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Smart material

About: Smart material is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 3704 publications have been published within this topic receiving 74280 citations. The topic is also known as: intelligent material & responsive material.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review the most current trends in piezoelectric actuation architectures and highlight the novel concepts used in each design to overcome the stroke limitation of the material.
Abstract: Significant advances in smart material actuators have taken place in the past decade. The holy grail of actuator research is an architecture that can generate high displacement and force throughout a broad frequency range while not consuming a significant amount of electrical power. The large appeal of using smart material actuators stems from their high mechanical energy density. However, all smart material actuators generally have at least one shortcoming involving either mechanical stroke, force, or frequency capability. Whenever speed is a consideration, piezoelectric actuation is the most commonly employed. The purpose of this paper is to review the most current trends in piezoelectric actuation architectures. The paper does not present the theoretical details of each actuator, but instead strives to highlight the novel concepts used in each design to overcome the stroke limitation of the material.

348 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a passive smart-healing cementitious composite has been demonstrated, in the laboratory, to be feasible, to demonstrate the basic elements of this smart material include the sensors and actuators in the form of controlled microcracks and hollow glass fibers carrying air-curing chemicals.
Abstract: The basic concept of a passive smart-healing cementitious composite has been demonstrated, in the laboratory, to be feasible. The basic elements of this smart material include the sensors and actuators in the form of controlled microcracks and hollow glass fibers carrying air-curing chemicals. Controlled microcracking is offered by a strain-hardening engineered cementitious composite developed previously. The mechanisms of sensing and actuation are revealed through in situ environmental scanning electron microscopy observations. The self-healing effectiveness is confirmed by measurement of the elastic modulus of the composite. The elastic modulus is found to regain its original value in a repeat loading subsequent to damage in a first load cycle.

347 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The application of smart materials as tools to solve biological problems such as bioseparation, drug delivery, biosensor design, tissue engineering, protein folding, and microfluidics are discussed.

336 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
09 Jul 2002
TL;DR: A particularly promising class of EAPs is dielectric elastomer, also known as electroelastomer as mentioned in this paper, which has been developed to the point where exceptional performance has already been demonstrated: for example, actuated strains of over 300 percent.
Abstract: Electroactive polymers (EAPs) can overcome many limitations of traditional smart material and transducer technologies. A particularly promising class of EAP is dielectric elastomer, also known as electroelastomer. Dielectric elastomer transducers are rubbery polymer materials with compliant electrodes that have a large electromechanical response to an applied electric field. The technology has been developed to the point where exceptional performance has already been demonstrated: for example, actuated strains of over 300 percent. These strains and the corresponding energy densities are beyond those of other field-activated materials including piezoelectrics. Because of their unique characteristics and expected low cost, dielectric elastomer transducers are under development in a wide range of applications including multifunctional (combined actuation, structure, and sensing) muscle-like actuators for biomimetic robots; microelectromechanical systems (MEMS); smart skins; conformal loudspeakers; haptic displays; and replacements for electromagnetic and pneumatic actuators for industrial and commercial applications. Dielectric elastomers have shown unique performance in each of these applications; however, some further development is required before they can be integrated into products and smart-materials systems. Among the many issues that may ultimately determine the success or failure of the technology for specific applications are durability, operating voltage and power requirements, and the size, cost, and complexity of the required electronic driving circuitry.

331 citations

Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the fracture behavior of piezoelectric ceramics under combined electrical and mechanical loading has been among the most prevalent research topics, and four types of nonlinear approaches considered are: electrostriction, domain switching, domain wall kinetics, and polarization saturation at a crack tip.
Abstract: Publisher Summary Piezoelectric ceramics can sense and actuate by rapidly converting mechanical and thermal signals into electrical ones, the reverse also being true. The piezoelectric properties and quick response characteristics have made piezoelectric ceramics one of the most commonly used smart materials. The intrinsic brittleness of piezoelectric ceramics and damageability of the materials under electric field — making the materials prone to fracture — are of major concern for product reliability. The fracture of piezoelectric ceramics under combined electrical and mechanical loading has been among the most prevalent research topics. The chapter describes piezoelectricity, ferroelectrics, spontaneous polarization, and electric domains; and discusses the poling process, the hysteresis loop of polarization versus the electric field strength, and the butterfly loop of strain versus the electric field. The chapter focuses on the basic equations commonly used in the study of the fracture behavior of piezoelectric ceramics within the thermodynamics framework, the general solution based on Stroh's formalism (a powerful tool for solving two-dimensional electroelastic problems), analysis of Green's functions for insulating elliptical cavities and cracks, study of conductive elliptical cavities and cracks, study of piezoelectric interface cracks, and three-dimensional electroelastic problems. The four types of nonlinear approaches considered are: electrostriction, domain switching, domain wall kinetics, and polarization saturation at a crack tip. The polarization saturation model that treats piezoelectric ceramics as mechanically brittle and electrically ductile materials is also discussed. The chapter provides an overview of experimental observations whose results show that microstructure and temperature have a profound influence on the fracture behaviors of piezoelectric ceramics under purely mechanical loads, and also discusses the commonly used failure criteria, the electric saturation model, the stress intensity factor criterion and the stress criterion.

330 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
2023168
2022315
2021268
2020250
2019252
2018239