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Showing papers on "Slow-wave sleep published in 1979"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The hypothesis that serotonin may play a modulatory, rather than mediative, role in behavioral and physiological processes is discussed in relation to the hypothesis that neurotransmitter levels in the brain are modulatory and not mediative.

783 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
09 Nov 1979-Science
TL;DR: In a phase-shift experiment, a depressed manic-depressive woman was twice brought out of depression for 2 weeks by advancing her sleep period so that she went to sleep and arose 6 hours earlier than usual.
Abstract: Sleep in depressed patients resembles sleep in normal subjects whose circadian rhythms of temperature and rapid-eye-movement sleep are phase-advanced (shifted earlier) relative to their sleep schedules. If this analogy is relevant to the pathophysiology of depressive illness, advancing the time of sleep and awakening should temporarily compensate for the abnormal timing of depressed patients' circadian rhythms. Four of seven manic-depressive patients studied longitudinally spontaneously advanced their times of awakening (activity onset) as they emerged from the depressive phase of their illness. In a phase-shift experiment, a depressed manic-depressive woman was twice brought out of depression for 2 weeks by advancing her sleep period so that she went to sleep and arose 6 hours earlier than usual. The antidepressant effect of the procedure was temporary and similar in duration to circadian desynchronization induced by jet lag in healthy subjects. This result supports the hypothesis that abnormalities of sleep patterns in some types of depression are due to abnormal internal phase relationships of circadian rhythms.

496 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The durations of successive sleep cycles, defined according to NREM (stage 2) or REM onsets, were objected to trend analysis in three groups of normal subjects and in a group of elderly patients with chronic brain syndrome (CBS).
Abstract: The durations of successive sleep cycles, defined according to NREM (stage 2) or REM onsets, were objected to trend analysis in three groups of normal subjects and in a group of elderly patients with chronic brain syndrome (CBS). NREM sleep cycles showed consistent curvilinear trends for all groups except that the trend in children was distinguished by a lengthy first NREM cycle. REM steep cycles showed quite similar curvilinear trends for the three normal age groups with the middle two cycles being longer than the first and fourth. In the CBS patients, REM sleep cycles did not show a significant trend across the night. Real-time cycles (i.e., with time awake included) manifested trends quite similar to those excluding waking. The trends in sleep cycle durations are normative characteristics of sleep which may not be apparent on a single night. A more constant cycle was found in the CBS elderly and may indicate brain pathology. Sleep cycle trends, along with such other temporal characteristics as the decline in stage 4, may provide clues to the metabolic processes which underlie the sleep EEG. They also provide a more exact basis for investigation of hypothesized biorhythm correlates of NREM-REM cycles.

344 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that primary depressed patients and primary insomniac patients may show relatively characteristic patterns of sleep abnormality.
Abstract: • Data from all-night EEG sleep studies were used to distinguish normal subjects, primary depressed patients, and primary insomniac patients. In part 1, we compared 41 normal subjects, 56 depressed patients, and 18 insomniacs. In a univariate comparison with normal subjects, depressed patients showed less total sleep, longer sleep latency, more early morning awake time, more intermittent awake time, less delta sleep, less sleep efficiency, and shorter rapid eye movement (REM) latencies; compared with insomniacs, depressed patients showed greater early morning awake time, shorter REM latency, greater REM index, and greater REM density. Using multivariate discriminant analysis, 82% of the sample were correctly classified by diagnosis: 100% of the normal subjects, 72% of the depressed patients, and 77% of the insomniacs. Eight variables contributed to the multivariate separation of depressed individuals from insomniacs and normals: total sleep time, total recording period, sleep efficiency, sleep latency, early morning awake time, awake time, REM time, and REM %. When the discriminant functions were applied to a second group of 18 primary depressed patients, 82% were correctly classified as depressed. These results suggest that primary depressed patients and primary insomniac patients may show relatively characteristic patterns of sleep abnormality.

318 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is proposed that due to the existence of an intensity dimension, NREM-sleep is finely regulated around its baseline level, and thus may be readily and accurately adjusted to current ‘needs’, whereas REM-sleep, lacking an apparent intensity gradient, is regulated around a level which is considerably below baseline.
Abstract: 1. The vigilance states (waking, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and non-REM (NREM) sleep), motor activity, food intake and water intake were continuously recorded by telemetry in unrestrained rats. In addition, an amplitude measure and a frequency measure (number of zero-crossings (ZCR) per 10 s) of the telemetered EEG-signal was obtained. The animals were recorded during a control day, then subjected to 12-h or 24-h sleep-deprivation (SD) by means of a slowly rotating cylinder, and subsequently recorded for further 1–2 days. The EEG-parameters were recorded also during SD. 2. On the control day, the EEG-amplitude of NREM-sleep exhibited a decreasing trend in the 12-h light-phase (Figs. 3, 4). The occurence of slow wave sleep (SWS; defined as the NREM-sleep fraction with less than 40 ZCR/10 s) was practically limited to the first part of the light-phase (Figs. 2, 4). Cumulative plots of the zero-crossing bands (Fig. 2) revealed a prominent daily rhythm in the EEG-frequency distributionwithin NREM-sleep. 3. The percentage of NREM-sleep and REM-sleep was little affected by the 12-h SD, but the amount of SWS and the EEG-amplitude of NREM-sleep were increased (Figs. 4, 6). After a 24-h SD period terminating before light-onset, NREM-sleep was reduced and REM-sleep was markedly enhanced (Figs. 4, 6; Table 1). Both the duration and frequency of REM-sleep episodes were increased, and episodes of total sleep prolonged (Table 2). The amount of SWS was significantly more increased after 24-h SD than after 12-h SD, whereas the EEG-amplitude of NREM-sleep was enhanced to a similar extent after both SD-schedules (Tables 1, 3 Fig. 6). 4. After a 24-h SD period terminating before dark-onset, sleep (particularly REM-sleep) was enhanced in the first hours of the dark-phase, yet the usual high activity bouts prevailed in the later part of the dark-phase (Figs. 7, 8; Table 1). The extent and time-course of REM-sleep rebound was similar after the two 24-SD schedules, whereas SWS-rebound was different: SWS exhibited a one-stage rebound when recovery started in the light-phase, and a two-stage rebound when recovery started in the dark-phase (Fig. 9). 5. A comparison of the effects of 12-h SD performed with the usual and with the double cylinder rotation rate, showed only small differences, indicating that forced locomotion was a minor factor in comparison to sleep-deprivation (Fig. 10; Table 1). 6. The daily pattern of SWS on control days, and the marked increase of SWS after SD correspond to the results from other animal and human studies. It is proposed that due to the existence of an intensity dimension, NREM-sleep is finely regulated around its baseline level, and thus may be readily and accurately adjusted to current ‘needs’, whereas REM-sleep, lacking an apparent intensity gradient, is regulated around a level which is considerably below baseline. Thus, in contrast to NREM-sleep, REM-sleep compensation can occur only by an increase in the time devoted to this state, thereby curtailing the time available for other activities.

277 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Young and old healthy subjects with indwelling venous cannulae were found to undergo significant diurnal variations in plasma catecholamine levels, raising the possibility that this well known age effect on sleep may be related to increased sympathetic nervous system activity.
Abstract: Young and old healthy subjects with indwelling venous cannulae were found to undergo significant diurnal variations in plasma catecholamine levels Both norepinephrine and epinephrine levels peaked in late morning and reached lowest values at night during sleep Catecholamine levels were similar during slow wave and rapid eye movement sleep While epinephrine levels were unaffected by age, norepinephrine levels were greater in older subjects by 28‰ during the day (at 1100 h; P < 001) and by 75‰ at night (between 2200-0900 h; P < 001) Older subjects slept less well; they had 90‰ less stage 4 sleep, 27‰ less rapid eye movement sleep, and twice as much wakefulness at night (P < 005) These findings raise the possibility that this well known age effect on sleep may be related to increased sympathetic nervous system activity

185 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The pattern of activity of the tonic MOV-REM neurons suggested that they may be involved in the generation and maintenance of the theta rhythm of the hippocampus during waking-movement and REM sleep.
Abstract: 1. The activity of 44 single brain stem gigantocellular neurons was recorded in the freely moving rat during the following four states: quiet waking (W), waking with movement (W-M), slow-wave sleep (SWS), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. 2. Cells were classified into three groups on the basis of the states in which they maintained their highest rate of discharge. The three cell categories were: movement-REM (MOV-REM), movement (MOV), and quiet waking (QW) neurons. The MOV-REM neurons, comprising 68% of the cell population, discharged significantly more during waking-movement and REM sleep than during either W or SWS. The MOV neurons, 16% of the cells, showed significant increases in activity only when the rat moved. The QW neurons, also 16% of the cells, typically maintained high rates of discharge in the absence of movement. 3. The MOV-REM neurons were further divided into two subclasses of cells--phasically and tonically discharging neurons. The phasic MOV-REM cells appeared to participate in phasic motor events of REM sleep and corresponding movements during waking. The pattern of activity of the tonic MOV-REM neurons suggested that they may be involved in the generation and maintenance of the theta rhythm of the hippocampus during waking-movement and REM sleep. 4. No cells were found to discharge significantly more in REM sleep or SWS sleep than in the other states, (i.e., no REM or SWS selective cells were seen).

158 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that sleep is dependent on the degree of availability of metabolizable substances at the cellular level and replacement by glucose infusions via a cardiac catheter of oral nutrients in food deprived rats resulted in a similar increase of sleep duration.

151 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Multiple Sleep Latency Test can provide physicians with data useful in the diagnosis of narcolepsy, and it is concluded that this procedure can receive physicians' approval.

122 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Contrary to expectations from results in acute preparations, well-modulated respiratory activity was detected in chronic animals with vagi intact and Pontine RRU activity decreased during sleep in 75% of the cells studied.

96 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results show that suckling, although necessary, is not enough to set off milk ejection, and this reflex only appears when the mother falls asleep, suggesting that oxytocin release is linked to suckling and slow wave sleep.
Abstract: Correlations between cerebral activity of nursing rats and the milk ejection reflex were studied in Sprague-Dawley rats with 15 to 17-day-old litters. The stretch reaction of the pups, which expresses the onset of milk ejection, was closely correlated with the slow sleep epochs of the mother. Once the litter started suckling, milk ejection only took place when the mother fell asleep and electroencephalographic features of slow wave sleep appeared. Milk ejection was never found during paradoxical sleep nor when the mother was awake. Sleep deprivation for 30 min impaired milk ejection in spite of continuous suckling of the nipples by the pups. If the mother was allowed to sleep immediately afterwards, ejection of milk occurred. A 24-h sleep-wakefulness pattern did not show differences between nursing and controls. Our results show that suckling, although necessary, is not enough to set off milk ejection. This reflex only appears when the mother falls asleep, suggesting that oxytocin release is linked to suc...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Five young rats, age 152--175 days, and six old rats, all of the F-344 strain, were compared by electronic methods for amplitude of slow wave activity during sleep and for other sleep parameters.
Abstract: Five young rats, age 152--175 days, and six old rats, age 782--801 days, all of the F-344 strain, were compared by electronic methods for amplitude of slow wave activity during sleep and for other sleep parameters. Unlike humans, who show a pronounced loss of slow wave activity with advanced age, no significant difference in delta activity could be detected between young and old rats. Several hypotheses about the species difference were reviewed. Young and old rats, however, did show several differences in other sleep parameters which parallel those observed in humans. These age-related changes were a moderate decrease in the percent of total sleep time spent in paradoxical sleep, a decrease in the length of sleep bouts, an increase in the number of sleep bouts, and a decrease in the amplitude of the diurnal rhythm of sleep.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: These results indicate that neurons whose perikarya and/or processes are located within the pontine gigantocellular tegmental field and which are not part of the noradrenaline locus coeruleus complex, are critical for paradoxical sleep.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The sleep changes induced in normal volunteers following the administration of scopolamine on 3 consecutive mornings resemble many of the abnormalities observed in the sleep of patients with primary depression, suggesting that muscarinic supersensitivity in normals may function as a pharmacological model for the sleep disturbances of depression.
Abstract: The sleep changes induced in normal volunteers following the administration of scopolamine on 3 consecutive mornings resemble many of the abnormalities observed in the sleep of patients with primary depression: increased sleep latency and reduced rapid eye movement (REM) latency, total sleep time, and sleep efficiency. Furthermore, in a multivariate discriminant analysis—previously shown to distinguish the sleep records of depressed patients from those of normal controls and insomniac patients—the records from baseline nights were selected as normal and those after scopolamine as predominately depressed. Those observations suggest to us that muscarinic supersensitivity in normals may function as a pharmacological model for the sleep disturbances of depression.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Nov 1979-Headache
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the relationship between sleep stages and the onset of migraine on awakening, and found an association between nights of increased Stage III + IV + REM sleep and those mornings when headaches occur.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS Three studies are presented investigating the relationship between sleep stages and the onset of migraine on awakening. Study I consists of the polygraphic recording of daytime naps in patients who suffer from sleep-precipitated migraine. All headache naps contained Stages III, IV or REM Sleep. The second study is that of serotonin levels during napping in which serotonin levels were stable during naps in which only Stages I and II were recorded. During naps when Stages III, IV or REM Sleep were recorded, there was considerable variation in serotonin levels. The final study is that of nocturnal sleep periods associated with morning awakening with headache or the onset of headache within 1 hour. The results of this study show an association between nights of increased Stage III + IV + REM sleep and those mornings when headaches occur.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Ten of 114 psychiatric patients undergoing combined lithium-neuroleptic treatment exhibited somnambulistic-like episodes, differentiated from nocturnal wanderings and epileptic attacks during sleep; they occurred within two to three hours after sleep onset and were characterized by the patients appearing confused and walking about in a quiet, detached and clumsy manner.
Abstract: Ten of 114 psychiatric patients undergoing combined lithium-neuroleptic treatment exhibited somnambulistic-like episodes. These episodes are differentiated from nocturnal wanderings and epileptic attacks during sleep; they occurred within two to three hours after sleep onset and were characterized by the patients appearing confused and walking about in a quiet, detached and clumsy manner. Generally, there was amnesia for the event. Since sleepwalking occurs out of slow wave sleep, the increase in slow wave sleep induced by lithium and certain neuroleptics may represent a neurophysiological mechanism responsible for these patients' somnambulistic behaviour. The occurrence of grand mal seizures in two patients was probably unrelated to the somnambulistic-like episodes. However, persistence of the latter appears to be associated with drug-induced EEG irregularity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Temazepam seemed to be both safe and effective at doses of 15 and 30 mg with up to 5 weeks of ingestion, and no evidence was found for development of tolerance or rebound effects.
Abstract: 1 Temazepam was evaluated in a strictly defined insomniac patient population under sleep laboratory conditions. Two protocols were used: a short-term (26-night) and a long-term (54-night) protocol evaluated the efficacy of the drug administered at night at 15 mg (short-term study) and 30 mg (long-term study), respectively. 2 Temazepam seemed to be both safe and effective at doses of 15 and 30 mg with up to 5 weeks of ingestion. 3 Suppression of slow wave sleep was observed at the high dose, but no suppression of REM sleep, found in studies with other benzodiazepines, was noted. 4 No evidence was found for development of tolerance or rebound effects.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the sleep of 12 hospitalized, non-delusional, primary depressives who were involved in a program of active psychosocial treatment intervention and received only placebo during a 5-week study period was examined nightly.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1979-Sleep
TL;DR: Fine wire microelectrodes were implanted for diagnostic purposes in 17 patients suffering from psychomotor epilepsy to suggest that the tonic firing patterns of HC neurons may be mainly the result of subcortical afferents.
Abstract: Fine wire microelectrodes were implanted for diagnostic purposes in 17 patients suffering from psychomotor epilepsy. Single- and multiunit activity during waking and natural nocturnal slow wave sleep and REM sleep was recorded in the hippocampus (n = 42), hippocampal gyrus (n = 53), and amygdala (n = 32). The firing rates of hippocampal gyrus units usually decreased during slow wave sleep and then increased to levels equal to or above waking during REM. In contrast, the firing rates of hippocampal neurons generally increased during slow wave sleep and fell to very low levels during REM. The amygdala presented a more mixed pattern. Since the projection from the hippocampal gyrus to hippocampus is excitatory, their opposite patterns during sleep suggest that the tonic firing patterns of HC neurons may be mainly the result of subcortical afferents.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The disparate effects of the μ and k opioid agonists on behavior, sleep and the EEG and their differences in sensitivity to naloxone antagonism extend and support the concept of multiple opiate receptors in the brain.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The studies provide marginal evidence that REM sleep may be modified by L-tryptophan in man, though the evidence is somewhat stronger that SWS may be increased.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Systematic variation in aspects of the sleep-wakefulness cycle of a depressed woman showed that recovery occurred reliably after 19 to 20 hours sustained wakefulness, unrelated to diurnal rhythm.
Abstract: Systematic variation in aspects of the sleep-wakefulness cycle of a depressed woman showed that recovery occurred reliably after 19 to 20 hours sustained wakefulness, unrelated to diurnal rhythm. Depression returned during as little as 15 minutes sleep. The effect of sleep deprivation was a specific response, probably unrelated to REM sleep.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A sleep-onset rapid eye movement period occurred in all of the patients, and this abnormal phenomenon characteristic of narcolepsy was considered to be related to the suppression of GH release at the sleep onset and to the decrease of plasma PRL levels during the early part of sleep.
Abstract: Twenth-four-hour patterns of plasma GH, PRL, and cortisol concentrations concomitant with sleep stages were studied in four male patients with typical narcolepsy, aged 30--34 yr, and four normal subjects. All medications were withdrawn 2 weeks before the study. Blood was drawn every 20 min during a 24-h fasting period, except for the first sleep cycle of nocturnal sleep when samples were drawn at 5-min intevals. In all of the narcoleptics, a plasma GH peak associated with slow wave sleep at the nocturnal sleep onset was absent (n = 2) or markedly decreased (n = 2). The normal rise of PRL during sleep was present only in a narcoleptic, whereas a significant fall in plasma PRL concentrations occurred immediately after the sleep-onset rapid eye movement period and lasted 1--1.5 h in the remaining three patients. A sleep-onset rapid eye movement period occurred in all of the patients, and this abnormal phenomenon characteristic of narcolepsy was considered to be related to the suppression of GH release at the sleep onset and to the decrease of plasma PRL levels during the early part of sleep. In contrast, the normal circadian periodicity of cortisol secretion was evident in all of the narcoleptics.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Sleep and waking EEG patterns recorded over 24 h periods in 7 adult beagle dogs were studied both visually and by computer, allowing the following patterns to be defined: wakefulness, transitional stage, lightSlow wave sleep, deep slow wave sleep and REM sleep.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was observed that protein synthesis inhibitors decreased specifically total REM sleep time, at the expense of wakefulness, without altering slow-wave sleep time.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A gentle vibratory stimulus was delivered to the glabrous skin of the hand; it did not provoke awakening or change the sleep cycle of the macaque, and postcentral neuronal response to the amplitude of a sine wave mechanical stimulus and neuronal spontaneous activity were observed repetitively during all the phases of normal night sleep cycles.
Abstract: Macaque monkeys were trained to fall asleep while sitting in a primate chair with their heads restrained. A gentle vibratory stimulus was delivered to the glabrous skin of the hand; it did not provoke awakening or change the sleep cycle of the macaque. Postcentral neuronal response to the amplitude of a sine wave mechanical stimulus and neuronal spontaneous activity were observed repetitively during all the phases of normal night sleep cycles. One hundred six neurons which could be entrained by a cutaneous mechanical stimulus were studied during both waking and sleep. At threshold, cyclic entrainment of the discharges of postcentral neurons decreased to 81±0.25% during light sleep (S1+S2), to 64±0.26% during deep sleep (S3+S4), and to 9±0.98% during desynchronized sleep with rapid eye movements (REMs).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The notion that narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by a disruption of the normal sleep-wake cycle is supported, and strong evidence that this disease entity is similar in man and dog is provided.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results of the MMH trial revealed that animals with dentate and ventrobasal thalamic lesions showed elevated seizure thresholds and slow wave sleep times relative to their own pre-lesions EEG baselines and to the pre- and post-lesion baselines of control animals, compatible with the view that sleep spindles do not facilitate seizure activation and may, in fact, exert a protective influence.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Recall was reduced, slow-wave sleep was lengthened, sleep latency was shortened, and body motility was reduced in subjects during baseline and recovery sleep.
Abstract: Twelve subjects were kept awake 64 hrs. During baseline and recovery sleep, subjects were given a simple memory task. The subjects were awakened 3 times each night during slow-wave sleep and shown 4 playing cards. Approximately 90 min later the subjects were again awakened and tested for retention of the previous cards and given 4 new cards to learn. This procedure was repeated 3 times each night and upon awakening the following morning. On the recovery night recall was reduced, slow-wave sleep was lengthened, sleep latency was shortened, and body motility was reduced. It was suggested that the reason for the poorer recall was deeper sleep induced by the sleep deprivation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The combined modulating effects of the general level of arousal and specific hunger arousal on the olfactory bulb responses were investigated in the rat, finding the hunger arousal could quantitatively and qualitatively modulate the activity of structures regulating the sleep-waking pattern.