Showing papers on "Social change published in 1987"

Gender Roles and Women's Achievement-Related Decisions:

Abstract: Occupational sex segregation continues to exist and the occupational career paths of women and men continue to differ. This article proposes a model to explain these persistent, gender-role linked trends, summarizes evidence to support the proposed mediating psychological mechanisms, and discusses the social experiences that shape gender differences on these mediators. In addition, the article reviews the economic and psychological costs often associated with the traditional female choices and proposes interventions aimed at achieving a more gender—fair social system that does not devalue traditionally female domains. The proposed model links occupational choices to expectations for success and subjective task value, which, in turn, are linked to gender-role socialization, self schemas, and anticipated role and task demands. The importance of subjective task value is stressed, as is the need to study women's achievement-related choices from the women's perspective.

Social theory and modern sociology

Abstract: Preface. 1. What Do Sociologists Do?. 2. Nine Theses on the Future of Sociology. 3. The Social Sciences and Philosophy -- Trends in Recent Social Theory. 4. Structuralism, Post-Structuralism and the Production of Culture. 5. Erving Goffman as a Systematic Social Theorist. 6. Time and Social Organization. 7. Nation-States and Violence. 8. Social Theory and Problems of Macroeconomics. 9. Out of the Orrery: E.P.Thompson on Consciousness and History. 10. Reason Without Revolution? Heberman&apos s Theory of Communicative Action. 11. Alvin Gouldner and the Intellenctuals. 12. The Perils of Punditry: Gorz and the End of the Working Class. Index.

Critical Social Science: Liberation and Its Limits

Abstract: This book is a systematic attempt to understand the circumstances in which social science can contribute to the critical assessment of social institutions. The author makes a distinctive contribution to analyzing fundamental problems of modern philosophy and social theory, expanding upon his previous writings in this area. Fay defines a "critical social science" as an attempt to understand in a rational fashion the nature of a just and humane social order and discusses both the limitations and the possibilities of what such an understanding can achieve.

The Corporate Social Policy Process: Beyond Business Ethics, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Corporate Social Responsiveness:

Abstract: This article examines three concepts—business ethics, corporate social responsibility, and corporate social responsiveness—that have been used to evaluate corporate social performance. It explores the similarities and differences among them. It then introduces a fourth concept, the corporate social policy process, which integrates the key elements of the three concepts. The corporate social policy process represents a system of individual and collective moral reflection and choice within the corporation. It is not an ad hoc system, but an institutionalized one that can help improve the way in which the corporation operates in a rapidly changing social environment with value pluralism.

Child-care quality and children's social development.

Abstract: This study examined the influence on children's social development of variation in the quality of their child-care environments. The sample consisted of 166 children attending representative childcare centers that varied widely in quality. Possible relations associated with age, child-care experience, and family background were controlled using hierarchical multiple regression. Both global estimates of child-care quality and specific program features, such as director experience, ratios, and verbal interactions, were obtained from observational measures and staff questionnaires. Measures of social development were derived from parent and caregiver ratings of the children. Of greatest importance is the finding that overall quality, caregiver-child verbal interactions, and director experience were each highly predictive of the children's social development in child care. Family background measures were also significantly predictive of several of the social outcomes, whereas childcare experience showed few significant effects. The implications for social policies and future research in child care are discussed. The developmental effects of child care have long held interest for psychologists, first because child care represented an intriguing exception to parental care, and now because some form of child care is the norm for over half of all American children. Parallel with these demographic trends, the research literature has shifted from questions that entail comparisons of home-reared children and those enrolled in child care to more sophisticated questions about how children in child care are affected by differences in program quality (Belsky, 1984; Clarke-Stewart & Fein, 1983). A related issue concerns the identification of specific quality indicators that affect child development. A third, relatively new, empirical focus is on the joint effects of child care and family variables (Everson, Sarnat, &

Social support and social structure

Abstract: The burgeoning study of social support in relation to social stress and health would benefit from increased attention to issues of social structure. Three aspects of social relationships, all often referred to as social support, must be more clearly distinguished—(1) their existence or quantity (i.e., social integration), (2) their formal structure (i.e., social networks), and (3) their functional or behavioral content (i.e., the most precise meaning of “social support”)—and the causal relationships between the structure of social relationships (social integration and networks) and their functional content (social support) must be more clearly understood. Research and theory are needed on the determinants of social integration, networks, and support as well as their consequences for stress and health. Among potential determinants, macrosocial structures and processes particularly merit attention.

Child's Play with Adults, Toys, and Peers: An Examination of Family and Child-Care Influences.

Abstract: Etude du role de la qualite du climat affectif de la famille ou de la creche sur la competence observee en situation ludique chez 55 enfants âges de 11 a 30 mois

RE-VISIONING WOMEN AND SOCIAL CHANGE: Where Are the Children?

Abstract: Feminists have re-visioned women as active subjects in knowledge by granting them agency and diversity and by challenging divisions like public versus private. But both feminist and traditional knowledge remain deeply adult centered. Adult perspectives infuse three contemporary images of children: as threats to adult society, as victims of adults, and as learners of adult culture (“socialization”). We can bring children more fully into knowledge by clarifying ideological constructions, with attention to the diversity of children's actual lives and circumstances; by emphasizing children's agency as well as their subordination; and by challenging their conceptual privatization. The re-visioning of children involves complex issues of gender, generation, autonomy, and relatedness.

The Changing Forms of Racial/Ethnic Biases in Sentencing

Abstract: Racial/ethnic discrimination in criminal justice processing has been the subject of heated debate for several decades. This article traces findings from four historical waves of research on sentencing disparities. Particular attention is given to changes in research methodologies and data sources, the social contexts within which research has been conducted, and the various forms that bias can manifest. It explores the change from findings of overt racial/ethnic disparities to more subtle, but still systematic, institutionalized biases. In so doing, the movement toward determinate sentencing is discussed, and the biases identified are partially explained by the need for the system to maintain legitimacy in the face of social change.

Social Influences on the Construction of Pupils' Understanding of Science

Abstract: (1987). Social Influences on the Construction of Pupils' Understanding of Science. Studies in Science Education: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 63-82.

Unequal egalitarianism: A preliminary study of discourses concerning gender and employment opportunities

Abstract: A set of accounts concerning final year university students’ views on the status of employment opportunities for women is examined to identify some of the practical ideologies surrounding the reproduction of gender inequalities. The focus of the analysis is the structure of the discourse produced and what is revealed about wider systems of making sense. This approach is contrasted with conventional survey research. We argue, first, that our sample’s responses represent a conflict between their endorsement of equal opportunities and their emphasis on practical considerations supposedly limiting those opportunities and, second, that their model of human subject in society is individualistic in nature as are their notions of social change and explanations for existing inequalities.

The impact of women's social position on fertility in developing countries

Abstract: This paper examines ideas about possible ways in which the extent of women's autonomy, women's economic dependency, and other aspects of their position vis-a-vis men influence fertility in Third World populations. Women's position or “status” seems likely to be related to the supply of children because of its links with age at marriage. Women's position may also affect the demand for children and the costs of fertility regulation, though some connections suggested in the literature are implausible. The paper ends with suggestions for future research.

A history and philosophy of the social sciences

Abstract: Peter Manicas argues that ideology is the defining characteristic of the social sciences in this critical review of the discipline. In particular, he contends that social science was originally based on a false ideal of science and that the historical assumptions of social science are in general, too "Eurocentric". It deals first with the history of key ideas from the early modern period - from Hobbes and Rousseau to Quine, Kuhn and Popper - before exploring the institutional and social features which have shaped the emergence of modern social science. He then reveals the ideological component of mainstream social science, suggesting an alternative philosophy for the future. The volume is relevant to students in all social science disciplines.

Law and Social Change in Postwar Japan

Abstract: One: Models of Law and Social Change Two Western Models A Japanese Model Two: Environmental Tragedy and Response Pollution in Minamata The Choice of Tactics The Government's Response Historical and Social Context of the Pollution Experience Three: Instrumental Violence and the Struggle for Buraku Liberation Development of the Buraku Liberation Movement The Yata Denunciation Denunciation Tactics in Court The Theory and Effectiveness of Denunciation Denunciation in Social and Political Context Four: Civil Rights Litigation and the Search for Equal Employment Opportunity The Litigation Campaign Impact of the Cases The Social and Political Role of Civil Rights Litigation Five: Legal Informality and Industrial Policy The Legal Framework of Industrial Policy The Sumitomo Metals Incident The Oil Cartel Cases Industrial Policy in the 1980s The Implications of Informality Six: Toward a New Perspective on Japanese Law The Ideology of Law in Japanese Society The Operation of Law in Japanese Society American Images of Japanese Law Notes Index

Social change and the family: Comparative perspectives from the west, China, and South Asia

Abstract: This paper examines the influence of social and economic change on family structure and relationships: How do such economic and social transformations as industrialization, urbanization, demographic change, the expansion of education, and the long-term growth of income influence the family? We take a comparative and historical approach, reviewing the experiences of three major sociocultural regions: the West, China, and South Asia. Many of the changes that have occurred in family life have been remarkably similar in the three settings—the separation of the workplace from the home, increased training of children in nonfamilial institutions, the development of living arrangements outside the family household, increased access of children to financial and other productive resources, and increased participation by children in the selection of a mate. While the similarities of family change in diverse cultural settings are striking, specific aspects of change have varied across settings because of significant pre-existing differences in family structure, residential patterns of marriage, autonomy of children, and the role of marriage within kinship systems.

The Relationship Between Adaptive Behavior and Social Skills: Issues in Definition and Assessment

Abstract: Social skills and adaptive behavior represent two subdomains of the superordinate construct of social competence. Adaptive behavior is viewed as the effectiveness and degree to which an individual meets social/cultural standards of personal independence and social responsibility. Social skills represent behaviors which, in specific situations, predict important social outcomes for children and youth. This article presents a conceptualization of social competence relevant for school settings. Relationships between adaptive behavior and social skills are documented and a classification system for social competence deficits is provided. Assessment procedures for classification and intervention purposes will be described with special reference to commonly used adaptive behavior measures.

Personality change in women from college to midlife.

Abstract: Personality scores of female college seniors studied in 1958 or 1960, again when they were 27 years old, and again when they were 43 show significant mean changes and high stability coefficients on the California Psychological Inventory, Joffe-Naditch coping scales, Adjective Check List, and other measures. Changes in personality were largely consistent with theories of adult development. In these women, a major factor associated with change appears to be an increase in sex role specialization in their late 20s and a decrease in their later years that is accompanied by increases in confidence, dominance, and coping skills. The normative pattern of change was not confined to women on any one particular life path, but was most pronounced in women who actively engaged in some "social clock project."

The Shaping of Social Organization: Social Rule System Theory with Applications

Abstract: Actors, Social Action, and Systems - PART ONE: SOCIAL RULE SYSTEM THEORY Social Rule System Theory The Organization of Social Action and Social Forms Actors, Rule Systems, and Social Structure Rule Systems, Organization of Society, and Social Power Consensus and Conflict in Social Life Grammers of Social Institutions and the Structuring of Spheres of Social Action The Structuration of Markets and Other Distributional Regimes - PART TWO: MARKETS AND COLLECTIVE BARGAINING SYSTEMS Market Organization and Performance Properties Collective Bargaining Regimes and Their Transformation Multiple Rule Systems Formal and Informal Social Organization - PART THREE: BUREAUCRACY AND FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS Local Public Administration as an Arena of Conflicting Rule Systems Hydro-Power Administration in a Changing World Industrialism, Environmentalism, and Center-Periphery Struggle in Norway Technology and Technique, Social Action, and Rule Systems - PART FOUR: EXPERTISE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION A Modern Oracle and Politics Studies in Energy Forecasting Science and Practical Action The Study of Competing Logics Conclusion Principles of Social Organization in the Structuration of Modern Western Societies

Influences on Students' Academic Growth During Four Years of College.

Abstract: This study modeled the sources of influence on students' reported academic development over a four-year period, focusing on institutionally controllable influences on student growth and assessing how those influences vary from one year to another. A LISREL analysis indicated that students' academic integration level in each of the four years had a direct effect on reported academic skill development in that year and an indirect effect on reported growth in succeeding years. Social integration was influential in students' reported academic growth only (but prominently) in the junior and senior years. The nature and strength of the influences varied over time, however, with academic and social integration appearing to reverse their positions in relative importance over the period.

Changes in Social Networks of Women and Men Following Divorce: A Review

Abstract: A theoretical critique and review is presented concerning the character and consequences of changes in the social networks of spouses following separation and divorce. For men, cultural traditions that prescribe the duties and obligations of husbands are thought to encourage the development of personal friendships while simultaneously encouraging independence, thus insulating men from the possible benefits of social support following divorce. For women, the duties and obligations of wives as they are traditionally defined encourage women to accept responsibility for “kinkeeping” during and after marriage while simultaneously discouraging bonds with friends. These circumstances are thought to isolate women from the unique benefits of personal friendship and ensure networks that are dominated by kin, which typically are high in exchanges of both social support and interference. Important distinctions are drawn between the character of relationships with kin and friends, as well as between the concepts of so...

Integrating societal and psychological rules of entitlement: The basic task of each social actor and fundamental problem for the social sciences

Abstract: A preliminary statement of a theoretical framework integrating psychological and societal determinants of justice in human affairs is presented. It is proposed that the social structure provides the rules of entitlement and decision making that regulate the course of routine social interaction. These societally based norms are representable in people's conscious thought processes. By contrast, the psychologically generated rules of entitlement, typically contradict conventionally accepted rules of thought and discourse and thus remain “unconscious.” The major part of the discussion considers the motivationally important circumstances that engage the unconscious psychologically compelling determinants and how their appearance in behavior is both shaped and legitimized by the situationally prevailing normative context. The final section considers some of the more important methodological, theoretical, and social policy implications of this social psychological theory of entitlements.

INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS FROM A MICROSTRUCTURAL PERSPECTIVE: Men Who Mother

Abstract: This article argues that individuals paradigms have predominated social scientific explanations for gendered behavior in intimate relationships but that a microstructural paradigm adds necessary additional information. The results of a study designed to test the relative strengths of individualist and microstructural explanations for “mothering behavior” are presented. The microstructural hypothesis is that single fathers will adopt parental behavior that more closely resembles that of women who mother than that of married fathers. Parenting behaviors of single fathers, single mothers, married parents with mothers at home, and married two-paycheck couples are compared. Overall, the hypothesis is supported. The article ends with a discussion of the implications of the microstructural perspective for social change in a feminist direction.

Victims in the Shadow of the Law: A Critique of the Model of Legal Protection

Abstract: The twentieth anniversary of the 1964 Civil Rights Act marked the end of an era of uncertain progress. Despite dramatic victories in constitutional litigation and the visibility of group-based struggles, civil rights strategies had limited success in initiating major economic and social change.' The limited progress has prompted a new sense of realism among groups who experience discrimination-a sense of how little the situation has changed even though overt prejudice may be less prevalent. The modest progress of the civil rights movement has not made "rights-focused" struggles unattractive, however; in fact, there is a proliferation of civil rights strategies