Showing papers on "Social change published in 1976"

The cultural contradictions of capitalism

Abstract: * Foreword: 1978 * Introduction/The Disjunction of Realms: A Statement of Themes The Double Bind Of Modernity * The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism * The Disjunctions of Cultural Discourse * The Sensibility of the Sixties * Toward the Great Instauration: Religion and Culture in a Post-Industrial Age The Dilemmas Of The Polity * An Introductory Note: From the Culture to the Polity * Unstable America: Transitory and Permanent Factors in a National Crisis * The Public Household: On Fiscal Sociology and the Liberal Society * Afterword: 1996

Cognitive development : its cultural and social foundations

Abstract: Alexander Romanovich Luria, one of the most influential psychologists of the twentieth century, is best known for his pioneering work on the development of language and thought, mental retardation, and the cortical organization of higher mental processes Virtually unnoticed has been his major contribution to the understanding of cultural differences in thinkingIn the early 1930s young Luria set out with a group of Russian psychologists for the steppes of central Asia Their mission: to study the impact of the socialist revolution on an ancient Islamic cotton-growing culture and, no less, to establish guidelines for a viable Marxist psychology Lev Vygotsky, Luria's great teacher and friend, was convinced that variations in the mental development of children must be understood as a process including historically determined cultural factors Guided by this conviction, Luria and his colleagues studied perception, abstraction, reasoning, and imagination among several remote groups of Uzbeks and Kirghiz from cloistered illiterate women to slightly educated new friends of the central governmentThe original hypothesis was abundantly supported by the data: the very structure of the human cognitive process differs according to the ways in which social groups live out their various realities People whose lives are dominated by concrete, practical activities have a different method of thinking from people whose lives require abstract, verbal, and theoretical approaches to realityFor Luria the legitimacy of treating human consciousness as a product of social history legitimized the Marxian dialectic of social development For psychology in general, the research in Uzbekistan, its rich collection of data and the penetrating observations Luria drew from it, have cast new light on the workings of cognitive activity The parallels between individual and social development are still being explored by researchers today Beyond its historical and theoretical significance, this book represents a revolution in method Much as Piaget introduced the clinical method into the study of children's mental activities, Luria pioneered his own version of the clinical technique for use in cross-cultural work Had this text been available, the recent history of cognitive psychology and of anthropological study might well have been very different As it is, we are only now catching up with Luria's procedures"

Toward a restatement of demographic transition theory.

Abstract: Interpretations of past population movements and expectations about future trends rest primarily on the "demographic transition theory". However over the years there has been a failure to update the theory. Subsequently researchers have tended to obscure the important distinction between the origins of fertility decline and the demographic history of societies experiencing such decline. This paper argues that an inadequate understanding of how birth levels first begin to fall has led to a premature gloom about the success of family planning programs and unnecessary hysteria about the likely long-term size of the human population and to antagonisms between countries at different stages of demographic transition. It is the contention of this paper that there are only two fertility regimes: one in which there is no economic gain to individuals from restricting fertility and one in which there is economic gain from such transition. Furthermore the author posits that the transition of a society from one with economically unrestricted fertility to one with economically restricted fertility is a product of social change. The forces sustaining economically unrestricted fertility are strengthened by economic modernization accompanied by specific types of social change. Three types of societies are discussed: primitive traditional and transitional societies. Lastly the author maintains that unlimited fertility eventually crumbles in transitional societies and such crumbling as well as its preconditions is unrelated to reductions in family size subsequently occurring in transitional societies.

Social Change and Transitions to Adulthood in Historical Perspective

Abstract: *John Modell is Associate Professor of History, University of Minnesota, and Research Associate, Philadelphia Social History Project. Frank F. Furstenberg, Jr. is Associate Professor of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania. Theodore Hershberg is Associate Professor of History, University of Pennsylvania, and Director, Philadelphia Social History Project. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the annual meetings of the American Sociological Association in San Francisco, August, 1975. Rules can be found in every society governing the passage to adulthood. In some

Class Struggle and the Industrial Revolution : Early Industrial Capitalism in Three English Towns

Abstract: Class Struggle and the Industrial Revolution represents both a continuation of, and a stark contrast to, the impressive tradition of social history which has grown up in Britain in the last two decades. Its use of sophisticated quantitative techniques for the dissection of urban social structures will serve as a model for subsequent research workers. This work examines the impact of industrialization on the social development of the cotton manufacturing town of Oldham from 1790-1860; in particular how the experience of industrial capitalism aided the formation of a coherent organized mass class consciousness capable by 1830 of controlling all the vital organs of local government in the town. This will be a useful study to any student of the industrial revolution.

An ethological analysis of social agonism and dominance relations among preschool children.

Abstract: STRAYER, F. F., and STRAYER, JANET. An Ethological Analysis of Social Agonism and Dominance Relations among Preschool Children. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1976, 47, 980-989. Agonism and dyadic dominance are basic concepts in the ethological analysis of social conflict and group power relations. The present research extends the application of these concepts to the analysis of children's social behavior. A social agonism inventory, including specific initiation and response patterns, was developed from videotaped records of free play among 17 preschool children. Systematic comparison of dyadic agonistic interactions revealed relatively rigid and stable dominance relations. These relations conformed to a linear model of social dominance. Although there were sex differences in the frequency of initiated conflict, position in the dominance hierarchy was not directly related to gender. Possible developmental changes in both agonism and dominance were discussed. In addition, findings were related to comparative research .on social ecology of nonhuman primates.

The cultural role of the cities

Abstract: This paper has as its purpose to set forth a framework of ideas that may prove useful in research on the part played by cities in the development, decline, or transformation of culture. "Culture" is used as in anthropology. The paper contains no report of research done. It offers a scheme of constructs; it does not describe observed conditions or processes; references to particular cities or civilizations are illustrative and tentative.

The "Industrial Revolution" in the home: household technology and social change in the 20th century.

Abstract: Between 1900 and 1930, a major revolution in social and technological tools with which housework was done took place. Examining business statistics, demographic information, and advertising in women’s magazines, this chapter analyzes how the “industrial revolution” in the home and the modernization of household technology led to a new genre of middle-class housewife—one who no longer served as a manager of servants but who performed the servant’s tasks herself. The chapter points to the role of advertising as a mediating agent in this process, as women were both encouraged to embrace their new role and chastised for shortcomings that, as advertisers stated, could be overcome through consumption of the advertised products.

The Social Relation of the Sexes: Methodological Implications of Women's History

Abstract: Women's history has a dual goal: to restore women to history and to restore our history to women. In the past few years, it has stimulated a remarkable amount of research as well as a number of conferences and courses on the activities, status, and views of and about women. The interdisciplinary character of our concern with women has also newly enriched this vital historical work. But there is another aspect of women's history that needs to be considered: its theoretical significance, its implications for historical study in general.1 In seeking to add women to the fund of historical knowledge, women's history has revitalized theory, for it has shaken the conceptual foundations of historical study. It has done this by making problematical three of the basic concerns of historical thought: (1) periodization, (2) the categories of social analysis, and (3) theories of social change. Since all three issues are presently in ferment, I can at best suggest how they may be fruitfully posed. But in so doing, I should also like to show how the conception of these problems expresses a notion which is basic to feminist consciousness, namely, that the relation between the

A General Framework for Building Dynamic Macro Social Indicator Models: Including an Analysis of Changes in Crime Rates and Police Expenditures'

Abstract: It is generally agreed that social indicators are measures of social conditions. Accordinlgy, recent interest in measuring social conditions and in building models of how various social forces determine changes in social conditions was predated by work of William F. Ogburn and his collaborators over 50 years ago. In this paper, we argue for a revival of analyses of social change based upon time series of indices of social conditions. To provide a general paradigm for this type of analysis, we describe (1) an opportunity-structures theoretical framework for generating specifications of equations of dynamic macro social indicator models, (2) a demographic accounting framework for grounding such equations in population stocks and flows, and (3) a structural equation strategy for estimating and evaluating the resulting models. To illustrate this paradigm, we present analyses of three equation determining changes in the national reported property crime rate, the reported violent crime rate, and the rate of pub...

Law in Modern Society: Toward a Criticism of Social Theory

Abstract: Spend your time even for only few minutes to read a book. Reading a book will never reduce and waste your time to be useless. Reading, for some people become a need that is to do every day such as spending time for eating. Now, what about you? Do you like to read a book? Now, we will show you a new book enPDFd law in modern society toward a criticism of social theory that can be a new way to explore the knowledge. When reading this book, you can get one thing to always remember in every reading time, even step by step.

Achieving Corporate Social Responsibility

Abstract: Corporate social responsibility is defined as the serious attempt to solve social problems caused wholly or in part by the corporation. The problem concept is operationally defined, and social problems are distinguished from non-social problems. A method of social problem solution, based on the principles of applied behavior analysis, is demonstrated using an industrial accident reduction example.

A history of Zambia

Abstract: Zambia is one of the most important states in modern Africa. Besides being a major exporter of copper, it plays a crucial frontier role in relations between black Africa and South Africa. This book draws together the results of recent research in a comprehensive survey of economic and social change, from the Stone Age to the completion of the Tamzam Railway. Dr Roberts has placed the Zambian past in a new perspective by combining evidence from archeology, anthropology and oral traditions, as well as written records. Pre-colonial history is revealed as much more than a mere amalgam of stones, bones, potsherds and stories of tribal migrations. Instead, such themes as the rise of chieftain ship and the expansion of trade are related to changes in patterns of settlement and production since the Early Iron Age.In tracing the origins of Zambia's present societies, Roberts focuses on the broad similarities and contrasts in language, religious belief and social institutions that underlie the confusing variety of pre-colonial kingdoms and chiefdoms. Here, as elsewhere, he draws upon unpublished research to provide a new picture not just of the area that is now Zambia but of the whole Savannah region of central Africa. The last three chapters relate the rise of African nationalism to the growth of modern industry on the Copper belt and to the major problems faced by Zambia since independence in 1964.

Classical Social Theory and the Origins of Modern Sociology

Abstract: My aims in this essay are both iconoclastic and constructive. An iconoclast, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, is a ‘breaker of images’, ‘one who assails cherished beliefs’. I begin by taking to task a series of widely held views, relating above all to Durkheim’s writings, of the past development of social theory. These views, as I have tried to show elsewhere,1 are myths; here I try not so much to shatter their images of the intellectual origins of sociology as to show that they are like reflections in a hall of distorting mirrors. I do not, however, propose to analyse the development of classical nineteenth- and early twentieth-century social theory for its own sake alone, but wish to draw out some implications for problems of sociology today.

The Origins of Public Education: A Reassessment

Abstract: During the last fifteen years a modest revolution took place in the historiography of education. Historians rejected both the metaphor and the method which had characterized the record of the educational past. The method had divorced inquiry into the development of educational practices and institutions from the mainstream of historical scholarship and left it narrow, antiquated, and uninteresting. The metaphor portrayed education as a flower of democracy planted in a rich and liberating loam which its seeds continually replenished.