Showing papers on "Social change published in 1990"

Foundations of Social Theory

Abstract: Suggests a new approach to describing both stability and change in social systems by linking the behavior of individuals to organizational behavior.

At the Threshold: The Developing Adolescent

Abstract: Adolescents embody the best hopes of American society. Their vital role in shaping our future lends particular significance to their success in negotiating the passage from childhood to adulthood, while their intensity and visibility often make them barometers of social change. It is all the more remarkable, then, that this critical period has only recently captured the full attention of researchers."At the Threshold" presents the long-awaited findings of the Carnegie Foundation study on adolescence. It offers a comprehensive overview of what investigators are learning about normal development and provides an interdisciplinary synthesis of research into the biological, social, and psychological changes occurring during this key stage in the life span. While focusing on the contexts of adolescent life - social and ethnic, family and school, leisure and work-it also addresses how researchers are doing in the effort to understand the intersection of processes that initiate and sustain adolescent development and to characterize the extraordinary changes that occur during these years.Contrary to popular belief, large numbers of young people continue to mature into productive members of society. "At the Threshold" seeks to allow professionals and nonprofessionals alike important access to the reality of normal adolescent experience. The authors recognize that only if we begin to understand and clearly articulate the parameters of successful adolescent development can we hope to intervene with those individuals whose lives seem aimed toward unsatisfactory futures.

Job Queues, Gender Queues: Explaining Women's Inroads into Male Occupations

Abstract: Preface Part I: Explaining the Changing Sex Composition of Occupations 1. Occupational Sex Segregation: Persistence and Change 2. Queuing and Changing Occupational Composition 3. Consequences of Desegregation: Occupational Integration and Economic Equity? Part II: Case Studies of Occupation Change 4. Culture, Commerce and Gender: The Feminization of Book Editing -- Barbara F. Reskin 5. Industrial and Occupational Change in Pharmacy: Prescription for Feminization -- Polly A. Phipps 6. Keepers of the Corporate Image: Women in Public Relations -- Katharine M. Donato 7. High Finance, Small Change: Women's Increased Representation in Bank Management -- Chloe E. Bud 8. Programming for Change? The Growing Demand for Women Systems Analysts -- Katharine M. Donato 9. Women's Gains in Insurance Sales: Increased Supply, Uncertain Demand -- Barbara J. Thomas 10. A Woman's Place is Selling Homes: Occupational Change and the Feminization of Real Estate Sales -- Barbara J. Thomas and Barbara F. Reskin 11. Occupational Resegregation among Insurance Adjusters and Examiners -- Polly A. Phipps 12. Women Behind Bars: The Feminization of Bartending -- Linda A. Detman 13. Baking and Baking Off: Deskilling and the Changing Sex Makeup of Bakers -- Thomas Steiger and Barbara F. Reskin 14. Hot-Metal to Electronic Composition: Gender, Technology, and Social Change -- Patricia A. Roos Part III: Conclusion Summary, Implications, and Prospects Appendix: Guidelines Used for Occupation Case Studies References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors

Social influence and opinions

Abstract: In this paper we describe an approach to the relationship between a network of interpersonal influences and the content of individuals’ opinions. Our work starts with the specification of social pr...

Between Space and Time: Reflections on the Geographical Imagination1

Abstract: Although concepts of space and time are socially constructed, they operate with the full force of objective fact and play a key role in processes of social reproduction. Conceptions of space and time are inevitably, therefore, contested as part and parcel of processes of social change, no matter whether that change is superimposed from without (as in imperialist domination) or generated from within (as in the conflict between environmentalist and economic standards of decision making). A study of the historical geography of concepts of space and time suggests that the roots of the social construction of these concepts lie in the mode of production and its characteristic social relations. In particular, the revolutionary qualities of a capitalistic mode of production, marked by strong currents of technological change and rapid economic growth and development, have been associated with powerful revolutions in the social conceptions of space and time. The implications of these revolutions, implying ...

Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity

Abstract: In this ambitious work a leading scholar undertakes a full-scale reconceptualization of international relations Turbulence in World Politics is an entirely new formulation that accounts for the persistent turmoil of today's world, even as it also probes the impact of the microelectronic revolution, the postindustrial order, and the many other fundamental political, economic, and social changes under way since World War II To develop this formulation, James N Rosenau digs deep into the workings of communities and the orientations of individuals that culminate in collective action on the world stage His concern is less with questions of epistemology and methodology and more with the development of a comprehensive theoryone that is different from other paradigms in the field by virtue of its focus on the tumult in contemporary international relations The book depicts a bifurcation of global politics in which an autonomous multi-centric world has emerged as a competitor of the long established state-centric world A central theme is that the analytic skills of people everywhere are expanding and thereby altering the context in which international processes unfold Rosenau shows how the macro structures of global politics have undergone transformations linked to those at the micro level: long-standing structures of authority weaken, collectivities fragment, subgroups become more powerful at the expense of states and governments, national loyalties are redirected, and new issues crowd onto the global agenda These turbulent dynamics foster the simultaneous centralizing and decentralizing tendencies that are now bifurcating global structures "Rosenau's new work is an imaginative leap into world politics in the twenty-first century There is much here to challenge traditional thought of every persuasion" --Michael Brecher, McGill University

Powershift: Knowledge, Wealth and Violence at the Edge of the 21st Century

Abstract: 第５部 パワーシフトの政治学（決定的な数十年；影の政党；情報戦術；高次戦術；スパイ活動の市場；情報の協議事項；イメージを作る人々；破壊的メディア；「スクリーニー」世代） 第６部 世界的パワーシフト（世界的「知識要素」；高速と緩慢；未来と社会主義との衝突；均衡としての力；三脚—東京…ベルリン…ワシントン；地球規模の競争組織；自由、秩序、偶然）

Patterns of marital change across the transition to parenthood: pregnancy to three years postpartum.

Abstract: The purpose of this investigation is to advance the study of marital change across the transition to parenthood by moving beyond the study of central tendencies to examine variation in the matter and extent to which spouses experiences of their mates and their marital relationships changed from the last trimester of pregnancy through 3 years postpartum. Analyses of marital data collected at 4 points in time on 128 middle and working-class families rearing a firstborn child resulted in the identification of 4 distinct patterns of marital change which were labeled ACCELERATING DECLINE LINEAR DECLINE NO CHANGE and MODEST POSITIVE INCREASE. In a series of developmentally ordered discriminant function analyses efforts were made to distinguish decliners from increasers by using demographic personality and marital information collected prenatally; data on infant temperament and change in infant temperament obtained at 3 and 9 months postpartum respectively; and data on negative life events and income change collected at 3 years postpartum. Analyses revealed that patterns of marital change are determined by multiple factors and are largely identifiable prior to the infants birth. Postnatal information on infant temperament often improved the ability to discriminate marriages that declined and improved in quality across the transition to parenthood. (authors)

Ideology and the New Social Movements

Abstract: New social movements - major themes general theories of social movements - functionalism and Marxism sociological responses to the rise of new social movements varieties of ideology within the ecology movement movements and parties - problems of organization and mobilization social closure and political participation.

Gendered Jobs and Social Change

Abstract: This is an exploration of the changing structure of women's paid work in Britain since World War II. Four case-studies, drawing upon original research material, give accounts of developments across the whole range of women's employment; form the"post-feminist" finance profesional to unskilled workers. This work is set within a context of current theoreticl debates concerning gender, occupationalsegretagion, and class and stratification, and is complemented by a review of the structure of women's employment in other Western countries. The book also provides a summary and crtiques of current developments within a series of sociological debates.

Human Behavior in the Social Environment

Abstract: Part One: A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE ON SOCIAL SYSTEMS. 1. A Critical Perspective. 2. A Systems Approach to Human Behavior: The Individual as a System. 3. Person in Environment: Social Systems and Social Roles. Part Two: COMMUNITIES IN SOCIETY. 4. Diversity in Community Life. 5. A Social History of Ethnic Communities in the United States. 6. The New Arrivals. 7. Ethnic Community Relations in American Society. Part Three: FAMILY LIFE. 8. The Family as a Social Institution. 9. Diversity in Family Lifestyles. 10. The Family as a Social Organization: Identifying Well-Being. 11. The Family as a Social Organization: Analyzing Well-Being. Part Four: LARGE AND SMALL GROUPS. 12. Social Interaction in Groups and Organizations. 13. Social Interaction: Social Exchange and Marxian Theories. 14. Social Interaction: Anomie and Symbolic Interactionism. Part Five: INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN. 15. Three Psychological Perspectives: Psychodynamic, Cognitive Development, and Learning. 16. Life-Span Development: Prenatal Influences and Early Life. 17. Life-Span Development: Childhood and Adolescence. 18. Life-Span Development: Early, Middle, and Later Adulthood.

Continuity and change: assortative marriage and the consistency of personality in adulthood.

Abstract: How is personality stability possible amid the myriad of social changes and transformations that characterize a human life? We argue that by choosing situations that are compatible with their dispositions and by affiliating with similar others, individuals may set in motion processes of social interchange that sustain their dispositions across time and circumstance. To test this proposition we examined mate selection, using data on married couples from two ongoing longitudinal studies at the Institute of Human Development, University of California, Berkeley. Consistent with other research, the results point to homogamy as a basic norm in marriage. More important, the results show that marriage to a similar other promotes consistency in the intraindividual organization of personality attributes across middle adulthood. We offer some speculations for a more relational approach to the problem of individual continuity and change. Throughout our lives we interact with new people, enter new relationships, and move to new environmental settings that can be expected to change our personality. But change is not imminent. Longitudinal explorations have repeatedly confirmed that individual differences in personality characteristics are stable across time and circumstance (e.g., Caspi, Bern, & Elder, 1989; Conley, 1985; Costa & McCrae, 1980). How is stability possible amid the myriad of social changes and transformations that characterize a human life? Stability is possible in part because individuals create the environments in which they live. More often than not, they choose jobs and activities that are compatible with their own dispositions and select friends and mates who are similar to themselves. These social selections may, in turn, reinforce and sustain individuals' dispositions. In this article we shall demonstrate this important outcome. Specifically, individuals who are married to similar others are more likely to display consistency in the organization of their personality attributes throughout middle adulthood.

The Social and Economic Origins of Immigration

Abstract: Contemporary immigration patterns represent a sharp break from the past, when international movements were dominated by flows out of Europe to a few key destination areas. Europe has now become a region of immigration, and, like other developed regions, it draws migrants from a variety of Third World countries. The large-scale movement of immigrants from developing to developed regions has both economic and social foundations. Economically, immigration originates not from simple wage differentials between poor and rich countries but from the spread of economic development to rapidly growing Third World populations and from a persistent demand for low-wage workers in developed nations. Immigration has many social foundations, but the formation of migrant networks is probably the most important. Networks build into the migration process a self-perpetuating momentum that leads to its growth over time, in spite of fluctuating wage differentials, recessions, and increasingly restrictive immigration policies in...

State versus Islam: Malay families, women's bodies, and the body politic in Malaysia

Abstract: This article examines the social effects of the secular state and Islamic resurgence as they negotiate different models of Malay women, kinship, and identity. Widely viewed as a politically radical force, Islamic revivalism is here interpreted as a middle-class ideology mediating changes in gender and domestic relations linked to official policies. Neither simply “resisting” nor “passive,” upwardly mobile women have come to identify with revivalist ideals of motherhood, male authority, and the imagined body politic. [state/body politic, Islamic revivalism, gender and the family, social agency, class and social change, Malaysia/Islamic societies]

The psychological and social benefits of sport and physical activity.

Abstract: Csikszentmihalyi's (1982) model of sport values is used as a framework for examining the benefits of sport. An overview is given of the research evidence pertaining to the contribution of sport and physical activity to personal enjoyment, personal growth, social integration and social change. In all four areas, there is seen to be a potential for significant positive contributions; however, there is also a potential for negative outcomes. The critical feature then becomes identifying the prerequisite activity, leadership, organizational and environmental conditions for facilitating positive outcomes. A number of recommendations for future research directions are made with respect to the different outcome areas.

China's Peasants: The Anthropology of a Revolution

Abstract: This landmark study of Zengbu, a Cantonese community, is the first comprehensive analysis of a rural Chinese society by foreign anthropologists since the Revolution in 1949. Jack and Sulamith Potter examine the revolutionary experiences of Zengbu's peasant villagers and document the rapid changeover from Maoist to post-Maoist China. In particular, they seek to explain the persistence of the deep structure of Chinese culture through thirty years of revolutionary praxis. The authors assess the continuities and changes in rural China, moving from the traditional social organization and cultural life of the pre-revolutionary period through the series of large-scale efforts to implement planned social change which characterized Maoism - land reform, collectivization, the Great Leap Forward, and the Cultural Revolution. They examine in detail late Maoist society in 1979–80 and go on to describe and analyse the extraordinary changes of the post-Mao years, during which Zengbu was decollectivized, and traditional customs and religious practices reappeared.

Universities and the future of America

Abstract: Since World War II, says the author, industrialized nations have come to depend so heavily on expert knowledge, scientific discovery, and highly trained personnel that universities have become "the central institution in postindustrial society." "If universities are so important to society and if ours are so superior, one might have thought that America would be flourishing in comparison to other industrialized countries of the world. Yet this is plainly not the case...Our economic position in the world has deteriorated [and] we have climbed to the top, or near the top, of all advanced countries in the percentage of population who live in poverty, commit crimes, become addicted to drugs, have illegitimate children, or are classified as functionally illiterate." In light of these results, "it is fair to ask whether our universities are doing all they can and should to help America surmount the obstacles that sap our economic strength and blight the lives of millions of our people." Having posed this question, Derek Bok reviews what science can do to bring about greater productivity, what professional schools can do to improve the effectiveness of corporations, government, and public education, and what all parts of the university are doing to help students acquire higher levels of ethical and social responsibility. He concludes that Universities are contributing much less than the should to help the nation address its most urgent social problems. "A century after the death of Cardinal Newman, many university officials and faculty members continue to feel ambivalent about deliberate efforts to address practical problems of society. And though competition drives university leaders and their faculties to unremitting effort, what competition rewards is chiefly success in fields that command academic prestige rather than success in responding to important social needs." Bok urges academic leaders, trustees, foundations, and government agencies to work together to help universities realign their priorities "so that they will be ready to make their full contribution when the nation turns its attention again to the broad agenda of reform...Observing our difficulties competing abroad, our millions of people in poverty, our drug-ridden communities, our disintegrating families, our ineffective schools, those who help to shape our universities have reason to ask whether they too have any time to lose. "

Social Structure and Self-Direction: A Comparative Analysis of the United States and Poland

Abstract: Introduction - a rationale for cross-national inquiry into the relationship of social structure and personality the methodology of the research social class and social stratification in capitalist and socialist societies class, stratification and psychological functioning occupational self-direction as a crucial explanatory link between social structure and personality issues of causal directionality in the relationships of class and stratification with occupational self-direction and psychological functioning social structure and the transmission of values in the family interpreting the cross-national differences a re-evaluation of the thesis and its implications for understanding the relationship between social structure and personality.

Social Competence and Early Intervention.

Abstract: This article explores the relationship between young children's social competence and the goals of early intervention programs. Social competence is seen as a central organizing construct in development, and competence with peers during the preschool years is examined in detail. Specifically, the peer-related social competence difficulties of handicapped children are discussed from a developmental perspective. The nature of assessment and intervention strategies and the importance of the social context are described as part of a general program to improve the peer-related social competence of handicapped children. It is concluded that the social context provided by mainstreamed programs establishes essential conditions forpromoting the peer-related social competence of handicapped children.

Parallels in the Study of Social Support and Social Strain

Abstract: For most people, social relationships undoubtedly function more often as assets than as liabilities. Yet social relationships clearly can be a source of stress as well as support and companionship, and evidence suggests that negative social exchanges have potent effects on psychological well-being. To achieve a more comprehensive understanding of how social bonds affect emotional and physical health, greater attention is needed to the problematic exchanges that occur within informal social networks. Researchers interested in the negative aspects of social relationships face many of the same conceptual and methodological issues that have challenged social support researchers. This paper examines several of these parallel issues, highlighting important gaps in our existing knowledge base regarding the manner in which negative interpersonal transactions affect well being.

Sex and Secrets: Crimes Involving Australian Women Since 1880

Abstract: This book is both a detailed study of criminal acts involving Australian women since 1880 and a feminist analysis of their social and political significance. Based on previously unpublished archival documents, including court reports, coroners' reports, and those of prisons and child welfare organizations, Allen's findings show that infanticide, prostitution, and sexual and other assaults nvolving women have been much more prevalent than generally believed. Contending that this lack of official attention is due to the crimes' connection with the sexual relationships between men and women, Allen demonstrates that such a false perception of their incidence has disguised their significance in the processes of social change that have occured over the last century. This study will be of particular value for courses in women's studies, criminology, and the sociology of law and of gender.

Sleepless Souls: Suicide in Early Modern England

Abstract: This social history of suicide in early modern England traces the rise and fall of the crime of self-murder and explores the reasons why suicide came to be harshly punished in the 16th century, yet was tolerated and even sentimentalized in the century following the English Revolution. The authors employ a wide range of records from the period between 1500 and 1800 in order to explain the profound changes in attitudes to suicide and responses to actual deaths. Their detailed examination of the changing meaning of self-destruction provides an illuminating perspective of the sweep of cultural and social change in England over three centuries.