Showing papers on "Social change published in 1983"

The Development of Social Knowledge: Morality and Convention

Abstract: Preface 1. Introduction: approaches to the study of social knowledge 2. Structure and development 3. Social experience and social knowledge 4. Dimensions of social judgments 5. Rules and prohibitions 6. The development of concepts of social convention and coordination of domains 7. The development of moral judgments 8. Noncognitive approaches to moral development: internalization and biological determinism 9. Social judgments and actions: coordination of domains 10. Conclusions: interaction, development, and rationality References Index.

Resource Mobilization Theory and the Study of Social Movements

Abstract: Resource mobilization theory has recently presented an alternative interpretation of social movements. The review traces the emergence and recent controversies generated by this new perspective. A multifactored model of social movement formation is advanced, emphasizing resources, organization, and political opportunities in addition to traditional discontent hypotheses. The McCarthy-Zald (1973) theory of entrepreneurial mobilization is critically assessed as an interpretation of the social movements of the 1960s-1970s, and the relevance of the Olson (1968) theory of collective action is specified. Group organization is argued to be the major determinant of mobilization potential and patterns. The debate between the Gerlach-Hine (1970) and entrepreneurial theories of social movement organization is traced in terms of historical changes in the social movement sector and the persistence of organizational diversity. A model of social movement politics is outlined, building on Gamson’s (1975) theory of strate...

Socialization, personality, and social development

Abstract: Now welcome, the most inspiring book today from a very professional writer in the world, socialization personality and social development. This is the book that many people in the world waiting for to publish. After the announced of this book, the book lovers are really curious to see how this book is actually. Are you one of them? That's very proper. You may not be regret now to seek for this book to read.

Social Contexts, Social Networks, and Urban Neighborhoods: Environmental Constraints on Friendship Choice

Abstract: This article considers the influence of neighborhood social contexts on the content of social networks. Contextual explanations for individual behavior argue that (1) individual preferences and actions are influenced through social interaction, and (2) social interaction is structured by the social composition of the individual's environment. Thus, a preliminary step to constructing contextual theories of individual behavior is an examination of the way that the social context structures social encounters and friendship choice. The empirical correspondence between the content of neighborhood social contexts and the content of social networks is examined using a sample of white male Detroit residents. A mathematical model of associational choice is developed that incorporates the ability of individuals to enforce social preferences on their choice of friends while it maintains the role of the social context in structuring that choice.

Exploring individual modernity

Abstract: The culmination of more than ten years of research carried out in over 50 countries around the world, this volume shows how the forces of modernization on the developing countries change the attitudes and behavior of men acting in their roles as husbands and fathers, as members of ethnic communities, and as citizens of emerging nation-states. The research gathered here demonstrates that the impact of modern institutions on individual psychic adjustment is much less severe than is often imagined and the book explores the meaning of modernization in human terms. In addition, for the first time the theory and method for studying individual modernity are applied to the so-called socialist countries. Inkeles et al. highlight the implications of individual modernity for understanding contemporary and future social change in both developing and advanced countries. "Exploring Individual Modernity" completes the portrait of "modern man" first sketched in "Becoming Modern", the first book to report on the findings on Social and cultural Aspects of Modernization.

The Second Sickness: Contradictions of Capitalist Health Care

Abstract: Chapter 1 List of Figures and Tables Chapter 2 Preface to the Second Edition Chapter 3 Preface to the First Edition and Acknowledgments Part 4 I: Medicine, Social Structure, and Social Pathology Chapter 5 1. Health Care, Social Contradictions, and the Dilemmas of Reform Chapter 6 2. Social Structures of Medical Oppression Chapter 7 3. The Social Origins of Illness: A Neglected History Part 8 II: Problems in Contemporary Health Care Chapter 9 4. Technology, Health Costs, and the Structure of Private Profit Chapter 10 5. Social Medicine and the Community Chapter 11 6. The Micropolitics of the Doctor-Patient Relationship Part 12 III: Policy, Practice, and Social Change Chapter 13 7. Medicine and Social Change: Lessons from Chile and Cuba Chapter 14 8. Conclusion: Health Praxis, Reform, and Political Struggle Chapter 15 Notes Chapter 16 Selected Bibliography Chapter 17 Index Chapter 18 About the Author

Class, Sports and Social Development

Abstract: When "Class, Sports, and Social Development" was published in 1983 it stood the world of sport sociology on its collective head The original edition brought social theory to sport studies and signaled sport sociology's coming of age Gruneau brilliantly captured the current conditions within the field and anticipated where it was going Unfortunately, this classic has been out of print since 1993 But no longer The new edition features the original ground-breaking text, a foreword by RW Connell of the University of Sydney, and a postscript by the authorIn his postscript Professor Gruneau places the book within a scholarly, historical context 15 years after its first printing He also explains how he might have written the book differently had he written it todayWhen you read this book you'll understand why "Contemporary Sociology" called the first edition "The most ambitious, provocative, and penetrating effort yet undertaken by a North American sociologist to locate sport within the framework of the classical tradition of sociological theory" If you already own the book, the new edition brings the author's perspective full circle And if you don't have a copy of the original you'll want to buy the new edition of "Class, Sports, and Social Development" to round out your collection of essential works in the field

The social component of mortality decline: an investigation in South India employing alternative methodologies.

Abstract: It has previously been reported that mother's education exerts an influence on infant and child mortality that is independent both of the level of medical technology found in the society and of the family's access to it.1 This finding suggests that social change may have played an important role in the mortality transition and that social factors may explain the failure of health services to be more effective. Clearly an adequate investigation of this proposition means a study not only of mortality but of pre-existing morbidity, an area in which there has been only a limited development of research methodology. Since 1979 we have been testing the limits of the survey approach in a rural area of south India, and experimenting with the development of supplementary or alternative methods for collecting demographic information. These alternative approaches draw heavily on the methods of anthropology. The continuing work is a joint project of the Population Centre, Bangalore, and the Department of Demography, Australian National University. The original focus of the research had been on changes in marriage and control of marital fertility,2 but, given long periods of village residence, we had inevitably learnt much about the conditions of health, and by 1981 were in a position to concentrate our interest upon these matters. The work reported here was carried out in a rural area of southern Karnataka (once Mysore) 125 kilometres west of the city of Bangalore. The study population consisted of one large village with 2,557 inhabitants and eight smaller villages, ranging in size from 62 to 543 persons and totalling another 2,216 inhabitants. The area is traversed by a moderately important sealed road, but only the large village is right on it and most of the others are approached easily only by ox cart. The most distant of the small villages * This research constitutes part of a joint project of the Population Centre, Bangalore, India, and the Department of Demography, Australian National University. Most of the funding has come from the two institutions, but other support, especially for the analysis, has been provided by the Ford Foundation and by a Population Council International Research Award. The project has benefited from the research assistance of Pat Quiggin in Canberra, and also in Karnataka and/or Canberra from Wendy Cosford, Jennie Widdowson,

Criticism and social change

Abstract: ""Criticism and Social Change" speaks with special timeliness to the role of the political intellectual (here embodied in Kenneth Burke). Lentricchia's provocative analysis demands serious reflection by American radicals." Frederic Jameson "A profound meditation on relations obtaining among writing, political consciousness, and criticism this last taken in its most general sense. It is written with passion and grace; it is shot through with learning, intimate knowledge of the critical tradition, and a deep (though by no means uncritical) understanding of the work (as well as social significance) of Kenneth Burke." Hayden White"

Demography as social science and policy science

Abstract: Demography as an activity has historically contained ele- ments both of a social science and a policy science. From Malthus's day to the present, the study of population dynamics has attracted those wishing to understand and those wishing to influence. These two activities are quite dif- ferent in nature. The demographer as social scientist seeks knowledge about conditions. His stance requires no commitment to change. He is interested in "what is" and strives to apprehend reality. The demographer as policy scientist seeks to alter current conditions in a specific direction. His stance is necessarily one committed to change. He is interested in "what can be" and strives to produce a desired state. Historically demography has passed through periods when one or the other of these motivating forces predominated among students of population. The shift in perspective from a social scientific orientation to a policy orientation and back again is a major leitmotif of the history of the field, one that has had a profound influence on the evolution of demographic thought. Since the dual nature of demography is unlikely to change, this influence can be expected to continue. For the past 30 years global population dynamics have attracted the attention of most demographers, and the majority have assumed a policy- oriented stance. The major controversy of the period—between the "devel- opmentalists" and the "family planners"—was an expression of conflicts attendant upon pursuing policy-oriented research within an academic discipline. To offer advice on how to produce beneficial social change without doing violence to "facts" as best they are known is a difficult and stressful task. With fertility decline now becoming a pronounced trend in the developing world, there will probably be a renewed emphasis on the social scientific perspective. The goal of demographers will increasingly become to "under- stand" what is happening rather than to "make" something happen. What will

The Radicalism of Tradition: Community Strength or Venerable Disguise and Borrowed Language?

Abstract: An equation has often been made, especially but not exclusively by Marxists,between radicalism and the rational understanding of objective interests. I argue that, on the contrary, commitments to traditional cultural values and immediate communal relations are crucial to many radical movements, (a)because these commitments provide populations with the extent of internal social organization necessary to concerted, radical collective action, and (b) because the largely defensive goals of these movements must be radically incompatible with the introduction of modern capitalist-dominated social formations. Reformism is the characteristic stance of the modern working class, for both social and cultural reasons.

Critical social psychology

Abstract: Academic practitioners of social psychology have traditionally adopted a liberal position against the extremes of capitalist and socialist ideology. But recently this middle position has become extremely precarious, and the fundamental crisis in social psychology can no longer be ignored. The purpose of this book is to repair the severed connection between social psychology, the culture of everyday life and the structure of society, along the lines of the Frankfurt School's critique of knowledge. Philip Wexler places both conventional social psychology and the emergence of an alternative in their historical context, revealing the ideological character of conventional social psychology and emphasizing the social basis of an alternative. He describes the foundations of this alternative, critical psychology, by analysis of theory and research on questions of self, social interaction and intimate or personal relations. This analysis proceeds through an historical and conceptual critique of concepts and paradigms, toward their social-cultural basis, and then back again to an alternative paradigm. In presenting a coherent theoretical social psychology, and by introducing Marxist categories such as commodity fetishism, exploitation and alienation, the author enables social psychologists to overcome their cultural isolation.

Ethics, The Social Sciences, and Policy Analysis

Abstract: I. Policy Analysis in a New Key: Exploring Alternatives to Positivism.- 1. Interpretive Social Science and Policy Analysis.- 2 Social Science as Practical Reason.- 3 Comment on Robert N. Bellah, "Social Science as Practical Reason".- 4 Imperfect Democracy and the Moral Responsibilities of Policy Advisers.- 5 Value-Critical Policy Analysis.- 6 Emancipatory Social Science and Social Critique.- II. Social Science and Political Advocacy.- 7 The British Tradition of Social Administration: Moral Concerns at the Expense of Scientific Rigor.- 8 Social Research and Political Advocacy: New Stages and Old Problems in Integrating Science and Values.- 9 Ideology, Interests, and Information: The Basis of Policy Positions.- III. Disciplinary Standards and Policy Analysis.- 10 Use of Social Science Data for Policy Analysis and Policymaking.- 11 Social Science and Policy Analysis: Some Fundamental Differences.- 12 Subverting Policy Premises.- 13 Partial Knowledge.- IV. Toward Ethical Guidelines.- 14 Toward Ethical Guidelines for Social Science Research in Public Policy.

Social mobility and the interpretation of social class mortality differentials.

Abstract: The discussion of health inequalities in Britain (e.g. in the Black Report) has been conducted largely on the basis of social class mortality differentials measured by achieved social class and not by social class of origin. It is shown in this paper that social class mortality differentials by achieved social class are not invariant to the rate of social mobility and that the use of them is likely to result in a biased measure of trends in health inequalities when the absolute rate of social mobility varies over time. It is further shown that if, as is likely, health status is a factor systematically affecting the probability for an individual of upward or downward social mobility, then an increase in the rate of social mobility may well result in constant or widening social class mortality differentials by achieved social class even if the differentials are narrowing when measured by social class of origin. It is claimed that this process may well explain why the observed social class mortality differentials, which are measured by achieved social class, have not fallen in Britain during the post-1945 period.

The Change Agent: A Taxonomy in Relation to the Change Process

Abstract: The article begins with a historical review of the term change agent from its origin in Lippit, Watson, and Westley to current usage in behavioral science literature. More detailed descriptions are provided for research that has been conducted on change agents. Lewin's three-phase paradigm of social change is used to construct a taxonomy of ten categories of change agents involved. Activities and characteristics are proposed for each category, citing recent research efforts to substantiate them.

Industrial restructuring as class restructuring: Production decentralization and local uniqueness

Abstract: Massey D. (1983) Industrial restructuring as class restructuring: production decentralization and local uniqueness, Reg. Studies 17, 73–89. Industrial change is also a process of social change. This article examines the impact on two very different kinds of area of the entry of new forms of economic activity. It points out that, although in each case the new industry was the same (branch plants employing women in low-paid and unskilled jobs), the social effects in the two regions were very different. In one kind of region the old basis of the labour movement is being undermined, in the other the division between labour and capital may be becoming clearer. The social processes of the reproduction of spatial inequality are examined and it is shown how class and other divisions—such as those based on gender—are at the heart of this dynamic.

Development of the Conception of Economic Inequality: II. Explanations, Justifications, and Concepts of Social Mobility and Change

Abstract: Children and adolescents from four social classes were interviewed about their concepts of economic inequality. Adolescents were more likely than children to explain and justify inequality by referring to equity and were more fatalistic in their conceptions of change and in justifying wealth and poverty. Younger children were more likely than adolescents to claim that individual mobility and social change could be achieved through others giving money and less likely to say that social change could be achieved by changing the social structure. Upper-middleclass subjects were more likely than others to claim that poverty cannot be changed and that poverty is due to equity or wasting money arid less likely than lowerclass subjects to claim that the poor should not suffer. Lower class 17-year-olds were more likely than any other group to claim that the rich would resist social change. Blacks were less likely than whites to claim that poverty is due to bad luck or is fated. The findings are discussed in terms of cognitive-developmental trends, functionalist effects, and conflict theory. Numerous psychologists and sociologists from widely divergent perspectives have argued that social class has a considerable effect in the lives of individuals (Deutsch, Katz, Jensen, 1968; Jencks, 1972; Marx, 1844/ 1966; Parsons, 1960; Weber, 1946). Despite the emphasis on the importance of social class, however, little is known of how individuals come to conceptualize social class systems. The few studies of adults and children have been concerned with the criteria that people use in placing others into classes or their knowledge of which occupations or possessions are associated with different social classes (Centers, 1949; Simmons & Rosenberg, 1971; Tudor, 1971). However, theorists of stratificatio n (e.g., Marx, Parsons, and Weber) claim that an essential focus of

What is social about social cognition

Abstract: Interest in social cognition is one of the major new developments in social psychology in recent years. This paper argues for a radically expanded view of social cognition as not merely the information-processing analysis of social domains, but as a field genuinely devoted to the study of the relationship between individual cognition and socio-cultural representations. Social cognition as a field of research thus has the unique potential of unifying the hitherto separated individual and social realms in psychology. Four relevant lines of argument are considered: (1) The implications of the currently dominant information-processing metaphor are contrasted with traditional social psychological theories. (2) Next, the historical roots of social cognition research in sociology, psychology and phenomenology are outlined, in support of an expanded conceptualization of the field. (3) The expansion of current research in three specific directions is suggested, to include (a) developmental, (b) affective and motivational, and (c) collective processes in social cognition. (4) The methodological implications of this expanded view of social cognition are discussed. It is concluded that a genuinely social approach to cognition as advocated here is not only congruent with historical formulations, but also offers exciting new opportunities for empirical research in social psychology.

Traditional health beliefs and practices among lower class black Americans.

Abstract: The medical belief system of lower class black Americans reflects their social, political and economic marginality in the larger society. A moderate life-style is regarded as the basis for good health with special emphasis on protecting one's body from cold, keeping it clean inside and out and maintaining a proper diet. Illnesses and other life events are classified as “natural” or “unnatural.” Natural illnesses result from the effects of cold, dirt and improper diet on the body causing changes in the blood. A number of beliefs about blood and its functions have important clinical implications for the treatment of hypertension and venereal disease and for family planning. Natural illnesses also result from divine punishment and serve as an instrument of social control. Unnatural illnesses are the result of witchcraft and reflect conflict in the social network. It is believed that physicians do not understand and cannot effectively treat such illnesses, but a variety of traditional healers offer help to the victims. Physicians must elicit such beliefs if they are to interact effectively and sensitively with black patients. Social change is required, however, to eliminate the feelings of powerlessness at the root of many of the health problems of poor black Americans.

The social dimensions of development: social policy and planning in the Third World.

Abstract: This textbook provides basic information on social policies aimes at improving the welfare of the populations in developing countried and assessing the effectiveness of the major social policies which have been applied to the problems of poverty in these countried. The book is an outgrowth of experience gained in teaching a course in social policy and planning at London School of Economics. The focus is on social policied rather than on social planning techniques and the central theme is that state intervention and the implementation of social policies are a necessary prerequisite for improving the welfare of the inhabitants of 3rd World countried. The chapter defines underdevelopment. It stresses the need for governments to develop social policies in accordance with their needs and resources and to develop policies which will redistribute resources to the most seriously disadvantaged segments of their population. The 2nd chapter defines poverty describes the basic inequalities in living standards and income which exist in 3rd World countries and discuss the major theories which have been put forward to explain poverty. The next 5 chapters discuss the problems of population growth rural and urban development health and housing. The various policied which have been formulated to deal with each of these problems are described and compared in regard to their effectiveness. The next chapter discusses social work and the problems associated with the development of social welfare services in developing countries. The final chapter deals with international issues and assesses. The value of bilateral and multilateral aid. Major assumptions underlying the presentation of the material are 1)poverty impedes development 2)poverty will not disappear without government intervention 3)economic development by itself cannot reduce poverty 4)poverty is the result of social factors rather than the result of inadequacies on the part of poor indiciduals 5)socialpolicies and programs formulated to deal with problems in the developed countries are inappropriate for application in developing countries; 6)social policies must reflect the needs of each country; and 7)social planning should be an interdisciplinary endeavor and should utilize knowledge derived from all the social sciences.