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Showing papers on "Smart grid published in 2012"


Proceedings ArticleDOI
17 Aug 2012
TL;DR: This paper argues that the above characteristics make the Fog the appropriate platform for a number of critical Internet of Things services and applications, namely, Connected Vehicle, Smart Grid, Smart Cities, and, in general, Wireless Sensors and Actuators Networks (WSANs).
Abstract: Fog Computing extends the Cloud Computing paradigm to the edge of the network, thus enabling a new breed of applications and services. Defining characteristics of the Fog are: a) Low latency and location awareness; b) Wide-spread geographical distribution; c) Mobility; d) Very large number of nodes, e) Predominant role of wireless access, f) Strong presence of streaming and real time applications, g) Heterogeneity. In this paper we argue that the above characteristics make the Fog the appropriate platform for a number of critical Internet of Things (IoT) services and applications, namely, Connected Vehicle, Smart Grid, Smart Cities, and, in general, Wireless Sensors and Actuators Networks (WSANs).

4,440 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors survey the literature till 2011 on the enabling technologies for the Smart Grid and explore three major systems, namely the smart infrastructure system, the smart management system, and the smart protection system.
Abstract: The Smart Grid, regarded as the next generation power grid, uses two-way flows of electricity and information to create a widely distributed automated energy delivery network. In this article, we survey the literature till 2011 on the enabling technologies for the Smart Grid. We explore three major systems, namely the smart infrastructure system, the smart management system, and the smart protection system. We also propose possible future directions in each system. colorred{Specifically, for the smart infrastructure system, we explore the smart energy subsystem, the smart information subsystem, and the smart communication subsystem.} For the smart management system, we explore various management objectives, such as improving energy efficiency, profiling demand, maximizing utility, reducing cost, and controlling emission. We also explore various management methods to achieve these objectives. For the smart protection system, we explore various failure protection mechanisms which improve the reliability of the Smart Grid, and explore the security and privacy issues in the Smart Grid.

2,433 citations


01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: This article surveys the literature till 2011 on the enabling technologies for the Smart Grid, and explores three major systems, namely the smart infrastructure system, the smart management system, and the smart protection system.

2,337 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A heuristic-based Evolutionary Algorithm that easily adapts heuristics in the problem was developed for solving this minimization problem and results show that the proposed demand side management strategy achieves substantial savings, while reducing the peak load demand of the smart grid.
Abstract: Demand side management (DSM) is one of the important functions in a smart grid that allows customers to make informed decisions regarding their energy consumption, and helps the energy providers reduce the peak load demand and reshape the load profile. This results in increased sustainability of the smart grid, as well as reduced overall operational cost and carbon emission levels. Most of the existing demand side management strategies used in traditional energy management systems employ system specific techniques and algorithms. In addition, the existing strategies handle only a limited number of controllable loads of limited types. This paper presents a demand side management strategy based on load shifting technique for demand side management of future smart grids with a large number of devices of several types. The day-ahead load shifting technique proposed in this paper is mathematically formulated as a minimization problem. A heuristic-based Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) that easily adapts heuristics in the problem was developed for solving this minimization problem. Simulations were carried out on a smart grid which contains a variety of loads in three service areas, one with residential customers, another with commercial customers, and the third one with industrial customers. The simulation results show that the proposed demand side management strategy achieves substantial savings, while reducing the peak load demand of the smart grid.

1,070 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: The significance of cyber infrastructure security in conjunction with power application security to prevent, mitigate, and tolerate cyber attacks is highlighted and a layered approach is introduced to evaluating risk based on the security of both the physical power applications and the supporting cyber infrastructure.
Abstract: The development of a trustworthy smart grid requires a deeper understanding of potential impacts resulting from successful cyber attacks. Estimating feasible attack impact requires an evaluation of the grid's dependency on its cyber infrastructure and its ability to tolerate potential failures. A further exploration of the cyber-physical relationships within the smart grid and a specific review of possible attack vectors is necessary to determine the adequacy of cybersecurity efforts. This paper highlights the significance of cyber infrastructure security in conjunction with power application security to prevent, mitigate, and tolerate cyber attacks. A layered approach is introduced to evaluating risk based on the security of both the physical power applications and the supporting cyber infrastructure. A classification is presented to highlight dependencies between the cyber-physical controls required to support the smart grid and the communication and computations that must be protected from cyber attack. The paper then presents current research efforts aimed at enhancing the smart grid's application and infrastructure security. Finally, current challenges are identified to facilitate future research efforts.

1,012 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: It is argued that the “smart” grid, replacing its incredibly successful and reliable predecessor, poses a series of new security challenges, among others, that require novel approaches to the field of cyber security.
Abstract: It is often appealing to assume that existing solutions can be directly applied to emerging engineering domains. Unfortunately, careful investigation of the unique challenges presented by new domains exposes its idiosyncrasies, thus often requiring new approaches and solutions. In this paper, we argue that the “smart” grid, replacing its incredibly successful and reliable predecessor, poses a series of new security challenges, among others, that require novel approaches to the field of cyber security. We will call this new field cyber-physical security. The tight coupling between information and communication technologies and physical systems introduces new security concerns, requiring a rethinking of the commonly used objectives and methods. Existing security approaches are either inapplicable, not viable, insufficiently scalable, incompatible, or simply inadequate to address the challenges posed by highly complex environments such as the smart grid. A concerted effort by the entire industry, the research community, and the policy makers is required to achieve the vision of a secure smart grid infrastructure.

933 citations


BookDOI
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: Energy Technology Perspectives 2012 presents detailed scenarios and strategies to 2050, an indispensible guide for decision makers on energy trends and what needs to be done to build a clean, secure and competitive energy future.
Abstract: Energy Technology Perspectives (ETP) is the International Energy Agency’s most ambitious publication on energy technology. It demonstrates how technologies – from electric vehicles to smart grids – can make a decisive difference in limiting climate change and enhancing energy security. ETP 2012 presents detailed scenarios and strategies to 2050. It is an indispensible guide for decision makers on energy trends and what needs to be done to build a clean, secure and competitive energy future. ETP 2012 shows: Current progress on clean energy deployment, and what can be done to accelerate it How energy security and low carbon energy are linked How energy systems will become more complex in the future, why systems integration is beneficial and how it can be achieved How demand forheating and cooling will evolve dramatically and which solutions will satisfy it Whyflexible electricity systems are increasingly important,andhow a system with smarter grids, energy storage and flexible generation can work Whyhydrogen could play a big role in the energy system of the future Whyfossil fuels will not disappear but will see their roles change, and what it means for the energy system as a whole What is needed to realise the potential of carbon capture and storage (CCS) Whtether available technologies can allow the world to have zero energy related emissions by 2075 - which seems a necessary condition for the world to meet the 2°C target

816 citations


01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that existing security approaches are either inapplicable, not viable, insufficiently scalable, incom- patible, or simply inadequate to address the challenges posed by highly complex environments such as the smart grid.
Abstract: It is often appealing to assume that existing solutions can be directly applied to emerging engineering do- mains. Unfortunately, careful investigation of the unique chal- lenges presented by new domains exposes its idiosyncrasies, thus often requiring new approaches and solutions. In this paper, we argue that the Bsmart( grid, replacing its incredibly successful and reliable predecessor, poses a series of new se- curity challenges, among others, that require novel approaches to the field of cyber security. We will call this new field cyber- physical security. The tight coupling between information and communication technologies and physical systems introduces new security concerns, requiring a rethinking of the commonly used objectives and methods. Existing security approaches are either inapplicable, not viable, insufficiently scalable, incom- patible, or simply inadequate to address the challenges posed by highly complex environments such as the smart grid. A con- certed effort by the entire industry, the research community, and the policy makers is required to achieve the vision of a secure smart grid infrastructure.

776 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Simulation results confirm that the proposed pricing method can benefit both users and utility companies and verify some important properties of the proposed VCG mechanism for demand side management such as efficiency, user truthfulness, and nonnegative transfer.
Abstract: In the future smart grid, both users and power companies can potentially benefit from the economical and environmental advantages of smart pricing methods to more effectively reflect the fluctuations of the wholesale price into the customer side. In addition, smart pricing can be used to seek social benefits and to implement social objectives. To achieve social objectives, the utility company may need to collect various information about users and their energy consumption behavior, which can be challenging. In this paper, we propose an efficient pricing method to tackle this problem. We assume that each user is equipped with an energy consumption controller (ECC) as part of its smart meter. All smart meters are connected to not only the power grid but also a communication infrastructure. This allows two-way communication among smart meters and the utility company. We analytically model each user's preferences and energy consumption patterns in form of a utility function. Based on this model, we propose a Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) mechanism which aims to maximize the social welfare, i.e., the aggregate utility functions of all users minus the total energy cost. Our design requires that each user provides some information about its energy demand. In return, the energy provider will determine each user's electricity bill payment. Finally, we verify some important properties of our proposed VCG mechanism for demand side management such as efficiency, user truthfulness, and nonnegative transfer. Simulation results confirm that the proposed pricing method can benefit both users and utility companies.

764 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An overview on the potential of applying game theory for addressing relevant and timely open problems in three emerging areas that pertain to the smart grid: microgrid systems, demand-side management, and communications is provided.
Abstract: The future smart grid is envisioned as a large scale cyberphysical system encompassing advanced power, communications, control, and computing technologies. To accommodate these technologies, it will have to build on solid mathematical tools that can ensure an efficient and robust operation of such heterogeneous and large-scale cyberphysical systems. In this context, this article is an overview on the potential of applying game theory for addressing relevant and timely open problems in three emerging areas that pertain to the smart grid: microgrid systems, demand-side management, and communications. In each area, the state-of-the-art contributions are gathered and a systematic treatment, using game theory, of some of the most relevant problems for future power systems is provided. Future opportunities for adopting game-theoretic methodologies in the transition from legacy systems toward smart and intelligent grids are also discussed. In a nutshell, this article provides a comprehensive account of the application of game theory in smart grid systems tailored to the interdisciplinary characteristics of these systems that integrate components from power systems, networking, communications, and control.

751 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper presents a future perspective of industrial information technologies to accelerate the market introduction and penetration of advanced electric drive vehicles and provides a comprehensive survey of the EVs in the field of industrial informatics systems.
Abstract: Economics and environmental incentives, as well as advances in technology, are reshaping the traditional view of industrial systems. The anticipation of a large penetration of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) into the market brings up many technical problems that are highly related to industrial information technologies within the next ten years. There is a need for an in-depth understanding of the electrification of transportation in the industrial environment. It is important to consolidate the practical and the conceptual knowledge of industrial informatics in order to support the emerging electric vehicle (EV) technologies. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the electrification of transportation in an industrial environment. In addition, it provides a comprehensive survey of the EVs in the field of industrial informatics systems, namely: 1) charging infrastructure and PHEV/PEV batteries; 2) intelligent energy management; 3) vehicle-to-grid; and 4) communication requirements. Moreover, this paper presents a future perspective of industrial information technologies to accelerate the market introduction and penetration of advanced electric drive vehicles.

Journal ArticleDOI
13 May 2012
TL;DR: Energy storage capabilities in conjunction with the smart grid are expected to see a massive leap forward over the next 25 years.
Abstract: Advanced energy storage has been a key enabling technology for the portable electronics explosion. The lithium and Ni-MeH battery technologies are less than 40 years old and have taken over the electronics industry and are on the same track for the transportation industry and the utility grid. In this review, energy storage from the gigawatt pumped hydro systems to the smallest watt-hour battery are discussed, and the future directions predicted. If renewable energy, or even lower cost energy, is to become prevalent energy storage is a critical component in reducing peak power demands and the intermittent nature of solar and wind power. An electric economy will demand more electrification of the transportation sector and it is likely that all vehicles sold by the end of this decade will have some level of hybridization. Energy storage capabilities in conjunction with the smart grid are expected to see a massive leap forward over the next 25 years.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper proposes an efficient and privacy-preserving aggregation scheme, named EPPA, for smart grid communications that resists various security threats and preserve user privacy, and has significantly less computation and communication overhead than existing competing approaches.
Abstract: The concept of smart grid has emerged as a convergence of traditional power system engineering and information and communication technology. It is vital to the success of next generation of power grid, which is expected to be featuring reliable, efficient, flexible, clean, friendly, and secure characteristics. In this paper, we propose an efficient and privacy-preserving aggregation scheme, named EPPA, for smart grid communications. EPPA uses a superincreasing sequence to structure multidimensional data and encrypt the structured data by the homomorphic Paillier cryptosystem technique. For data communications from user to smart grid operation center, data aggregation is performed directly on ciphertext at local gateways without decryption, and the aggregation result of the original data can be obtained at the operation center. EPPA also adopts the batch verification technique to reduce authentication cost. Through extensive analysis, we demonstrate that EPPA resists various security threats and preserve user privacy, and has significantly less computation and communication overhead than existing competing approaches.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The mathematical formulation of the incremental cost consensus algorithm, which is able to solve the conventional centralized economic dispatch problem in a distributed manner, and the results of several case studies show that the difference between network topologies will influence the convergence rate of the ICC algorithm.
Abstract: In a smart grid, effective distributed control algorithms could be embedded in distributed controllers to properly allocate electrical power among connected buses autonomously. By selecting the incremental cost of each generation unit as the consensus variable, the incremental cost consensus (ICC) algorithm is able to solve the conventional centralized economic dispatch problem in a distributed manner. The mathematical formulation of the algorithm has been presented in this paper. The results of several case studies have also been presented to show that the difference between network topologies will influence the convergence rate of the ICC algorithm.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new grid synchronization method for three-phase three-wire networks, namely dual second-order generalized integrator (SOGI) frequency-locked loop, based on two adaptive filters, is presented, able to perform an excellent estimation of the instantaneous symmetrical components of the grid voltage under unbalanced and distorted grid conditions.
Abstract: Grid synchronization algorithms are of great importance in the control of grid-connected power converters, as fast and accurate detection of the grid voltage parameters is crucial in order to implement stable control strategies under generic grid conditions. This paper presents a new grid synchronization method for three-phase three-wire networks, namely dual second-order generalized integrator (SOGI) frequency-locked loop. The method is based on two adaptive filters, implemented by using a SOGI on the stationary αβ reference frame, and it is able to perform an excellent estimation of the instantaneous symmetrical components of the grid voltage under unbalanced and distorted grid conditions. This paper analyzes the performance of the proposed synchronization method including different design issues. Moreover, the behavior of the method for synchronizing with highly unbalanced grid is proven by means of simulation and experimental results, demonstrating its excellent performance.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The cyber security requirements and the possible vulnerabilities in smart grid communications are summarized and the current solutions on cyber security for smartgrid communications are surveyed.
Abstract: A smart grid is a new form of electricity network with high fidelity power-flow control, self-healing, and energy reliability and energy security using digital communications and control technology. To upgrade an existing power grid into a smart grid, it requires significant dependence on intelligent and secure communication infrastructures. It requires security frameworks for distributed communications, pervasive computing and sensing technologies in smart grid. However, as many of the communication technologies currently recommended to use by a smart grid is vulnerable in cyber security, it could lead to unreliable system operations, causing unnecessary expenditure, even consequential disaster to both utilities and consumers. In this paper, we summarize the cyber security requirements and the possible vulnerabilities in smart grid communications and survey the current solutions on cyber security for smart grid communications.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An intelligent HEM algorithm for managing high power consumption household appliances with simulation for demand response (DR) analysis is presented and a simulation tool is developed to showcase the applicability of the proposed algorithm in performing DR at an appliance level.
Abstract: A home energy management (HEM) system is an integral part of a smart grid that can potentially enable demand response applications for residential customers. This paper presents an intelligent HEM algorithm for managing high power consumption household appliances with simulation for demand response (DR) analysis. The proposed algorithm manages household loads according to their preset priority and guarantees the total household power consumption below certain levels. A simulation tool is developed to showcase the applicability of the proposed algorithm in performing DR at an appliance level. This paper demonstrates that the tool can be used to analyze DR potentials for residential customers. Given the lack of understanding about DR potentials in this market, this work serves as an essential stepping-stone toward providing an insight into how much DR can be performed for residential customers.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jun 2012-Energy
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the long-term relevant systems are those in which such measures are combined with energy conservation and system efficiency improvements, and emphasize the inclusion of flexible CHP production in the electricity balancing and grid stabilisation.

Journal ArticleDOI
Jing Liu1, Yang Xiao1, Shuhui Li1, Wei Liang1, C. L. Philip Chen 
TL;DR: In order to build a reliable smart grid, an overview of relevant cyber security and privacy issues is presented and several potential research fields are discussed at the end of this paper.
Abstract: Smart grid is a promising power delivery infrastructure integrated with communication and information technologies. Its bi-directional communication and electricity flow enable both utilities and customers to monitor, predict, and manage energy usage. It also advances energy and environmental sustainability through the integration of vast distributed energy resources. Deploying such a green electric system has enormous and far-reaching economic and social benefits. Nevertheless, increased interconnection and integration also introduce cyber-vulnerabilities into the grid. Failure to address these problems will hinder the modernization of the existing power system. In order to build a reliable smart grid, an overview of relevant cyber security and privacy issues is presented. Based on current literatures, several potential research fields are discussed at the end of this paper.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A systematic review of communication/netsworking technologies in Smart Grid is conducted, including communication/networking architecture, different communication technologies that would be employed into this architecture, quality of service (QoS), optimizing utilization of assets, control and management, etc.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Simulation result shows that the energy scheduling of SAs and other appliances can be determined simultaneously using the proposed CP formulation, and its major advantage is that the overall DR optimization problem remains to be convex and therefore the solution can be found efficiently.
Abstract: Demand response (DR) is very important in the future smart grid, aiming to encourage consumers to reduce their demand during peak load hours. However, if binary decision variables are needed to specify start-up time of a particular appliance, the resulting mixed integer combinatorial problem is in general difficult to solve. In this paper, we study a versatile convex programming (CP) DR optimization framework for the automatic load management of various household appliances in a smart home. In particular, an L1 regularization technique is proposed to deal with schedule-based appliances (SAs), for which their on/off statuses are governed by binary decision variables. By relaxing these variables from integer to continuous values, the problem is reformulated as a new CP problem with an additional L1 regularization term in the objective. This allows us to transform the original mixed integer problem into a standard CP problem. Its major advantage is that the overall DR optimization problem remains to be convex and therefore the solution can be found efficiently. Moreover, a wide variety of appliances with different characteristics can be flexibly incorporated. Simulation result shows that the energy scheduling of SAs and other appliances can be determined simultaneously using the proposed CP formulation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper presents mathematical optimization models of residential energy hubs which can be readily incorporated into automated decision making technologies in smart grids, and can be solved efficiently in a real-time frame to optimally control all major residential energy loads, storage and production components while properly considering the customer preferences and comfort level.
Abstract: This paper presents mathematical optimization models of residential energy hubs which can be readily incorporated into automated decision making technologies in smart grids, and can be solved efficiently in a real-time frame to optimally control all major residential energy loads, storage and production components while properly considering the customer preferences and comfort level. Novel mathematical models for major household demand, i.e., fridge, freezer, dishwasher, washer and dryer, stove, water heater, hot tub, and pool pumps are formulated. Also, mathematical models of other components of a residential energy system including lighting, heating, and air-conditioning are developed, and generic models for solar PV panels and energy storage/generation devices are proposed. The developed mathematical models result in Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) optimization problems with the objective functions of minimizing energy consumption, total cost of electricity and gas, emissions, peak load, and/or any combination of these objectives, while considering end-user preferences. Several realistic case studies are carried out to examine the performance of the mathematical model, and experimental tests are carried out to find practical procedures to determine the parameters of the model. The application of the proposed model to a real household in Ontario, Canada is presented for various objective functions. The simulation results show that savings of up to 20% on energy costs and 50% on peak demand can be achieved, while maintaining the household owner's desired comfort levels.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the social construction of smart electricity grids is presented, focusing on how such new systems become institutionally embedded, and how they are socially constructed, and emphasizing the institutional character of social acceptance and renewables innovation calls for an institutional theory approach involving Common Pool Resources management.
Abstract: The rapid developing literature on ‘smart grids’ suggests that these will facilitate ‘distributed generation’ (DG) preferably from renewable sources. However, the current development of smart (micro)grids with substantial amount of DG (“DisGenMiGrids”) suffers from a focus on mere ‘technology’. Ongoing problems with deployment of renewable energy have shown that implementation is largely determined by broad social acceptance issues. This smart grid development is very important for further renewables deployment, but again there is a tendency to continue the neglect of social determinants. Most technical studies apply implicit and largely unfounded assumptions about the participation in and contribution of actors to DisGenMiGrid systems. This lack of understanding will have severe consequences: smart grids will not further renewables deployment when there are hardly actors that are willing to become part of them. This review is a first attempt to address the social construction of smart electricity grids. As institutional factors have proved to be the main determinants of acceptance, these will also be crucial for further renewables deployment in micro-grid communities. Elaboration of the institutional character of social acceptance and renewables’ innovation calls for an institutional theory approach involving Common Pool Resources management, because these socio-technical systems aim to optimise the exploitation of natural resources. Citizens/consumers and other end-users increasingly have the option to become more self-sufficient by becoming co-producers of electricity. They may optimise the contribution of DG when they cooperate and insert their renewable energy in a cooperative microgrid with mutual delivery. Moreover, the option to include ‘distributed storage’ capacity (electric vehicles) in these microgrids, enables an increasing share of renewables deployment. However, all these options should be institutionally opened. This requires much self-governance and flexible overall regulation that allows microgrids. The research agenda should focus on how such new systems become institutionally embedded, and how they are socially constructed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a significant number of R&D needs and challenges have been identified for micro-grids during two workshops, with input from more than 170 experts and practitioners representing a broad group of stakeholders.

Patent
04 Dec 2012
TL;DR: In this paper, an expert system manages a power grid wherein charging stations are connected to the power grid, with electric vehicles connected to charging stations, whereby the expert system selectively backfills power from connected electric vehicles to the grid through a grid tie inverter (if present) within the charging stations.
Abstract: An expert system manages a power grid wherein charging stations are connected to the power grid, with electric vehicles connected to the charging stations, whereby the expert system selectively backfills power from connected electric vehicles to the power grid through a grid tie inverter (if present) within the charging stations. In more traditional usage, the expert system allows for electric vehicle charging, coupled with user preferences as to charge time, charge cost, and charging station capabilities, without exceeding the power grid capacity at any point. A robust yet accurate state of charge (SOC) calculation method is also presented, whereby initially an open circuit voltage (OCV) based on sampled battery voltages and currents is calculated, and then the SOC is obtained based on a mapping between a previously measured reference OCV (ROCV) and SOC. The OCV-SOC calculation method accommodates likely any battery type with any current profile.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article provides a survey on state estimation in electric power grids and examines the impact on SE of the technological changes being proposed as a part of the smart grid development.
Abstract: This article provides a survey on state estimation (SE) in electric power grids and examines the impact on SE of the technological changes being proposed as a part of the smart grid development. Although SE at the transmission level has a long history, further research and development of innovative SE schemes, including those for distribution systems, are needed to meet the new challenges presented by the requirements of the future grid. This article also presents some example topics that signal processing (SP) research can contribute to help meet those challenges.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An autonomous distributed V2G control scheme for smart charging control of electric vehicles and effect to the load frequency control is evaluated through a simulation by using a typical two area interconnected power grid model and an automotive lithium-ion battery model.
Abstract: To integrate large scale renewable energy sources in the power grid, the battery energy storage performs an important role for smoothing their natural intermittency and ensuring grid-wide frequency stability. Electric vehicles have not only large introduction potential but also much available time for control because they are almost plugged in the home outlets as distributed battery energy storages. Therefore, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) is expected to be one of the key technologies in smart grid strategies. This paper proposes an autonomous distributed V2G control scheme. A grid-connected electric vehicle supplies a distributed spinning reserve according to the frequency deviation at the plug-in terminal, which is a signal of supply and demand imbalance in the power grid. As a style of EV utilization, it is assumed that vehicle use set next plug-out timing in advance. In such assumption, user convenience is satisfied by performing a scheduled charging for the plug-out, and plug-in idle time is available for the V2G control. Therefore a smart charging control is considered in the proposed scheme. Satisfaction of vehicle user convenience and effect to the load frequency control is evaluated through a simulation by using a typical two area interconnected power grid model and an automotive lithium-ion battery model.

Journal ArticleDOI
Zhong Fan1
TL;DR: This paper proposes a distributed framework for demand response and user adaptation in smart grid networks and borrows the concept of congestion pricing in Internet traffic control and shows that pricing information is very useful to regulate user demand and hence balance network load.
Abstract: This paper proposes a distributed framework for demand response and user adaptation in smart grid networks. In particular, we borrow the concept of congestion pricing in Internet traffic control and show that pricing information is very useful to regulate user demand and hence balance network load. User preference is modeled as a willingness to pay parameter which can be seen as an indicator of differential quality of service. Both analysis and simulation results are presented to demonstrate the dynamics and convergence behavior of the algorithm. Based on this algorithm, we then propose a novel charging method for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) in a smart grid, where users or PHEVs can adapt their charging rates according to their preferences. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the dynamic behavior of the charging algorithm and impact of different parameters on system performance.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A CM2M communications architecture for the smart grid is presented, for which an energy-efficiency driven spectrum discovery scheme is presented and significant energy saving and the reliability in supporting data transmissions in thesmart grid are demonstrated.
Abstract: Based upon cognitive radio technology, we propose a new Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications paradigm, namely Cognitive M2M (CM2M) communication. We first motivate the use of cognitive radio technology in M2M communications from different point of views, including technical, applications, industry support, and standardization perspectives. Then, our CM2M network architecture and cognitive machine model are presented and the CM2M systems coexistence in TV white spaces is discussed. After that, a CM2M communications architecture for the smart grid is presented, for which we also propose an energy-efficiency driven spectrum discovery scheme. Numerical results demonstrate significant energy saving and the reliability in supporting data transmissions in the smart grid.