Topic
Smart material
About: Smart material is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 3704 publications have been published within this topic receiving 74280 citations. The topic is also known as: intelligent material & responsive material.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present three groups of Smart Materials: piezoceramics, shape memory alloys and dielectric elastomers and their specific characteristics, including physical working principle, their mechanical behavior, the actuation and sensing properties.
43 citations
TL;DR: The applications of 4D printing within biomedicine are explored with a focus on tissue engineering, drug delivery, and artificial organs and some ideas for potential uses are proposed.
Abstract: 4D printing can be defined as the fabrication of structures using smart materials that allow the final object to change its shape, properties, or function in response to an external stimulus such as light, heat, or moisture. The available technologies, materials, and applications have evolved significantly since their first development in 2013, with prospective applications within the aerospace, manufacturing, and soft robotic industries. This review focuses on the printing technologies and smart materials currently available for fabricating these structures. The applications of 4D printing within biomedicine are explored with a focus on tissue engineering, drug delivery, and artificial organs. Finally, some ideas for potential uses are proposed. 4D printing is making its mark with seemingly unlimited potential applications, however, its use in mainstream medical treatments relies on further developments and extensive research investments.
43 citations
TL;DR: The emerging field of 2D to 3D shape transformations of ultrathin materials is reviewed, which could enable low-power, rapid, programmable, and complex shape transformations in response to a broad range of stimuli such as pH, temperature, electromagnetic fields, or chemical environments.
Abstract: ConspectusWith the discovery of graphene, significant research has focused on the synthesis, characterization, and applications of ultrathin materials. Graphene has also brought into focus other ultrathin materials composed of organics, polymers, inorganics, and their hybrids. Together, these ultrathin materials have unique properties of broad significance. For example, ultrathin materials have a large surface area and high flexibility which can enhance conformal contact in wearables and sensors leading to improved sensitivity. When porous, the short transverse diffusion length in these materials allows rapid mass transport. Alternatively, when impermeable, these materials behave as an ultrathin barrier. Such controlled permeability is critical in the design of encapsulation and drug delivery systems. Finally, ultrathin materials often feature defect-free and single-crystal-like two-dimensional atomic structures resulting in superior mechanical, optical, and electrical properties.A unique property of ultr...
43 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a nonlinear constitutive model-based vibration control system for giant magnetostrictive actuators (Terfenol-D) is presented, which utilizes the realignment of magnetic moments in response to applied magnetic fields to generate strains in the material.
Abstract: A nonlinear constitutive model-based vibration control system for giant magnetostrictive actuators (Terfenol-D) is presented in this paper. Such actuators utilize the realignment of magnetic moments in response to applied magnetic fields to generate strains in the material. It has been found that the strains and forces generated in this manner are significantly larger than those produced by many other smart materials, associated with significant and complex nonlinear relations among the quantities of applied magnetic field, strain, and compressive pre-stress. Based on the negative feedback control law and the analytical expressions of the nonlinear constitutive model of Terfenol-D rods, here, the effectiveness of real control systems for suppressing a vibration is confirmed by the simulation results on a case study of negative velocity feedback when its feedback gain is taken in a limit region. It is found that the limit region is dependent on the bias magnetic field and pre-stress. When the gain is employed out of the limit region, the real control system is unstable, but the simulation results on the basis of the linear constitutive model still show a stability of the control systems. To utilize the full potential of these materials in active vibration controls, thus, these inherent nonlinearities of the materials must be considered in the design of the control systems.
43 citations
Abstract: Polymer gels are unique smart materials in the sense that they can respond to many different stimuli. In this paper we report how poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (abbreviated as PNIPA) and other polymer hydrogels can be used to construct an intelligent gel-glass which can moderate the amount of light and radiated heat. This environmental sensitive glass, which is a smart hydrogel layer placed between two glass or plastic sheets, becomes opaque when the temperature exceeds a critical value. It becomes transparent again if it is cooled down. The adaptive properties of gel-glasses make them a promising materials to protect from strong sunlight and heat radiation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
43 citations