Showing papers on "Social change published in 1971"
576 citations
TL;DR: While electric lights, telephones, automobiles, and television had to overcome some fear and suspicion at first, they quickly caught on as discussed by the authors, and new developments in the behavioral sciences with implications for child care, schooling, business, race relations, and international affairs have been less welcome.
Abstract: remedy, institutional lag. While speed of travel and power of destruction are multiplied by factors of ten or a hundred, family life, schools, communities, and nations tend to operate in traditional ways. Resistance to change is not uniform. While electric lights, telephones, automobiles, and television had to overcome some fear and suspicion at first, they quickly &dquo;caught on.&dquo; New developments in the behavioral sciences, with implications for child care, schooling, business, race relations, and international affairs have been less welcome.
437 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the city as a mosaic of social worlds and the bases of residential differentiation are discussed. And the spatial patterning of the residential differentiation is discussed as well as the relationship between residential differentiation and social change.
Abstract: Preface 1. The city as a mosaic of social worlds 2. Ecological structure and factor structure 3. The bases of residential differentiation 4. Residential differentiation and social change 5. The spatial patterning of residential differentiation Summary and conclusion Bibliography Index.
303 citations
284 citations
TL;DR: The authors examines two areas (social studies and science) to indicate how an unrealistic and basically consensus-oriented perspective is taught through a "hidden curriculum" in schools, and suggests that a greater emphasis in the school curriculum upon the ideal norms of science, e.g., organized skepticism, and on the uses of conflict could counterbalance the tacit assumptions being taught.
Abstract: There has been, so far, little examination of how the treatment of conflict in the school curriculum can lead to political quiescence and the acceptance by students of a perspective on social and intellectual conflict that acts to maintain the existing distribution of power and rationality in a society. This paper examines two areas—social studies and science—to indicate how an unrealistic and basically consensus-oriented perspective is taught through a “hidden curriculum” in schools. The argument centers around the fundamental place that forms of conflict have had in science and the social world and on the necessity of such conflict. The paper suggests that a greater emphasis in the school curriculum upon the ideal norms of science, e.g., organized skepticism, and on the uses of conflict could counterbalance the tacit assumptions being taught.
271 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: In this article, a comparative study of the strategies adopted to date in the U.S.A., England, Scotland and France, the authors pointed out that although considerable reforms have been effected in these countries during the past ten to fifteen years, no adequate curriculum theory has yet been developed.
Abstract: Originally published in 1971. All education systems tend to be traditional and conservative. In times of rapid social change, the work of the schools becomes increasingly outdated by events. Continuous adaptation of the curriculum (which includes content, method and organization) can no longer be left to haphazard, piecemeal innovations-it must be managed. In a comparative study of the strategies adopted to date in the U.S.A., England, Scotland and France, this book points out that-although considerable reforms have been effected in these countries during the past ten to fifteen years-no adequate curriculum theory has yet been developed. The author also turns his attention to the phenomenon which he considered symptomatic of inherent failures in the education system: the drop-outs and hippies He concludes that notions about 'learning' must be revised and rather than a place in which formal instruction is given, the school of the future should be conceived as a resources-for-learning centre.
TL;DR: The authors take issue with some of the assumptions underlying the assumption that white settlers were an "elite" to be imitated by Africans, and they make it clear that the anthropologists have not recognized any pre-existing African culture which would enable Africans to synthesize their urban experiences in a meaningful way.
Abstract: Colonialism imposed the urban order on the indigenous societies of Africa, especially in those areas of southern Africa settled by whites. Many anthropologists have investigated the consequent social changes, called acculturation, using as indices of this acculturation or Westernization "European" clothes (often considered the most important index), occupation, education, and income. Based on the assumption that white settlers were an "elite" to be imitated by Africans, these indices have also been used to describe the formation of status groups and even classes among the urban Africans. Studies utilizing these indices seem to perform a definite ideological function of "vindicating" white cultural supremacy, thus justifying Europe's "civilizing" missions. They make it clear that the anthropologists have not recognized any pre-existing African culture which would enable Africans to synthesize their urban experiences in a meaningful way. In this paper I take issue with some of the assumptions underlying the...
TL;DR: It is now commonplace to use relative deprivation explicitly or implicitly as a central variable in the explanation of social movements, and thus also to explain the processes of social change that are engendered by social movements.
Abstract: Author’s Note: This paper is Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Article 5317. It is now commonplace to use relative deprivation explicitly or implicitly as a central variable in the explanation of social movements, and thus also to explain the processes of social change that are engendered by social movements.’ The basic notion is that feelings of deprivation, of discontent over one’s
TL;DR: The crumbling of only a small chunk of the ice is considered: premarital sexuality among young people, studied from the evidence of illegitimacy, and in other realms of sexuality, a liberalization was simultaneously in progress.
Abstract: Illegitimacy, Sexual Revolution, and Social Change in Modern Europe Sexuality in traditional society may be thought of as a great iceberg, frozen by the command of custom, by the need of the surrounding community for stability at the cost of individuality, and by the dismal grind of daily life. Its thawing in England and Western Europe occurred roughly between the middle of the eighteenth and the end of the nineteenth centuries, when a revolution in eroticism took place, specifically among the lower classes, in the direction of libertine sexual behavior. One by one, great chunks-such as premarital sexuality, extraand intra-marital sexual styles, and the realm of the choice of partners-began falling away from the mass and melting into the swift streams of modern sexuality. This article considers the crumbling of only a small chunk of the ice: premarital sexuality among young people, studied from the evidence of illegitimacy. However, in other realms of sexuality, a liberalization was simultaneously in progress. There is evidence that masturbation was increasing in those years. The first transvestite appears in Berlin police blotters in 1823. Prostitution in Paris tripled in the first half of the nineteenth century. And, between 1830 and I855, reported rapes in France and England climbed by over 50 per cent.' It is not the concern of this paper, however, to pin down qualitatively these other developments. This is a task reserved for future research based upon a
TL;DR: The fact of discrimination against the woman in our society continues to accrue documentation in social science literature as discussed by the authors, however, the thesis of inequality between the sexes is usually incompletely presented.
Abstract: The fact of discrimination against the woman in our society continues to accrue documentation in social science literature. It is our contention, however, that the thesis of inequality between the sexes is usually incompletely presented. The institutionalized role of women in the family (and the woman's acceptance of her traditional role) may continue to impede their achievement of equality in spite of attempts to change the economic structure of our society. Data from a recent study of dual-profession couples on the woman's desire for an egalitarian family, her career orientation, and her perception of discrimination are used to support the "tolerance of domestication" thesis.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the way in which the social structure of a system affects the nature of social change and how, in turn, change affects structure, using examples from such varied fields as the diffusion of innovations, organizational communication, national development programs, and social movements.
Abstract: The purpose of this article is to explore the way in which the social structure of a system affects the nature of social change, and how, in turn, change affects structure. Our work is synthetic, using examples from such varied fields as the diffusion of innovations, organizational communication, national development programs, and social movements. The minor theme of this article is that social scientific research on these
TL;DR: In the industrial revolution, the mode of operation of common interest associations changed: associations came to unite on the basis of rational-legal sanctions as mentioned in this paper, and they may contribute to social stability as adaptive mechanisms for traditional institutions.
Abstract: Formal common interest associations appear to have become prominent during the neolithic, but to have declined subsequently in preindustrial nations. The industrial revolution supported a new proliferation. With this, the mode of operation changed: associations came to unite on the basis of rational-legal sanctions. Modern voluntary associations may contribute to social stability as adaptive mechanisms for traditional institutions. They may socialize and support individuals caught in the disorder of social change.
TL;DR: A critical and committed social science must also turn from the traditional study of the underdog to that of the dominant elites and the system of domination itself as mentioned in this paper, which requires the development of adequate theory capable of explaining, even when not testable empirically, what society is all about (particularly those societies or parts thereof where applied social scientists generally exercise their profession).
Abstract: The radical critique questions the theoretical conceptions implicit in much current social scientific activity. It implies not only that a measure of ideology is inseparable from professional practice (contrary to hollow claims to a "value-free" social science), but also requires the development of adequate theory capable of explaining, even when not testable empirically, what society is all about (particularly those societies or parts thereof where applied social scientists generally exercise their profession). A second imperative refers to the problem of communications: how can research findings best be made available to those most in need of social knowledge yet usually least capable of acquiring it; who also happen to be precisely those groups most commonly studied by social scientists. A critical and committed social science must also turn from the traditional study of the underdog to that of the dominant elites and the system of domination itself. Ideological commitment by the social scientist to th...
TL;DR: The real changes in the structure of power over the past century or more have been tied to social and economic changes that have reduced the power of certain social groups and classes while increasing that of others, and also of the central government as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Scholars have often been struck by the traditional and highly personal power relationships and manipulations that underlie the westernized and modernized forms of Iranian political machinery. Such analyses, stressing the continuity between traditional and modern Iran, are most enlightening, but they should not blind us to the very real changes in the power structure that have occurred in Iran between 1800 and the present. One can agree with analysts who stress traditional continuities that the change in power relationships has had rather little to do with the formal constitutionalist structure of Iranian politics since 1906. The real changes in the structure of power over the past century or more have been tied to social and economic changes that have reduced the power of certain social groups and classes while increasing that of others, and also of the central government. This essay will attempt a very brief and tentative analytic overview of the nature of these changes
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: In this article, the development of rhesus infants is compared with data on other species, focusing on the nature of the interactions between the infant and its various social companions, rather than on the long-term consequences of those interactions.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter describes the development of social behavior. The social development of rhesus infants is compared with data on other species. The chapter focuses on the nature of the interactions between the infant and its various social companions, rather than on the long-term consequences of those interactions. Each type of interaction with each type of social companion may be affected by both the physical and the social environment in which it occurs. Furthermore, the interactions of social companions with each other may affect each of their relations with the infant. Data on these issues come from four main sources: hand-rearing of individual infants, controlled laboratory studies, study of captive groups, and field studies. The behavioral development of nonhuman primates can be affected by severe social deprivation during the first year of life. Moreover, the interspecies differences in the social environment of the young are the reflections of differences in social structure.