitrazepam 25 mg/kg and imipramine 25 mg/kg, were compared on behavioural patterns as well as on quantitative aspects of diurnal EEG patterns in rhesus monkeys. Consecutive pre-drug EEG recordings on agar treated monkeys, showed no significant variations in day to day EEG levels of wakefulness, drowsiness, sleep and the REM state. Both the sedative-hypnotic agents, sodium pentobarbital and nitrazepam, significantly reduced wakefulness and the REM state and increased slow wave sleep. They reduced the latency to onset of slow wave sleep but significantly increased the latency to onset of the REM state. The antidepressant agent imipramine, did not influence any of the EEG parameters to a significant extent. Significantly enhanced REM levels persisted during the 7-day post-drug period after cessation of medication of all three psychoactive agents. The effect on the macaque EEG of an increase in slow wave sleep with concomitant decreased levels of wakefulness and REM with respect to baseline levels, provides a quantitative basis for comparing sedative-hypnotic agents in monkeys. Residual drug-induced EEG changes, reflected by enhanced REM levels, may prove a sensitive indicator of persistent drug effects in subhuman primates.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Averaged evoked potentials in the inferior colliculus, medial geniculate nucleus and reticular formation of chronically implanted and freely moving cats and the amplitude characteristics of these nuclei were compared with other brain structures reveals that the existence of a number of peaks (waves) with different latencies in the time course does not necessarily indicate theexistence of different functional structures or neural groups giving rise to these waves.
Abstract: Averaged evoked potentials in the inferior colliculus (IC), medial geniculate nucleus (MG) and reticular formation (RF) of chronically implanted and freely moving cats were measured using auditory step functions in the form of tone bursts of 2000 Hz. The most prominent components of the AEP of the inferior colliculus were a positive wave of 13 msec and a negative wave of 40–55 msec latency. The AEP of the medial geniculate nucleus was characterized by a large negative wave peaking at 35–40 msec. During spindle sleep and slow wave sleep stages changes in the AEPs of both nuclei occured.


Journal ArticleDOI
15 Apr 1974-JAMA
TL;DR: To the Editor.
Abstract: To the Editor.— Dr. Martin postulates (227:327, 1974) that because enuretics have frequent bladder contractions and a "delayed tendency to develop normal bladder capacity," and wet in deep sleep, when their intravesical pressures are higher than in light sleep, they suffer "a fundamental defect... in subcortical centers controlling micturition." He suggests that imipramine, by lightening sleep, compensates for these defects and that the larger bladder and maturing nervous system of increasing age may render imipramine unnecessary. One may not properly use an infant's frequent physiological bladder contractions to attribute immaturity to an enuretic's irritable bladder contractions. The routine cystometric study does not necessarily permit distinction between peripheral and central irritation. We know of no demonstration of an abnormal voiding center or an abnormal neural pathway. Depth of the enuretic's sleep is no warrant to consider the bladder diseased. Clinical experience and animal studies show that urethral or bladder mucosal irritation

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results support the view that FWS-deprivation is not a stress, and it is suggested that the development of anemia is due to the combined effects of several mechanisms.
Abstract: Profound anemia was observed to occur in 5 to 8 days in rats fed the anticoagulants phenylindanedione and dicumarol, when fast wave sleep (FWS) was prevented by the inverted flower pot technique. No anemia occured in groups of rats deprived of FWS or receiving anticoagulants only. Anemia was accelerated by parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA). Anemia was slight when limited FWS was allowed by use of a larger platform or a continuous feeding period. Red blood cell, hemoglobin and hematocrit values all fell dramatically. There was little evidence of hemorrhage grossly, such as occurs in anticoagulant-treated rats with stress. Histologic study failed to display bleeding or stress involution of lymphoid tissue but did show diminished splenic iron depots and diminished haemopoietic activity in the splenic red pulp. Electroencephalography showed with sleep deprivation, a greater amount of brain waves of the type normally associated with slow wave sleep. This effect was partially blocked by serotonin depletion through PCPA injections. It is suggested that the development of anemia is due to the combined effects of several mechanisms. The results support the view that FWS-deprivation is not a stress.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For many years, sleep was regarded as a passive process during which bodily functions slowed or stopped to allow reparative processes to operate, but the first inklings of a different theory were noted by sleep physiologists who described distinct changes in the electrical activity of the brain during sleep.
Abstract: For many years, sleep was regarded as a passive process during which bodily functions slowed or stopped to allow reparative processes to operate. The first inklings of a different theory were noted by sleep physiologists who described distinct changes in the electrical activity of the brain during sleep. 1 On the basis of electroencephalographic and eye movement recordings, sleep can be divided into alternating periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep that is associated with dreaming, and non-REM, or slow-wave sleep, which is divided into stages 1 through 4 according to specific EEG patterns and is not associated with dreaming. This alternating pattern of REM and non-REM sleep comprises a sleep cycle, several of which occur during each night's sleep. It was also discovered that an infant's sleep cycle is different from an older child's cycle and from an adult's sleep cycle. The length of each cycle, the amount of