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Showing papers on "Social change published in 1994"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Social dominance orientation (SDO), one's degree of preference for inequality among social groups, is introduced in this article, which is related to beliefs in a lag number of social and political ideologies that support group-based hierarchy and to support for policies that have implications for intergroup relations (e.g., war, civil rights, and social programs).
Abstract: Social dominance orientation (SDO), one's degree of preference for inequality among social groups, is introduced. On the basis of social dominance theory, it is shown that (a) men are more social dominance-oriented than women, (b) high-SDO people seek hierarchy-enhancing professional roles and low-SDO people seek hierarchy-attenuating roles, (c) SDO was related to beliefs in a lag number of social and political ideologies that support group-based hierarchy (e.g., meritocracy and racism) and to support for policies that have implications for intergroup relations (e.g., war, civil rights, and social programs), including new policies. SDO was distinguished from interpersonal dominance, conservatism, and authoritarianism

3,967 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The life course has emerged over the past 30 years as a major research paradigm as mentioned in this paper, and distinctive themes include the relation between human lives and a changing society, the timing of lives, linked or interdependent lives, and human agency.
Abstract: The life course has emerged over the past 30 years as a major research paradigm. Distinctive themes include the relation between human lives and a changing society, the timing of lives, linked or interdependent lives, and human agency. Two lines of research converged in the formation of this paradigm during the 1960s; one was associated with an older «social relationship» tradition that featured intergenerational studies, and the other with more contemporary thinking about age. The emergence of a life course paradigm has been coupled with a notable decline in socialization as a research framework and with its incorporation by other theories

2,246 citations


Book
01 Jan 1994
Abstract: Understanding teaching teachers' coping strategies knowing teachers cultures of teaching collegiality, collaboration and control time for the teacher changing teachers.

2,127 citations


Book
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: From Individual Knowledge to Communal Construction The Impasse of Individual Knowledge Crisis in Representation and the Emergence of Social Construction Constructionism in Question Social Construction and Moral Orders Criticism and Consequence Social Psychology and the Wrong Revolution as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Preface From Individual Knowledge to Communal Construction The Impasse of Individual Knowledge Crisis in Representation and the Emergence of Social Construction Constructionism in Question Social Construction and Moral Orders Criticism and Consequence Social Psychology and the Wrong Revolution The Cultural Consequences of Deficit Discourse Objectivity as Rhetorical Achievement From Self to Relationship Self-Narration in Social Life Emotion as Relationship Transcending Narrative in the Therapeutic Context The Communal Origins of Meaning Deceit: From Conscience to Community Notes References Index

1,974 citations


Book
08 Dec 1994
TL;DR: The authors explores the rites of a sexual story-telling culture and examines the nature of these newly emerging narratives and the socio-historical conditions which have given rise to them, and suggests that a sociology of stories asks different questions about stories from those posed within cultural studies.
Abstract: The world has become cluttered with sexual stories. From child abuse scandals to lesbians and gays coming out; from Anita Hill and Clarence Thomas to the troubles of Michael Jackson; from sexual surveys to therapy groups?sexual talk has become more and more evident. This book explores the rites of a sexual story telling culture. Taking three major examples?rape stories, coming out stories, recovery stories?it examines the nature of these newly emerging narratives and the socio-historical conditions which have given rise to them. It looks at the rise of the women?s movement, the lesbian and gay movement and the ?recovery? movement as harbingers of significant social change that encourage the telling of new stories. In a powerful concluding section, the book turns to the wider concern of how story telling may be changing in a postmodern culture and how central it may be in the creation of a participatory democratic political culture. Ken Plummer illustrates how ?the narrative turn? of cultural studies may be taken up within sociology and suggests that a sociology of stories asks different questions about stories from those posed within cultural studies. The fascination with texts?with narrative structure, genre and metaphor?is now supplemented with questions around the social and political role that stories play, with the social processes through which they are constructed and consumed, with the political changes that stories may encourage. Telling Sexual Stories is a major contribution to our understanding of sexuality and the cultures of intimacy.

1,517 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: The authors explored relationships between measures of temperament and the social behavior patterns of empathy, guilt/shame, aggression, help-seeking, and negativity for a group of 6- to 7-year-old children.
Abstract: Relationships were explored between measures of temperament and the social behavior patterns of empathy, guilt/shame, aggression, help-seeking, and negativity for a group of 6- to 7-year-old children. For a subset of the sample, predictions of these social behavior patterns from infant laboratory observations were also reposed

917 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A conceptual transition in business and society scholarship, from the philosophical-ethical concept of corporate social responsibility (corporations' obligation to work for... as discussed by the authors, has been discussed.
Abstract: This 1978 paper outlines a conceptual transition in business and society scholarship, from the philosophical-ethical concept of corporate social responsibility (corporations' obligation to work for...

691 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of propositions that form the foundation for the "social support paradigm" of the study of crime and control are presented. But they have not been identified explicitly as a concept capable of organizing theory and research in criminology.
Abstract: Although “social support” is present as a theme in many criminological writings, it has not been identified explicitly as a concept capable of organizing theory and research in criminology. Drawing on existing criminological and related writings, this address derives a series of propositions that form the foundation, in a preliminary way, for the “social support paradigm” of the study of crime and control. The overriding contention is that whether social support is delivered through government social programs, communities, social networks, families, interpersonal relations, or agents of the criminal justice system, it reduces criminal involvement. Further, I contend that insofar as the social support paradigm proves to be “Good Criminology”—establishing that nonsupportive policies and conditions are criminogenic—it can provide grounds for creating a more supportive, “Good Society.”

666 citations


Book
26 Jul 1994
TL;DR: McRobbie as discussed by the authors argues that cultural studies scholars must return through ethnic and empirical work; the sound of living voices and spoken language; and examine the new youth cultures as images of social change and signs of profound social transformation.
Abstract: Postmodernism and Popular Culture brings together eleven recent essays by Angela McRobbie in a collection which deals with the issues which have dominated cultural studies over the last ten years. A key theme is the notion of postmodernity as a space for social change and political potential. McRobbie explores everyday life as a site of immense social and psychic complexity to which she argues that cultural studies scholars must return through ethnic and empirical work; the sound of living voices and spoken language. She also argues for feminists working in the field to continue to question the place and meaning of feminist theory in a postmodern society. In addition, she examines the new youth cultures as images of social change and signs of profound social transformation. Bringing together complex ideas about cultural studies today in a lively and accessible format, Angela McRobbie's new collection will be of immense value to all teachers and students of the subject.

610 citations


BookDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed a state-in-society perspective and developed an approach to struggle for domination in the Third World, focusing on social forces engaged with state power and social forces.
Abstract: Preface List of contributors Introduction: developing a state-in-society perspective Part I. Theoretical and Methodological Considerations: 1. The state in society: an approach to struggles for domination Joel S. Migdal Part II. States: Embedded in Society: 2. Traditional politics against state transformation in Brazil Frances Hagopian 3. State power and social organization in China Vivienne Shue 4. Centralization and powerlessness: India's democracy in a comparative perspective Atul Kohli 5. States and ruling classes in postcolonial Africa: the enduring contradictions of power Catherine Boone Part III. Social Forces: Engaged with State Power: 6. Labor divided: sources of state formation in modern China Elizabeth J. Perry 7. Business conflict, collaboration and privilege in interwar Egypt Robert Vitalis 8. A time and a place for the non-state: social change in the Ottoman empire during the 'long nineteenth century' Resat Kasaba 9. Peasant-state relations in postcolonial Africa: patterns of engagement and disengagement Michael Bratton 10. Engaging the state: associational life in sub-Saharan Africa Naomi Chazan Part IV. Conclusion: 11. State power and social forces: on political contention and accommodation in the Third World Atul Kohli and Vivienne Shue Index.

592 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the influence of strategies on the self and the self-maintenance process of self-concept change and self-presentation strategies in a group of individuals.
Abstract: CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 297 MOTIVES OF THE SELF 298 STRATEGIES OF THE SELF 299 Social Reasoning Strategies 300 Social Comparison and Interaction Strategies 302 Self-Presentation Strategies 306 Collective Identification Strategies 310 MODERATING VARIABLES 315 Social Categories 315 Individual Differences 319 Culture 320 INFLUENCE OF STRATEGIES ON THE SELF 322 Self-Maintenance Processes 323 Self-Concept Change 324 FINAL COMMENT ...... . . ....... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . ........ ... ...... 325

Book
01 Feb 1994
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the characteristics of cross-cultural interaction: meeting others identifying the other beliefs about out-group members communication with foreigners communication breakdown one more time - Mr Chan and Mrs Robertson, conclusion the consequences of crosscultural contact culture shock crosscultural outcomes cultural loss? cultural gains? improving outcomes organizational considerations.
Abstract: Part 1 The worldview of the social psychology textbook: an instructive cross-cultural episode. Part 2 The world of social psychology: the where and when of social psychology how well do the classic studies replicate? some second thoughts on replication culture - the neglected concept what is culture? nations and cultures culture as a theoretical cure-all the search of universals of social behaviour gender relations emotional expression personality traits aggression pro-social behaviour some interim conclusions going back to one's roots - the search for indigenous psychologies social identity theory the theory of social representation Third World psychologies. Part 3 Social cognition: the self in its social context the self in its physical context perceiving others success and failure comparing oneself and others progress review the individual and the group - pathways to harmony the nature of group membership distributive justice co-operation and competition negotiation conflict resolution intimate relationships. Part 4 Social influence processes: communication style time perspective conformity revisited minority influence leadership and hierarchy. Part 5 The characteristics of cross-cultural interaction: meeting others identifying the other beliefs about out-group members communication with foreigners communication breakdown one more time - Mr Chan and Mrs Robertson, conclusion the consequences of cross-cultural contact culture shock cross-cultural outcomes cultural loss? cultural gains? improving outcomes organizational considerations. Part 6 Cross-cultural social psychology - history or a helping hand toward the future?: social psychology as history? how do cultures change? the convergency hypothesis the evidence against convergence a middle way between convergence and divergence future contributions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors synthesize a diverse set of emerging ideas and approaches to understand better dynamic community-level social processes of prehistoric material culture production, including scale, context, and materiality of technology.
Abstract: Technology is not only the material means of making artifacts, but a dynamic cultural phenomenon embedded in social action, worldviews, and social reproduction. This paper explores the theoretical foundations for an anthropology of technology that is compatible with this definition. Because of its focus on social agency, practice theory provides an appropriate starting point for a social theory of technology. In addition, three other themes require explicit attention: scale, context, and the materiality of technology. Four case studies demonstrate how archaeologists are beginning to take technology beyond its material dimensions, and additional questions are proposed stemming from the theoretical issues raised in the paper. The purpose of this essay is to synthesize a diverse set of emerging ideas and approaches to understand better dynamic community-level social processes of prehistoric material culture production.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed current findings regarding social stress and support in clinical depression and found that absence of social support appears to be associated with onset and relapse of depression, both acting independently and modifying effects of life events.
Abstract: This paper reviews current findings regarding social stress and support in clinical depression. Comparisons of recent life events at depressive onset and in general population controls show consistently raised event rates. The events span a range of threatening and undesirable experiences, with limited selectivity to exit events and interpersonal losses. Effects are similar in endogenous and non-endogenous symptom pictures, and there are suggestive findings in bipolar disorder, but these require further study. Events are also related to outcome and to relapse. Effects are moderate in degree, but relatively short-term of over six months to a year. For social support there are greater problems in the extent to which social support may be determined by the individual's own behaviour. Absence of social support appears to be associated with onset and relapse of depression, both acting independently and modifying effects of life events. Social stress findings have implications for prevention. The occurrence of major life events signals a period of increased risk when supportive interventions may prevent evolution of distress to disorder.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Social competence at age 4 was assessed with both familiar and unfamiliar peers and relationships with both initial and 4-year-old teachers were related to social competence with peers.
Abstract: Mother and teacher correlates of social competence with familiar and unfamiliar peers in 84 children who entered child care at three different times are examined. Social competence at age 4 was assessed with both familiar and unfamiliar peers. Relationships with both initial and 4-year-old teachers were related to social competence with peers. Maternal attachment relationships at 12 months and at 4 years did not predict social competence with peers.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is argued that health promotion is not a social movement but a professional and bureaucratic response to the new knowledge challenges of social movements, and has both empowering and disempowering aspects.
Abstract: Recent reformulations of health promotion focus on empowerment as both a means and an end in health promotion practice. Both concepts, however, are rarely examined for their assumptions about social change processes or the potential of community groups, professionals, and institutions to create healthier living situations. This article attends to some of these assumptions, expressing ideas generated during 6 years of professional training workshops with over 2,500 community health practitioners in Canada, New Zealand, and Australia. The article first argues that health promotion is not a social movement but a professional and bureaucratic response to the new knowledge challenges of social movements. As such, it has both empowering and disempowering aspects. The article analyzes empowerment as a dialectical relation in which power is simultaneously given and taken, and illustrates this in the context of health promotion programs. A model of an empowering professional (institutional) health promotion practice is presented, in which linkages among personal services, small group supports, community organizing, coalition advocacy, and political action are made explicit. Practice examples are provided to illustrate each level of the empowering relation, and the article concludes with a brief discussion of the model's educational and organizational utility.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify the theoretical assumptions that this "commonsense view" entails and argue against this view of these behaviors by suggesting that the phenomena are entirely compatible with an account which does not attribute to the infant an understanding that others have psychological relations to objects or that self and others are equivalent in their potential for such psychological relations.

Book
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an overview of women in management and discuss the negative effects of gender bias in the selection and assessment of women at work and the social construction of relationships among professionals at work.
Abstract: Women in Management - Ronald J Burke and Marilyn J Davidson Current Research Issues PART ONE: NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE An Introductory Overview of Women in Corporate Management - Barbara Parker and Ellen A Fagenson Gender Cultures - Su Maddock and Di Parkin How They Affect Men and Women at Work Managerial Sex Typing - Virginia E Schein A Persistent and Pervasive Barrier to Women's Opportunities PART TWO: ISSUES IN CAREER DEVELOPMENT Turnover of Female Managers - Jeanne M Brett and Linda K Stroh Career Development among Managerial and Professional Women - Ronald J Burke and Carol A McKeen Career Development in Male and Female Managers - Rob Goffee and Nigel Nicholson Convergence or Collapse? Gender Bias in the Selection and Assessment of Women in Management - Beverly Alimo-Metcalfe Women as Managerial Leaders - Margaret Ferrario PART THREE: GENDER AND RELATIONSHIPS AT WORK The Social Construction of Relationships among Professional Women at Work - Robin J Ely Gender Differences in Communication and Behaviour in Organizations - Susan Schick Case Women and Sexual Harassment - Jeanette N Cleveland Work and Well-Being in US Organizations Changing Men and Changing Managements - Jeff Hearn Social Change, Social Research and Social Action PART FOUR: HOME-WORK CONFLICTS Work-Family Conflict, Social Support and Well-Being - Jeffrey H Greenhaus and Saroj Parasuraman Role Tensions and Dual-Career Couples - Suzan Lewis Variations in Career and Family Involvement over Time - Mary Dean Lee Truth and Consequences PART FIVE: EQUAL OPPORTUNITY AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION PROGRAMMES Organizational Initiatives in the USA for Advancing Managerial Women - Mary C Mattis Affirmative Action in Australian Organizations - Robin Kramar Implementing Equal Opportunity and Affirmative Action Programmes in Belgium, France and The Netherlands - Monique Chalude, Attie de Jong and Jacqueline Laufer Opportunity 2000 - Valerie Hammond Good Practice in UK Organizations


Book
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: In this article, a social ontology for long-term social change is proposed, with a focus on the meaning, mind, and matter of being in a social network, and on the nature of being.
Abstract: 1. About Time. 2. Understanding Long-Term Social Change. 3. Meaning, Mind and Matter. 4. Towards a Social Ontology. 5. Concepts of Being. 6. Problems of History and Meaning. 7. Species Being: The Very Long Term. 8. Final Thoughts. Further Reading. Bibliography. Index.


Journal Article
TL;DR: The authors explored the role of emotional functioning in the social competence of children, with a particular focus on children's peer relations, and provided connections between the constructs of emotional function and social competence.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of emotional functioning in the social competence of children, with a particular focus on children's peer relations. Literature on children's emotional functioning that has the greatest relevance for peer relations is discussed. Using the framework afforded by this literature review, research that provides connections between the constructs of emotional functioning and social competence is examined

Book
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: In this paper, Dunbar Moodie examines the operation of local power structures and resistances, changes in production techniques, the limits and successes of unionization, and the nature of ethnic conflicts at different periods and on different terrains of struggle.
Abstract: This book tells the story of the lives of migrant black African men who work on the South African gold mines, told from their own point of view and, as much as possible, in their own words. Dunbar Moodie examines the operation of local power structures and resistances, changes in production techniques, the limits and successes of unionization, and the nature of ethnic conflicts at different periods and on different terrains of struggle. He treats his subject thematically and historically, examining how notions of integrity, manhood, sexuality, work, power, solidarity, and violence have all changed over time, especially with the shift to a proletarianized work force on the mines in the 1970s. Moodie integrates analyses of individual life-strategies with theories of social change, illuminating the ways in which these play off each other in historically significant ways. He shows how human beings (in this case, African men) build integrity and construct their own social order, even in situations of apparent total repression.

Book
01 Jun 1994
TL;DR: The idea of civil society, state formation and the African development crisis, J.W. Harbeson as mentioned in this paper, C.C. Widener Nurturing Civil Society from Above - Decentralisation and Democratisation in Kenya, A.M. Barkan Gender and the Transformation of Civil Society in Tanzania, N. Kasfir, E. Gyimah-Boadi and J. MacGaffrey.
Abstract: The Idea of Civil Society, State Formation and the African Development Crisis, J.W. Harbeson. Part 1 Divergent Concepts of Civil Society: Civil Society, Democratization and State Decline, C. Young Civil Society and Political Transition in Africa, M. Bratton From Disengagement to Civil Society in Africa, V. Azarya. Part 2 The Development of Civil Society in Africa - Cases: Constructing a Civil Society - Farmers and Political Life in Cote d'Ivoire, J. Widener Nurturing Civil Society from Above - Decentralisation and Democratisation in Kenya, J. Barkan Gender and the Transformation of Civil Society in Tanzania, A.M. Tripp Western Uganda Dairy Farmers - Responses to the Withdrawal of State-Financed Services, N. Kasfir Civil Society in Nigeria - Spatial Dimensions, J. Guyer Associational Life and Democratic Prospects in Ghana, E. Gyimah-Boadi Civil Society in Zaire - the Role of Personal Connections, J. MacGaffrey. Part 3 Challenges to Civil Society: Civil Society, Economic Governance and Social Change in Africa, T. Callaghy Marketisation, Public Sphere and Civil Society in Africa - Historical Perspectives, A. Mbembe the Interaction Between State and Civil Society - From Deadlock to New Routines, D. Rothchild and L. Lawson. Part 4 Conclusion: The Dynamics of Civil Society in Africa, N. Chazan.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Findings highlight the importance of situation knowledge and emotion socialization practices for low- Income children's social competence with peers and siblings and provide much needed information on the social development of low-income children.
Abstract: Two studies were designed to investigate the relation between emotion socialization variables, social cognitive knowledge, and children's social competence. In Study 1, the expression and situation knowledge of 46 low-income preschoolers were assessed. Peer competence within the preschool setting was also evaluated. Mothers completed questionnaires designed to assess negative emotion socialization practices. Results showed that maternal reports of their emotion socialization practices were related to sad and angry situation knowledge. The aggregate measure of situation knowledge predicted peer competence. In Study 2, 41 low-income preschoolers were observed in a caregiving situation with their younger siblings. The preschoolers' rate of caregiving behavior was recorded and measures of their situation knowledge, emotional role taking, and caregiving script knowledge were obtained. Mothers completed emotion socialization questionnaires. Situation knowledge was the social cognitive variable that predicted sibling caregiving behavior. However, only the maternal emotion socialization variables were directly related to sibling caregiving behavior. These findings highlight the importance of situation knowledge and emotion socialization practices for low-income children's social competence with peers and siblings and provide much needed information on the social development of low-income children.

Book
01 Sep 1994
TL;DR: Eiesland as mentioned in this paper argued that in the Eucharist, Christians encounter the disabled God and may participate in new imaginations of wholeness and new embodiments of justice, and pointed out the importance of the relationship between Christology and social change.
Abstract: Draws on themes of the disability-rights movement to identify people with disabilities as members of a socially disadvantaged minority group rather than as individuals who need to adjust. Highlights the hidden history of people with disabilities in church and society. Proclaiming the emancipatory presence of the disabled God, the author maintains the vital importance of the relationship between Christology and social change. Eiesland contends that in the Eucharist, Christians encounter the disabled God and may participate in new imaginations of wholeness and new embodiments of justice.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors described the findings of a 3-year research project on teacher development in which some New Zealand teachers of science were developing their teaching to take into account students' thinking and constructivist views of learning.

Book
31 Dec 1994
TL;DR: Parcel and Menaghan as discussed by the authors investigated how parental work affects the home environments that parents create for their children, and how these home environments influence the children directly, using data from the 1986 and 1988 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey's Child-Mother data set.
Abstract: Parents' Jobs and Children's Lives considers the effects of parental working conditions on children's cognition and social development. It also investigates how parental work affects the home environments that parents create for their children, and how these home environments influence the children directly. The theoretical underpinnings of the book draw from both sociology and economics; in addition, the authors make use of literature derived from developmental psychology. Theoretically eclectic, they rely on the personality and social structure framework developed by Melvin Kohn and his colleagues, on arguments regarding the importance of family social capital developed by James Coleman, as well as on ideas from Gary Becker's "new home economics" as guides to model specification. The empirical basis for Parcel and Menaghan's study is a series of multivariate analyses using data drawn from the 1986 and 1988 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey's Child-Mother data set. This data set matches longitudinal data on mothers, derived from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, with data on the children of these mothers born as of 1986. Children aged 3 to 6 were given age-appropriate developmental assessments every two years in order to assess the influence of parental work on short-term changes in their cognition and social behavior. The authors also devote considerable attention to the effects of fathers' work and family structure on the well-being of their children. Parcel and Menaghan's work brings evidence to bear on both the theoretical perspectives guiding the analyses and on current policy debates regarding the nexus of work and family.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper provides an integrating framework for social science research on health producing processes at the household level, drawing on recent work in economics, anthropology, and public health.

Journal Article
01 Jan 1994-Daedalus
TL;DR: If increases in the quality of life now depend primarily on improving the social fabric of society rather than on general rises in prosperity then it must be asked whether further undifferentiated economic growth is worth the environmental risks.
Abstract: Mortality rates in the developed world are no longer related to per capita economic growth but are related instead to the scale of income inequality in each society. This represents a transition from the primacy of material constraints to social constraints as the limiting condition on the quality of human life....If increases in the quality of life now depend primarily on improving the social fabric of society rather than on general rises in prosperity then we must ask whether further undifferentiated economic growth is worth the environmental risks. (EXCERPT)