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Showing papers on "Smart material published in 2005"


MonographDOI
01 Mar 2005
TL;DR: A curtain having an integral tie-back arrangement includes a piece of flexible material, part of which is fixed to the curtain for providing a channel from one of its vertical edges to the other of its Vertical edges.
Abstract: A curtain having an integral tie-back arrangement includes a piece of flexible material, part of which is fixed to the curtain for providing a channel from one of its vertical edges to the other of its vertical edges. An elongated flexible member which extends through the channel is fixed at one end to one of the vertical edges. As a result, if the free end of the elongated flexible member is pulled, the curtain is shirred along its width. The flexible material supports a device having a circular loop and an S-shaped section to which the elongated flexible member may be frictionally tied so as to support the shirred curtain. After the curtain is hung, the loop may be coupled to a nail on its window, thereby supporting the tie-back arrangement.

508 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a new class of magnetic material with a unique combination of remarkable properties is presented, which reveals a uniform magnetic anisotropy with an unexpected switching behavior induced by their spherical shape.
Abstract: Thin-film technology is widely implemented in numerous applications1. Although flat substrates are commonly used, we report on the advantages of using curved surfaces as a substrate. The curvature induces a lateral film-thickness variation that allows alteration of the properties of the deposited material2,3. Based on this concept, a variety of implementations in materials science can be expected. As an example, a topographic pattern formed of spherical nanoparticles4,5 is combined with magnetic multilayer film deposition. Here we show that this combination leads to a new class of magnetic material with a unique combination of remarkable properties: The so-formed nanostructures are monodisperse, magnetically isolated, single-domain, and reveal a uniform magnetic anisotropy with an unexpected switching behaviour induced by their spherical shape. Furthermore, changing the deposition angle with respect to the particle ensemble allows tailoring of the orientation of the magnetic anisotropy, which results in tilted nanostructure material.

307 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper addresses recursive identification and adaptive inverse control of hysteresis in smart material actuators, where hystereresis is modeled by a Preisach operator with a piecewise uniform density function.
Abstract: Hysteresis hinders the effective use of smart materials in sensors and actuators. This paper addresses recursive identification and adaptive inverse control of hysteresis in smart material actuators, where hysteresis is modeled by a Preisach operator with a piecewise uniform density function. Two classes of identification schemes are proposed and compared, one based on the hysteresis output, the other based on the time-difference of the output. Conditions for parameter convergence are presented in terms of the input to the Preisach operator. An adaptive inverse control scheme is developed by updating the Preisach operator (and thus its inverse) with the output-based identification method. The asymptotic tracking property of this scheme is established, and for periodic reference trajectories, the parameter convergence behavior is characterized. Practical issues in the implementation of the adaptive identification and inverse control methods are also investigated. Simulation and experimental results based on a magnetostrictive actuator are provided to illustrate the proposed approach.

282 citations


Book
01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the types and characteristics of Smart Materials, and Revisiting the Design Context Bibliography Glossary Index.
Abstract: Chapter 1: Materials in Architecture and design Chapter 2: Fundamental Characterization of Materials Chapter 3: Energy Phenomena and environments Chapter 4: Types and Characteristics of Smart Materials Chapter 5: Elements and Control Systems Chapter 6: Smart Products Chapter 7: Smart Components, Assemblies and Systems in Architecture Chapter 8: Smart Environments Chapter 9: Revisiting the Design Context Bibliography Glossary Index

244 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the basic design characteristics of practical Stimuli Responsive Materials (SRMs), the wide range of potential applications and the challenges to be accomplished in this rapidly expanding area are discussed.
Abstract: “Smart” patternable polymer-based materials that can be designed from various molecular building blocks show great potential, as they may be used in many fields, including nanotechnology, biochemistry, organic and physical chemistry, and materials science. The focus of this highlight will be on the basic design characteristics of practical Stimuli Responsive Materials (SRMs), the wide range of potential applications and the challenges to be accomplished in this rapidly expanding area. In particular, recent developments are described which are related to two of the many fundamental aspects of stimuli triggered responses: those that are photo-triggered and those that are solvent triggered. These selected state-of-the-art examples demonstrate the large scope and diversity in terms of activation mechanism, response time and property control.

180 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the principal concepts, preparation methods, important features of liquid crystal elastomers, anisotropic networks and gels, as well as recent exciting progress in this field are reviewed.
Abstract: The principal concepts, preparation methods, important features of liquid crystal elastomers, anisotropic networks and gels, as well as recent exciting progress in this field are reviewed. Discussions are focused on their potential applications as smart materials for converting electrical or optical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa – such applications include artificial muscles, light scattering electro-optical switches and display materials, electro- or photo-controllable micro- or nano-machinery, electrically switchable color-tunable reflectors (mirrors) and full-color reflective display, fine-tunable and low-threshold mirror-less lasing, etc. In addition, some innovative anisotropic networks consisting of ferroelectric liquid crystals, discotic mesogens and mesomorphic ladder-like polysiloxanes are also highlighted.

176 citations


Book
01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: Smart materials are a class of materials that exhibit a strong, repeatable change in physical properties in response to changing external conditions as discussed by the authors, e.g., changing temperature and humidity.
Abstract: The past 15 years have seen anincredible surge in research anddevelopment activity aroundsmart materials, the transducersthey enable, and the structuresin which they are embedded.Smart materials are a class ofmaterials that exhibit a strong,repeatable change in physicalproperties in response to chang-ing external conditions. Forexample, a shape memory alloy (SMA) such as NiTi, typi-cally Ni

166 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
23 Aug 2005-Polymer
TL;DR: The magnetic elastomers represent a new type of composites, consisting of small (mainly nano-and micron-sized) magnetic particles dispersed in a high elastic polymeric matrix as discussed by the authors.

115 citations


ReportDOI
01 Nov 2005
TL;DR: In this article, the degradation and performance of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) copolymers under various stress environments expected in low Earth orbit has been reviewed and investigated.
Abstract: Piezoelectric polymers based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) are of interest for large aperture space-based telescopes as adaptive or smart materials. Dimensional adjustments of adaptive polymer films depend on controlled charge deposition. Predicting their long-term performance requires a detailed understanding of the piezoelectric material features, expected to suffer due to space environmental degradation. Hence, the degradation and performance of PVDF and its copolymers under various stress environments expected in low Earth orbit has been reviewed and investigated. Various experiments were conducted to expose these polymers to elevated temperature, vacuum UV, {gamma}-radiation and atomic oxygen. The resulting degradative processes were evaluated. The overall materials performance is governed by a combination of chemical and physical degradation processes. Molecular changes are primarily induced via radiative damage, and physical damage from temperature and atomic oxygen exposure is evident as depoling, loss of orientation and surface erosion. The effects of combined vacuum UV radiation and atomic oxygen resulted in expected surface erosion and pitting rates that determine the lifetime of thin films. Interestingly, the piezo responsiveness in the underlying bulk material remained largely unchanged. This study has delivered a comprehensive framework for material properties and degradation sensitivities with variations in individual polymer performances clearly apparent. Themore » results provide guidance for material selection, qualification, optimization strategies, feedback for manufacturing and processing, or alternative materials. Further material qualification should be conducted via experiments under actual space conditions.« less

114 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The design and characterization of a helical peptide is shown, which uses phased hydrophobic interactions to drive assembly into nanofilaments and fibrils ("nanoropes") and circumvents problems of uncontrolled self-assembly seen in previous approaches that used electrostatics as a mode for self- assembly.
Abstract: Protein design studies using coiled coils have illustrated the potential of engineering simple peptides to self-associate into polymers and networks. Although basic aspects of self-assembly in protein systems have been demonstrated, it remains a major challenge to create materials whose large-scale structures are well determined from design of local protein–protein interactions. Here, we show the design and characterization of a helical peptide, which uses phased hydrophobic interactions to drive assembly into nanofilaments and fibrils (“nanoropes”). Using the hydrophobic effect to drive self-assembly circumvents problems of uncontrolled self-assembly seen in previous approaches that used electrostatics as a mode for self-assembly. The nanostructures designed here are characterized by biophysical methods including analytical ultracentrifugation, dynamic light scattering, and circular dichroism to measure their solution properties, and atomic force microscopy to study their behavior on surfaces. Additionally, the assembly of such structures can be predictably regulated by using various environmental factors, such as pH, salt, other molecular crowding reagents, and specifically designed “capping” peptides. This ability to regulate self-assembly is a critical feature in creating smart peptide biomaterials.

112 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a smart surface design based on dynamically controllable surface properties, which has led to a variety of novel smart surface designs, such as microfluidics, tissue engineering and cellular biology.
Abstract: Recent progress in various biotechnology fields, such as microfluidics, tissue engineering, and cellular biology, has created a great demand for substrates that can undergo defined remodeling with time. As a result, the latest research on materials with dynamically controllable surface properties has led to a variety of novel smart surface designs.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A smart structure is an assembly that serves an engineering function as mentioned in this paper, which has the ability to respond adaptively in a pre-designed useful and efficient manner to changes in environmental conditions, including any changes in its own condition.
Abstract: A structure is an assembly that serves an engineering function. It is reasonable to expect that all engineering design should be smart, and not dumb. But one can still make a distinction between smartly designed structures and smart structures. The latter term has acquired a specific technical meaning over the last few decades. A smart structure is that which has the ability to respond adaptively in a pre-designed useful and efficient manner to changes in environmental conditions, including any changes in its own condition; the response is adaptive in the sense that two or more stimuli or inputs may be received as anticipated and yet there is a single response function as per design. Smartness ensures that the structure gives optimum performance under a variety of environmental conditions. While structures with some degree of smartness have been designed from times immemorial, the current activity and excitement in this field derives its impetus from the level of sophistication achieved in materials science, information technology, measurement science, sensors, actuators, signal processing, nanotechnology, cybernetics, artificial intelligence, and biomimetics.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented a new functional material for smart structure applications, called piezoelectric PZT/cement 1-3 composites that have good compatibility with civil engineering structural materials.
Abstract: This paper presents a new functional material for smart structure applications. Piezoelectric PZT/cement 1-3 composites that have good compatibility with civil engineering structural materials have been studied. The composites with different volume fractions of PZT ranging from 0.25 to 0.77 were fabricated by the dice-and-fill method. It was found that the 1-3 composites have good piezoelectric properties that agreed quite well with theoretical modeling. The thickness electromechanical coupling coefficient could reach 0.55 in the composite with a ceramic volume fraction of 0.25. Those composites have potential to be used as sensors in civil structure health monitoring systems.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work reports on already achieved results and ongoing research on the development of complex interfaces between humans and external environment, based on organic synthetic materials and used as smart 'artificial skins'.

Journal ArticleDOI
Hongqi Xu1
TL;DR: The demonstration of switches and logic devices made purely from carbon nanotubes, without the need for an external gate, puts nanot tubes at the forefront of next-generation electronics.
Abstract: The demonstration of switches and logic devices made purely from carbon nanotubes, without the need for an external gate, puts nanotubes at the forefront of next-generation electronics.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An overview of the integration of the concepts and materials that have been used to achieve miniaturization and unique device function is presented in this paper, with emphasis on device modeling and design, prototype construction methods, and test results.
Abstract: At the Keck Smart Materials Integration Laboratory at Penn State University, low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) material systems have been used to fabricate a number of devices for a variety of applications. This article presents an overview of the integration of the concepts and materials that we have used to achieve miniaturization and unique device function. Examples of microwave filters, metamaterial antennas, and a dielectrophoretic cell sorter will be presented, with emphasis on device modeling and design, prototype construction methods, and test results.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The combination of polymers with nanomaterials displays novel and often enhanced properties compared to the traditional materials as discussed by the authors, which can open up possibilities for new technological applications, if for no other reason than the uniqueness having giant elastic response to polarization.
Abstract: The combination of polymers with nanomaterials displays novel and often enhanced properties compared to the traditional materials. They can open up possibilities for new technological applications. The electric- and magnetic- field-sensitive elastomers represent a new type of composites consisting of small particles, usually from nanometer range to micron range, dispersed in high elastic polymeric matrix. Coupling of electric and/or magnetic fields with elastic properties leads to a number of striking phenomena that are exhibited in response to impressed external fields. The ability of such materials to change their size and mechanical properties in a reversible manner has inherent interest, if for no other reason than the uniqueness having giant elastic response to polarization. The giant deformational effect, high elasticity, anisotropic properties, and quick response to either electric or magnetic fields open new opportunities for using such materials for various applications. Since electric and magnetic fields are convenient stimuli from the point of signal control, it is of great importance to develop and study such flexible, smart polymeric systems.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors consider the problem of shape control by nullifying structural deformations caused by certain external disturbances, mainly body forces and surface traction, in smart composites containing conventional ferroelectric polycrystals, natural crystals or special polymers.

01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: In this article, the problem of modelling and design of magnetostrictive electric generators (MEG) is considered. And the proposed MEG and the respective test rig which were built for study fundamentals of transduction processes of mechanical energy of vibrating structures into electrical energy are presented.
Abstract: During the last decades the interest in research and development of smart actuators, sensors and power generators that used giant magnetostrictive materials is continually growing. Both academia and industry are actively looking for bread utilization of this technology for different applications (active vibration and noise control, structural health monitoring, self-powered electronic equipments and systems, MEMS, robotics, biomedical engineering, etc.). The proposed paper is in the field of applications of novel highly magnetostrictive materials for power harvesting, namely vibration-to-electric energy conversion. The term “power harvesting” is used for process of acquiring the energy surrounding a system and converting it into usable electrical energy. The problem of modelling and design of magnetostrictive electric generators (MEG) are considered. The fundamental basic for design of MEG is a Villari effect. That is, by applying a mechanical stress to a magnetostrictive material, the magnetization along the direction of the applied stress of the material varies due to the magnetostrictive effect. The flux variation obtained in the material induces an emf in a coil surrounding the material. The brief review on research and development of power generators using smart materials is given. Original MEG and the respective test rig which were built for study fundamentals of transduction processes of mechanical energy of vibrating structures into electrical energy are presented. Terfenol – D rod with 50 mm in length and 15 mm in diameter is used as an active material in MEG design. Test rig’s measurement data have confirmed the expected performance of the MEG. These data are used for validation of the mathematical model of MEG that was developed and implemented in Matlab/Simulink environment.

18 Apr 2005
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an overview of commercially available and emerging smart materials with special focus on active noise and vibration reduction tasks, including magnetostrictives, electrostrictives and ferromagnetic shape memory alloys.
Abstract: For active noise and vibration reduction tasks in smart-structures technology piezoelectric ceramics are first choice. They generate large forces, have fast response times, are commercially available as fibres, patches and stacks and allow integration into structural components. Other commercialized smart materials are magnetostrictives and electrostrictives which have by far not reached the popularity of piezoelectric ceramics. However, the major limitation of these materials is their low actuator stroke. Therefore, in the past decade much effort has been made to generate new materials with larger strain rates. Especially the field of electroactive polymers has lead to the development of a considerable amount of promising materials which are able to perform very large active strains. Also the ferromagnetic shape memory alloys recently discovered are capable of generating large actuator strokes. However, also these new materials have their limitations. Especially their low mechanical stiffness presently only allows to produce comparably low forces. Thus, this article gives an overview of commercially available and emerging smart materials with special focus on active noise and vibration reduction tasks.

01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: In this paper, the modal frequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes of an asymmetric building, modeled as general torsionally coupled buildings using a modified random decrement method together with the Ibrahim time domain technique based only on few floor acceleration response records from earthquakes.
Abstract: This paper aims to evaluate the modal frequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes of an asymmetric building, modeled as general torsionally coupled buildings using a modified random decrement method together with the Ibrahim time domain technique based only on few floor acceleration response records from earthquakes. It is not necessary to measure earthquake excitation input. The general relationship between the reduced random decrement signature and the true free vibration response is derived analytically. Because only partial floor response measurements are used, a mode shape interpolation technique is developed to estimate the mode shape values for the locations without measurement, such that all floor responses can be obtained. The results were obtained from simulation data from a five-story building under the 1940 El Centro earthquake and actual records from a seven-story RC school building in north-eastern Taiwan, due to an earthquake near the building site. The results show that the proposed system identification technique is capable of identifying structural dominant modal parameters and responses accurately even with highly coupled modes and high levels of noise contamination.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, shape memory alloys (SMAs) were used as damping elements for passive and active vibration control, and the results showed the feasibility of the proposed smart material system using the electromagnetic force.
Abstract: We present a brief summary of new technical developments of passive and active vibration controls which we have performed for the last several years partly as an international collaborative R&D project on Smart Materials and Structural Systems sponsored by the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. In connection with the passive damping control, shape memory alloys (SMAs) were used as damping elements. To examine the effect of damping enhancement, beams with SMA films bonded onto them or SMA wires embedded into them were made, and free damped oscillations were measured. The damping coefficient increased by more than 100% compared with the beams without SMAs. Thermodynamic behaviors of an SMA wire and film were also investigated experimentally and numerically. In active vibration control, a new concept of smart material systems was proposed. That is a partially magnetized alloy, which is stiff and strong enough as a structural element and responds sufficiently quickly as an actuator due to an electromagnetic force. A simplified experiment and numerical simulation were performed and the results showed the feasibility of the proposed smart material system using the electromagnetic force.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The role of nonlinear response for achieving field-tunability of properties is described in simple terms in this paper, and the observation of the two-way shape-memory effect in a solid solution of lead magnesium niobate (PMN) and lead titanate (PT) for the nominal atomic composition 65:35 is reported.
Abstract: The basic classification of smart materials and structures is reviewed briefly. The role of nonlinear response for achieving field-tunability of properties is described in simple terms. The observation of the two-way shape-memory effect in a solid solution of lead magnesium niobate (PMN) and lead titanate (PT) for the nominal atomic composition 65:35 is reported. Possible factors influencing the occurrence of the two-way effect are discussed. It is argued that such relaxor ferroelectric ceramics can function as smart materials (rather than serving merely as components of smart structures), because they can meet the “information-reduction” criterion. And they qualify to be called very smart because they have a fairly large number of smartness attributes, including the two-way shape-memory attribute reported here.

MonographDOI
01 Apr 2005
TL;DR: In this article, the physical properties of smart materials, including semiconductors, dielectric, ferroelectrics, ferromagnetics and organic polymers, are discussed.
Abstract: Smart materials respond rapidly to external stimuli to alter their physical properties. They are used in devices that are driving advances in modern information technology and have applications in electronics, optoelectronics, sensors, memories and other areas. This book fully explains the physical properties of these materials, including semiconductors, dielectrics, ferroelectrics, ferromagnetics and organic polymers. Fundamental concepts are consistently connected to their real-world applications. It covers structural issues, electronic properties, transport properties, polarization-related properties and magnetic properties of a wide range of smart materials. The book contains carefully chosen worked examples to convey important concepts and has many end-of-chapter problems. It is written for first year graduate students in electrical engineering, materials science or applied physics programs. It is also an invaluable book for engineers working in industry or research laboratories. A solution manual and a set of useful viewgraphs are also available for instructors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the phase transition temperature of a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) based gel was adjusted by copolymerization and by changing of the solvent composition.
Abstract: Several attempts have been made recently in order to develop smart windows, which can moderate light and heat intensities. Thermotropic gels have met with growing interest because of their advanced properties. Based upon phase transitions of polymer gels, a novel thermally adjustable window, which includes a gel layer, has been developed in our laboratory. The so-called gel-glass becomes opaque when the temperature exceeds a certain value and goes back to its original transparent state when it is cooled below the critical value again. Intelligent gel-glasses made of these materials can moderate the amount of sunlight and radiated heat. The optical properties of the gel layer are also modified by the Joule heat of audio frequency AC current. Two types of gel-glasses have been developed and investigated. Phase transition temperature of a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) based gel was adjusted by copolymerization and by changing of the solvent composition. The cloud point of a poly(methyl vinyl ether) - water system in a PVA gel was varied by modifying the composition of the swelling agent. In the case of electrically adjustable thermotropic windows, optical properties, energy consumption and temperature changes during the switching process were studied.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
17 May 2005
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a summary on advanced piezocomposite transducers and the perspective of their applications in the field of smart structures, health monitoring and diagnostics.
Abstract: This paper gives a summary on advanced piezocomposite transducers and the perspective of their applications in the field of smart structures, health monitoring and diagnostics. At present, three different low profile piezocomposite actuator types are commercially available. The designs are arising from the R&D work at MIT in the years 1991/92 funded by the US Department of Defence. Smart Material is manufacturing Macro Fiber Composites (MFC), licensed by NASA in a full-scale production. A new MFC- design using the 3-1 coupling has been developed, recently. It allows for the reduction of drive voltage down to 360 V. Fraunhofer IKTS focused its development on custom shape composites making use of PZT tubes and plates. New actuator devices for active interfaces have been introduced for the first time. All piezocomposite design forms show different performance data, which are summarised in the present paper to provide design engineers with necessary informations in view of intended applications.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that the application of integral control to ionic polymer actuators can provide precise tracking performance to a reference step input, in both the time and frequency domain.
Abstract: Ionic polymers are electromechanically coupled smart materials that can be used as both actuators and sensors. As flexible actuators, these materials have been known to exhibit nonlinear behavior, but the present work shows that linear control techniques can greatly improve the open-loop response. However, because material dehydration results in changing system parameters, the linear control designs only offer a stable system for a limited amount of time (approximately 30 s). This study shows that the application of integral control to ionic polymer actuators can provide precise tracking performance to a reference step input. The actuator’s response to frequencies is also studied, in both the time and frequency domain. The frequency response analysis offers insight into the bandwidth of the actuators, where it was shown that the closed-loop bandwidth of the cantilever actuator is approximately 10% of its first resonance frequency. Simulations are performed with a linear empirical model of a cantilevered a...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, BaTiO3/MgO (pre-sintered)/BaTiO-3, with 10-vol% BaTi O3/Ba TiO3 laminates were sintered at 1300°C with a holding time of 5min under a pressure of 35MPa.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, magnetorheological elastomers are prepared in various volume fractions in the absence of a magnetic field and their dynamic viscoelastic properties are tested by a system designed by ourselves.
Abstract: Magnetorheological elastomers' mechanical property is greatly influenced by the microstructure of magnetizable particles embedded in the rubber matrix. When synthesizing magnetorheological elastomers, usually the mixture is cured in the presence of a magnetic field and particles are arranged in chainlike or columnar structure after the crosslink, in order to get remarkable effect controlled by the magnetic field. However curing under the magnetic field will face some problems, e.g. the preparation will become not convenient. In this paper magnetorheological elastomers are prepared in various volume fractions in the absence of a magnetic field. Their dynamic viscoelastic properties are tested by a system designed by ourselves. Their microstructures are observed by scan electronic microscope. Finally the inherent relation is revealed between the magnetoviscoelasticity and the distribution of particles in the matrix as well as the components of the mixture and the chemical technique. A kind of typical microstructure is found to be relative to the magnetoviscoelasticity of magnetorheological elastomers prepared in the absence of a magnetic field. This study also provides a guide when designing and preparing this kind of smart materials.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors conducted quasi-static load-unload tests and fatigue tests on several kinds of quasi-isotropic carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminates with embedded prestrained shape memory alloy (SMA) foils.
Abstract: This paper presents some basic research results for the application of the smart materials and structural systems to aircraft structure. The authors conducted quasi-static load-unload tests and fatigue tests on several kinds of quasi-isotropic carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminates with embedded prestrained shape memory alloy (SMA) foils. The damage behavior and the fatigue behavior were evaluated based on the effects of the recovery stress of SMA, and the relationship between the applied strain and the transverse crack density is discussed. It was found that the developed smart materials achieved a maximum improvement of 34% in the onset strain of the transverse cracks and a maximum improvement of 60% in the onset strain of delamination as compared with the standard CFRP laminates in the static condition. However, the fatigue properties of the smart material were not improved due to the material degradation of the 90°-ply at 80°C. The fatigue test by the multistep strain method using a structur...