Showing papers on "Smart grid published in 2008"

Flexible AC Transmission Systems: Modelling and Control

Abstract: The extended and revised second edition of this successful monograph presents advanced modeling, analysis and control techniques of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS). The book covers comprehensively a range of power-system control problems: from steady-state voltage and power flow control, to voltage and reactive power control, to voltage stability control, to small signal stability control using FACTS controllers. In the six years since the first edition of the book has been published research on the FACTS has continued to flourish while renewable energy has developed into a mature and booming global green business. The second edition reflects the new developments in converter configuration, smart grid technologies, super power grid developments worldwide, new approaches for FACTS control design, new controllers for distribution system control, and power electronic controllers in wind generation operation and control. The latest trends of VSC-HVDC with multilevel architecture have been included and four completely new chapters have been added devoted to Multi-Agent Systems for Coordinated Control of FACTS-devices, Power System Stability Control using FACTS with Multiple Operating Points, Control of a Looping Device in a Distribution System, and Power Electronic Control for Wind Generation.

Impact of Smart Grid on distribution system design

Abstract: There has been much recent discussion on what distribution systems can and should look like in the future. Terms related to this discussion include smart grid, distribution system of the future, and others. Functionally, a smart grid should be able to provide new abilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. From a design perspective, a smart grid will likely incorporate new technologies such as advanced metering, automation, communication, distributed generation, and distributed storage. This paper discussed the potential impact that issues related to smart grid will have on distribution system design.

Getting Smart

Abstract: The smart grid entails a transformation to an information-enabled and a highly interconnected network between electricity consumers and electric suppliers embracing transmission, distribution, and generation.

Challenges in integrating distributed Energy storage systems into future smart grid

Abstract: Distributed energy storage systems in combination with advanced power electronics have a great technical role to play and will have a huge impact on future electrical supply systems and lead to many financial benefits. So far, when Energy storage systems (ESSs) are integrated into conventional electric grids, special designed topologies and/or control for almost each particular case is required. This means costly design and debugging time of each individual component/control system every time the utility decides to add an energy storage system. However, our present and future power network situation requires extra flexibility in the integration more than ever. Mainly for small and medium storage systems in both (customers and suppliers) side as the storage moves from central generation to distributed one (including intelligent control and advanced power electronics conversion systems). Nevertheless, storage devices, standardized architectures and techniques for distributed intelligence and smart power systems as well as planning tools and models to aid the integration of energy storage systems are still lagging behind.

Power Electronics in Smart Electrical Energy Networks

Abstract: Introduction Principles of Electrical Power Control Overview of Power Electronics Converters and Controls Quality Problems in Smart Networks EMC Cases in Distributed Electrical Power System High Frequency AC Power Distribution Platforms Integration of Distributed Generation with Electrical Power System Active Power Quality Controllers Energy Storage Systems Variable and Adjustable Speed Generation Systems Grid Integration of Wind Energy Systems Grid Integration of Photovoltaics and Fuel Cells

Business methods in a power aggregation system for distributed electric resources

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for a power aggregation system. In one implementation, a method includes determining a level of renewable energy on a power grid, determining a price of electricity on the power grid, and scheduling a charging of an electric resource connected to the power grid as a function of the price of electricity on the power grid and the level of renewable energy on the power grid.

Smart Integration

Abstract: Electric utilities in the United States and globally are heavily investing to upgrade their antiquated delivery, pricing, and service networks including investments in the following areas: -- smart grid, which generally includes improvements upward of the meters all the way to the transmission network and beyond -- smart metering, sometimes called advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), which usually includes control and monitoring of devices and appliances inside customer premises -- smart pricing including real-time pricing (RTP) or, more broadly, time-variable pricing, sometimes including differentiated pricing -- smart devices and in-home energy management systems such as programmable controllable thermostats (PCTs) capable of making intelligent decisions based on smart prices -- peak load curtailment, demand-side management (DSM), and demand response (DR) -- distributed generation, which allows customers to be net buyers or sellers of electricity at different times and with different tariffs, for example, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), which can be charged under differentiated prices during off-peak hours. The main drivers of change include: -- insufficient central generation capacity planned to meet the growing demand coupled with the increasing costs of traditional supply-side options -- rising price of primary fuels including oil, natural gas, and coal -- increased concerns about global climate change associated with conventional means of power generation -- demand for higher power quality in the digital age.

Using AMI to realize the Smart Grid

Abstract: As environmental concerns and energy consumption continue to increase, utilities are looking at cost effective strategies for improved network operation and consumer consumption. Smart grid is a collection of next generation power delivery concepts that includes new power delivery components, control and monitoring throughout the power grid and more informed customer options. This session will cover utilization of AMI networks to realize some of the smart grid goals.

From smart grids to an energy internet: Assumptions, architectures and requirements

Abstract: Secure and reliable delivery of energy is essential to modern society. Achieving this goal is becoming more challenging with increasing demand and declining resources. The ongoing restructuring of the rather old delivery infrastructure is an attempt to improve its performance so that energy can be utilized with higher efficiency. Smart grids are an advanced concept with a number of unique features compared to their precedents, including early detection and self healing capabilities. An implementation of smart grids is an energy Internet where energy flows from suppliers to customers like data packets do in the Internet. Apparent benefits from an energy Internet are its openness, robustness and reliability. This paper uses electricity as an example to present some key assumptions and requirements for building the energy Internet. An example is presented.

Modern Grid Initiative Distribution Taxonomy Final Report

Abstract: This is the final report for the development of a toxonomy of prototypical electrical distribution feeders. Two of the primary goals of the Department of Energy's (DOE) Modern Grid Initiative (MGI) are 'to accelerate the modernization of our nation's electricity grid' and to 'support demonstrations of systems of key technologies that can serve as the foundation for an integrated, modern power grid'. A key component to the realization of these goals is the effective implementation of new, as well as existing, 'smart grid technologies'. Possibly the largest barrier that has been identified in the deployment of smart grid technologies is the inability to evaluate how their deployment will affect the electricity infrastructure, both locally and on a regional scale. The inability to evaluate the impacts of these technologies is primarily due to the lack of detailed electrical distribution feeder information. While detailed distribution feeder information does reside with the various distribution utilities, there is no central repository of information that can be openly accessed. The role of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in the MGI for FY08 was to collect distribution feeder models, in the SynerGEE{reg_sign} format, from electric utilities around the nation so that they could be analyzed to identify regional differences in feeder design and operation. Based on this analysis PNNL developed a taxonomy of 24 prototypical feeder models in the GridLAB-D simulations environment that contain the fundamental characteristics of non-urban core, radial distribution feeders from the various regions of the U.S. Weighting factors for these feeders are also presented so that they can be used to generate a representative sample for various regions within the United States. The final product presented in this report is a toolset that enables the evaluation of new smart grid technologies, with the ability to aggregate their effects to regional and national levels. The distribution feeder models presented in this report are based on actual utility models but do not contain any proprietary or system specific information. As a result, the models discussed in this report can be openly distributed to industry, academia, or any interested entity, in order to facilitate the ability to evaluate smart grid technologies.

Networking AMI Smart Meters

Abstract: There is a growing interest in 'smart grid' technologies in both industry and academic circles. Few attempts have been made to develop a written specification consummated with standards agreed upon by members of both coteries, due to lack of government support. Utilities in the state of California are obligated, by state legislature, to create a more: efficient, reliable, and intelligent electric power system. This initiative along with Florida Power & Lighting's 'Smart Grid' pilot program has created a sense of exigency within the industry regarding smart grid technologies and standardizations. Their accomplishments are beginning to shape the policies and standards with marginal input from academic societies, ushering in a very lopsided, and business acclimatized set of standards. We will present and analyze, a SCE 'Smart Grid' use case, in which the utilities back office applications interact with the customer's meter, and provide technical recommendations for system security improvements.

Challenges in reliability, security, efficiency, and resilience of energy infrastructure: Toward smart self-healing electric power grid

Abstract: This article deals with the challenges in reliability, security, efficiency, and resilience of energy infrastructure for a smart self-healing electric power grid. The electricity grid faces three looming challenges: its organization, its technical ability to meet 25 year and 50 year electricity needs, and its ability to increase its efficiency without diminishing its reliability and security. These three are not unrelated, as the grid's present organization reflects an earlier time when electrification was developing, objectives and needs were simpler, and today's technology was still over the horizon. Given economic, societal, and quality-of-life issues and the ever-increasing interdependencies among infrastructures, a key challenge before us is whether the electricity infrastructure will evolve to become the primary support for the 21st century's digital society a smart grid with self-healing capabilities or be left behind as an 20th century industrial relic.

A Market Mechanism for Energy Allocation in Micro-CHP Grids

Abstract: Achieving a sustainable level of energy production and consumption is one of the major challenges in our society. This paper contributes to the objective of increasing energy efficiency by introducing a market mechanism that facilitates the efficient matching of energy (i.e. electricity and heat) demand and supply in micro energy grids. More precisely we propose a combinatorial double auction mechanism for the allocation and pricing of energy resources that especially takes the specific requirements of energy producers and consumers into account. We describe the potential role of decentralized micro energy grids and their coupling to the large scale power grid. Furthermore we introduce an emergency fail over procedure that keeps the micro energy grid stable even in cases where the auction mechanism fails. As the underlying energy allocation problem itself is NP-hard, we derive a fast heuristic for finding efficient supply and demand allocations. In addition we show the applicability of this approach through numerica.

The Electric Power Grid : Today and Tomorrow

Abstract: Abcd... Micropower Abstract In the coming decades, electricity's share of total global energy is expected to continue to grow, and more intelligent processes will be introduced into the electric power delivery (transmission and distribution) networks. It is envisioned that the electric power grid will move from an electrome- chanically controlled system to an electronically controlled network in the next two decades. A key challenge is how to redesign, retrofit, and upgrade the existing electromechanically controlled sys - tem into a smart self-healing grid that is driven by a well-designed market approach. Revolutionary developments in both information technology and materials science and engineering promise sig- nificant improvements in the security, reliability, efficiency, and cost effectiveness of electric power delivery systems. Focus areas in materials and devices include sensors, smart materials and struc- tures, microfabrication, nanotechnology, advanced materials, and smart devices.

AC Grid with Embedded VSC-HVDC for Secure and Efficient Power Delivery

Abstract: Increased bulk power transactions in competitive energy markets together with large scale integration of renewable energy sources are posing challenges to high-voltage transmission systems. Environmental constraints and energy efficiency requirements also have significant effects on future transmission infrastructure development. This paper reviews the recent development in HVDC technologies and discusses the needs of the hybrid AC/DC grid structure for future power systems with focus on VSC-HVDC applications in meshed AC grid. It has also been recognized that hybrid AC/DC transmission system together with the wide area measurement system (WAMS) could effectively manage the overall power grid operation security and efficiency under uncertain supply and demand conditions.

An Architecture for Local Energy Generation, Distribution, and Sharing

Abstract: The United States electricity grid faces significant problems resulting from fundamental design principles that limit its ability to handle the key energy challenges of the 21st century. We propose an innovative electric power architecture, rooted in lessons learned from the Internet and microgrids, which addresses these problems while interfacing gracefully into the current grid to allow for non-disruptive incremental adoption. Such a system, which we term a "Local" grid, is controlled by intelligent power switches (IPS), and can consist of loads, energy sources, and energy storage. The desired result of the proposed architecture is to produce a grid network designed for distributed renewable energy, prevalent energy storage, and stable autonomous systems. We will describe organizing principles of such a system that ensure well-behaved operation, such as requirements for communication and energy transfer protocols, regulation and control schemes, and market-based rules of operation.

Integration is key to Smart Grid management

Abstract: Electric Utilities, in a reactive or proactive answer to the new challenges, are adding more intelligence and complexity in their distribution networks ("Smart Grids"). As the grid becomes more intelligent and more complex, the tools to operate it become increasingly important. To be useful, however, those tools must be fully integrated.

Utilization and effect of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in the United States power grid

Abstract: Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are uniquely capable of providing both transportation and battery storage interconnection to the electric power grid. This ability allows PHEVs the possibility of serving the power grid in the capacity of a mobile energy storage unit, providing the grid with additional stability, reliability, cost-effectiveness, and efficiency. Additionally, with the higher fuel efficiency of PHEVs, the transportation and power generation sectors can collectively reduce their ecologically harmful emissions and increase their reliance on environmentally friendly energy sources. These concepts are still new and under development; in this paper, the viability of the PHEV as a mobile energy storage unit connected to the power grid is examined from a power system perspective, involving an examination of practicality, reliability, short- and long-term economics, and alternative energy storage units.

Energy and economic evaluation of PHEVs and their interaction with renewable energy sources and the power grid

Abstract: Strong dependency on crude oil in most areas of modern transportation coupled with increased demand for electric power generation lead to a significant consumption of fossil fuel resources over many decades. Homes and cars represent the biggest personal impact on the increasing energy demand, global warming and air quality; furthermore, electric power utilities spend a tremendous amount of capacity to continuously balance supply and demand across the grid or provide backup electricity during outages and peak demand periods. As a consequence, research is quickly moving towards interconnected renewable energy based systems for transportation and residential/commercial buildings. Thus, this paper deals with an energy and economic evaluation of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) and their interaction with the power grid and the energy market. A multi-configurable personal eco-system with a plug-in hybrid vehicle is modeled. The model uses a set of data for the State of Ohio, including cost of energy, potential photovoltaic capacity, wind patterns and government regulations and incentives. The PHEV can draw electricity either from the power grid or from a personal eco-system consisting of a hybrid wind/photovoltaic generating system. Simulations are carried out starting from hourly local load demand, wind speed data, approximate solar radiation, energy market and state regulations. Various configurations and various available contracts for buying/selling energy from/to the grid are analyzed and compared. Results show the potential for reduction of energy cost, pollutant and dependency on the grid, along with substantial economic benefits.

Functions of a local controller to coordinate distributed resources in a smart grid

Abstract: This paper describes requirements for an intelligent local controller for smart grids. The controller manages the operation of a portion of the power system to achieve customer-configured preferences for reliability and power quality through the combined use of local generation and storage sources, responsive load, power conditioning, and standby electric service from the supply system. The controller coordinates the set points for local distributed generation and storage devices and provides an interface to the supply system for electricity market participation. Through ongoing optimization and information exchange, the controller coordinates local response to actual system and market conditions. Enabling automation of end-use customer preferences for electric service, the local controller represents a key technology component for smart grids.

Standards for the Smart Grid

Abstract: To get from today's electricity grid to tomorrow's smart grid with interconnection and full two way communications connection to distributed energy sources such as wind, solar, and plug-in electric vehicles requires an interoperability framework of protocols and standards.

ADDRESS - Active Demand for the smart grids of the future

Abstract: The ADDRESS European project aims to deliver a comprehensive commercial and technical framework for the development of "active demand" in the smart grids of the future. Specifically, ADDRESS will investigate how to effectively activate participation of domestic and small commercial customers in the power system markets and in the provision of services to the different power system participants. This paper gives an overview of the project: its objectives, scope and first draft architecture, the concepts that will be specifically developed to meet the objectives, the methodology adopted for development and validation, the main expected results and the project consortium. (4 pages)

Intelligent Demand Response Scheme for Customer Side Load Management

Abstract: Demand response (DR) provides means for utilities to reduce the power consumption and save energy Plus, it maximizes utilizing the current capacity of the distribution system infrastructure, reducing or eliminating the need for building new lines and expanding the system A typical DR program requires two parties to cooperate: the utility and the customers In this paper a novel intelligent demand response module is designed and proposed to be implemented at the customer side The primary target of this design is large industrial sized customers that often have several manufacturing/production lines consisting of mostly large electric motors The proposed DR module design is based on the expert systems theory Different modules are designed that take the market rates as well as the local load management policy of the customer into account in order to make a decision for reducing the load The validity of the proposed algorithm is tested on the IEEE 34-bus distribution test feeder in the real-time RT-Lab environment

Design and implementation of AMR Smart Grid System

Abstract: Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) smart grid system is determining the needs of all the vital aspects e.g. daily workflow, workforce management, asset management, call center philosophy, billing systematic etc. AMR system could cover variety of installation techniques meeting customer requirements. The concepts presented include installation of standalone automated metering system which only enable monitoring of load on transformers, automated reading with full controlling features using SCADA system where as metering management system operating separately. Moreover, it also includes automated meter reading with limited controlling and enhanced function of SCADA system. More advanced features of an integrated AMR, enhanced distribution management system with full controlling, monitoring and Geographic Information System (GIS) are also addressed. AMR smart grid system provides fundamental benefits including efficient power system control and monitoring, Timely operational decisions to minimize outages and losses and acquiring meter readings of several energy interchange points and many 11 KV incoming and outgoing feeders.

Bidirectional metering and control of electric energy between the power grid and vehicle power systems

Abstract: A metering device that allows the two-way exchange of electrical energy between the power grid and electric vehicles by giving customers the option to upload electrical energy from their vehicle's electrical power system to the power grid or to another vehicle, or the option to download electrical energy from the power grid or another vehicle, to charge their vehicle's electric storage system, depending on the current market price of electricity. This allows users to both buy and sell electricity as a commodity to offset their fuel costs and to generate income. The metering device and the associated server may maintain a database of the user's preferences and identification. The metering device may allow customers to upload and sell electricity from their vehicles during peak, high cost, energy consumption periods, download and buy electricity to their vehicles during low energy, low cost, consumption periods, or algorithmically engage in bi-directional transfer depending on the user's preferences and other variables (see [0043]) in order to maximize the customer's monetary returns and minimize the customer's monetary expenses.

Survey of Regulatory and Technological Developments Concerning Smart Metering in the European Union Electricity Market

Abstract: Smart metering is a crucial factor for the efficient functioning of the Internal Electricity Market, as well as for the successful implementation of European Union policies related to energy efficiency, renewable energy and security of supply. The report first outlines the potential benefits of smart meters for consumers, suppliers, metering companies, distribution network operators and public interest. Next the report provides a short overview of the legal framework governing metering activities in Europe, as well as a review of smart metering policies, a summary of regulatory and legislative tools and an analysis of cases in selected countries. Drawing from the experiences to date, the report concludes with a set of recommendations for policy makers to consider when developing a smart metering programme and the regulatory approaches that could be adopted at national and/or EU level to encourage compatibility of smart metering solutions and to accelerate implementation of smart meters and smart grids.

Utility experience with developing a smart grid roadmap

Abstract: Utilities are actively developing plans for the future information and communication infrastructure that will support a more intelligent power system. This panel session contribution describes the roadmap development process being used by utilities to define the technologies that will be part of the smart grid and the migration path from the existing infrastructure.

Wireless Mesh Networking technology for commercial and industrial customers

Abstract: Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) have been receiving a great deal of attention as a broadband access alternative for a wide range of markets, including those in the metro, public-safety, energy, education, enterprise, carrier-access and residential sectors. Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of single, dual, and multi-radio mesh options is the first step. In this paper simulation results for three distinct generations of wireless mesh configuration is presented. The paper also address some of the technical influences of WMNs and in particular focus on the opportunities that wireless mesh technologies provide for implementing more efficient processes and smarter working for commercial and industrial customers.

The vision of future smart grid

Abstract: Because of the more complicated operation environment, which power system are confronting, and the continuous evolvement of power deregulation, the traditional power grids need to be enhanced again. With the development of materials, electronics, information and power technologies, a smart grid could then be constructed based on them. As the future direction of power grid, it can be clearly defined by its successful performance, characteristics, key technologies and business functions and the relations between them. The four components correspond to the future expected benefits, required special capability and related technologies support, the combination of technologies and businesses respectively. It was illustrated the four components in detaile, and provided a whole picture of future smart grid.