Showing papers on "Social change published in 1995"

A Stakeholder Framework for Analyzing and Evaluating Corporate Social Performance

Abstract: This article presents conclusions from a 10-year research program, the purpose of which has been to develop a framework and methodology, grounded in the reality of corporate behavior, for analyzing and evaluating corporate social performance. There are three principal sections: (a) a summary of the approaches, models, and methodologies used in conducting more than 70 field studies of corporate social performance from 1983-1993; (b) a discussion of the principal conclusions derived from the data that (1) corporations manage relationships with stakeholder groups rather than with society as a whole, (2) it is important to distinguish between social issues and stakeholder issues, and (3) it is necessary to identify the appropriate level of analysis in order to evaluate CSP; and (c) a discussion of propositions and areas for further research.

An introduction to social constructionism

Abstract: Introduction to Social Constructionism is a readable and critical account of social constructionism for students new to the field. Focusing on the challenge to psychology that social constructionism poses, Viven Burr examines the notion of 'personality' to illustrate the rejection of essentialism by social constructionists. This questions psychology's traditional understanding of the person. She then shows how the study of language can be used as a focus for our understanding of human behaviour and experience. This is continued by examining 'discourses' and their role in constructing social phenomena, and the relationship between discourse and power. However, the problems associated with these analyses are also clearly outlined.Many people believe that one of the aims of social science should be to bring about social change. Viven Burr analyses what possibilities there might be for change in social constructionist accounts. She also addresses what social constructionism means in practice to research in the social sciences, and includes some guidelines on undertaking discourse analysis.Introduction to Social Constructionism is an invaluable and clear guide for all perplexed students who want to begin to understand this difficult area.

Social Literacies: Critical Approaches to Literacy in Development, Ethnography and Education

Abstract: Acknowledgements Introduction Section 1: Literacy, Politics and Social Change Introduction 1 Putting Literacies on the Political Agenda 2 Literacy and Social Change: The Significance of Social Context in the Development of Literacy Programmes Section 2: The Ethnography of Literacy Introduction 3. The Uses of Literacy and Anthropology in Iran 4. Orality and Literacy as Ideological Constructions: Some Problems in Cross-cultural Studies Section 3. Literacy in Education Introduction 5. The Schooling of Literacy 6. The Implications of the New Literacy Studies for Pedagogy Section 4: Towards a Critical Framework Introduction 7. A critical Look at Walter Ong and the `Great Divide' 8. Literacy Practices and Literacy Myths Index

Releasing the imagination : essays on education, the arts, and social change

Abstract: Introduction: A Quest for Meaning Part One: Creating Possibilities 1. Seeking Contexts 2. Imagination, Breakthroughs, and the Unexpected 3. Imagination, Community, and the School 4. Consciousness and the Public Space 5. Social Vision and the Dance of Life 6. The Shapes of Childhood Recalled Part Two: Imagination and Education 7. Blue Guitars and the Search for Curriculum 8. Writing to Learn 9. Teaching for Openings 10. Art and Imagination 11. Texts and Margins Part Three: Community in the Making 12. The Passions of Pluralism 13. Standards, Common Learnings, and Diversity 14. Multiple Voices and Multiple Realities.

Examining lives in context : perspectives on the ecology of human development

Abstract: Individual Development: A Holistic, Integrated, Model - David Magnusson - Understanding Individual Differences in Environmental-Risk Exposure - Michael Rutter, Lorna Champion, David Quinton, Barbara Maughan, and Andrew Pickles - The Life Course Paradigm: Social Change and Individual Development - Glen H. Elder, Jr. - Social Structure and Personality Through Time and Space - Melvin I. Kohn - Linked Lives: A Transgenerational Approach to Resilience - Phyllis Moen and Mary Arin Erickson - Taking Time Seriously: Social Change, Social Structure, and Human Lives - Duane F. Alwin - Differentiating Among Social Contexts: By Spatial Features, Forms of Participation, and Social Contracts - Jacqueline J. Goodnow - A Bioecological Model of Intellectual Development - Stephen J. Ceci and Helene A. Hembrooke - The Two Sexes and Their Social Systems - Eleanor E. Maccoby - Gender, Contexts, and Turning Points in Adults' Lives - John A. Clausen - Social Ecology Over Time and Space - Robert B. Cairns and Beverley D. Cairns - Authoritative Parenting and Adolescent Adjustment: An Ecological Journey - Laurence Steinberg, Nancy E. Darling, and Anne C. Fletcher, in collaboration with B. Bradford Brown and Sanford M. Dornbusch - Children in Families in Communities: Risk and Intervention in the Bronfenbrenner Tradition - Jeanne Brooks-Gunn - Jobless Ghettos and the Social Outcome of Youngsters - William Julius Wilson - Expanding the Ecology of Human Development: An Evolutionary Perspective - Jay Belsky - Homo Interpretans: On the Relevance of Perspectives, Knowledge, and Beliefs in the Ecology of Human Development - Kurt Luscher - The Bioecological Model From a Life Course Perspective: Reflections of a Participant-Observer - Urie Bronfenbrenner - Developmental Ecology Through Space and Time: A Future Perspective - Urie Bronfenbrenner

New Social Movements In Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis

Abstract: New social movements are defined as those that have arisen since the late sixties, and include the ecology, gay rights, peace, and women’s movements. This volume provides a cross-national comparison of the development, mobilization, and impact of new social movements in four Western European nations-France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. Seeking to move beyond classical theories of collective behavior, this study suggests that social change affects political mobilization indirectly through a restructuring of existing power relations. The authors of this study employ empiricial analysis to demonstrate that the mobilization of social movements is closely linked to conventional politics in the parliamentary and extraparliamentary arenas of each of the countries under discussion.

Private Truths, Public Lies: The Social Consequences of Preference Falsification

Abstract: Part 1 Living a lie: the significance of preference falsification private and public preferences private opinion, public opinion the dynamics of public opinion institutional sources of preference falsification. Part 2 Inhibiting change: collective conservatism the obstinacy of communism the ominous perseverance of the caste system the unwanted spread of affirmative action. Part 3 Distorting knowledge: public discourse and private knowledge the unthinkable and the unthought the caste ethic of submission the blind spots of communism the unfading spectre of white racism. Part 4 Generating surprise: unforeseen political revolutions the fall of communism and other sudden overturns the hidden complexities of social evolution from slavery to affirmative action preference falsification and social analysis.

Textual Politics: Discourse And Social Dynamics

Abstract: Textual Politics: An Introduction Discourse and Social Theory Discourses in Conflict: Heteroglossia and Text Semantics Technical Discourse and Technocratic Ideology The Social Construction of the Material Subject Discourse, Dynamics, and Social Change Critical Praxis: Education, Literacy, Politics Retrospective Postscript: Making Meaning, Making Trouble.

Social Trust: Toward a Cosmopolitan Society

Abstract: Preface Social Trust: Past Social Trust: An Introduction Social Trust: Traditional Interpretations Complexity and Social Trust Social Trust: Present Strategies for Simplicity, One: High Resource Demand, Individual Focus Strategies for Simplicity, Two: High Resource Demand, Community Focus Strategies for Simplicity, Three: Low Resource Demand, Individual Focus Strategies for Simplicity, Four: Low Resource Demand, Community Focus Social Trust: Future Social Trust Based on Cultural Values Narrative, Human Life, and Social Trust Social Trust: Moving from a Pluralistic to a Cosmopolitan Society References Index

New social movement theories

Abstract: This article offers an overview and assessment of the utility of new social movement theories for analyzing contemporary forms of collective action. The article beings with a brief overview of the ...

Sociology, environment, and modernity: ecological modernization as a theory of social change.

Abstract: To minimize or at least substantially reduce damage to the natural resource sustenance‐base we urgently need institutional reform within modern society. Environmental sociologists have different views as to which institutional traits can be held primarily responsible for the environmental crisis. Examples include its capitalistic or industrial character as well as the complex, highly administrated technological system of modern society. We discuss these matters in the context of the theory of “ecological modernization”; as developed by the German sociologist Joseph Huber, among others. To analyze the institutional reforms required for bringing human interaction with the sustenance‐base under rational ecological control, however, the theory needs to be substantially modified and complemented in several respects. However, restructuring the processes of production and consumption is only half the story. The change to ecologically sound patterns of production and consumption is limited by the dimensi...

Social Development: The Developmental Perspective in Social Welfare

Abstract: Introduction A Definition of Social Development The Historical Context Theoretical Debates Strategies for Social Development Achieving Social Development The Institutional Perspective

The Importance of Us: A Philosophical Study of Basic Social Notions

Abstract: 1. Norms, tasks, and we-attitudes. 2. Intentional joint action. 3. We-intentions and their cognates. 4. Social groups: a conative approach. 5. Group actions. 6. Joint goals and group goals. 7. Group beliefs. 8. Social roles. 9. The existence of social entities. 10. Towards a general dynamic theory of society.

Raising Children in a Socially Toxic Environment

Abstract: 1. What Childhood Ought to Be 2. Drawing Our Children's Social Maps 3. Stability: Making Families Strong 4. Security: Making Our Kids Safe 5. Affirmation and Acceptance: Creating Identity for Children 6. Time Together: Making Human Beings Human 7. Values Becoming Part of the Bigger Picture 8. Access to Basic Resources: Achieving Economic Justice 9. Community: Connecting to the World Outside the Home 10. Thriving: Taking Responsibility for the Future Resource: What We Can Do from A to Z.

Making a Social Body: British Cultural Formation, 1830-1864

Abstract: This study examines one of the conditions that made the development of a mass culture in Victorian Britain possible: the representation of the population as an aggregate - a social body. Drawing on both literature and social reform texts, the author analyzes the organization of knowledge during this period and explores its role in the emergence of the idea of the social body. The text illuminates the ways literary genres, such as the novel, and innovations in social thought, such as statistical thinking and anatomical realism, helped separate social concerns from the political and economic domains. The author then discusses the influence of the social body concept on Victorian ideas about the role of the state, examining writings by James Phillips Kay, Thomas Chalmers and Edwin Chadwick on regulating the poor. Analyzing the conflict between Kay's idea of the social body and Babbage's image of the social machine, she considers the implications of both models for the place of Victorian women. Poovey's readings of Disraeli's "Coningsby", Gaskell's "Mary Barton", and Dickens's "Our Mutual Friend" show that the novel as a genre exposed the role gender played in contemporary discussions of poverty and wealth. The study argues that gender, race and class should be considered in the context of broader concerns such as how social authority is distributed, how institutions formalize knowledge and how truth is defined.

Community development: Creating community alternatives : vision, analysis, and practice

Abstract: *The Crisis in Human Services and the Need for Community The crisis in the welfare state Community-based services as an alternative The missing ingredient: community development The next steps *Foundations of Community Work: An Ecological Perspective Environmental crisis Environmental responses and green responses Themes within green analysis An ecological perspective: is it enough? *Foundations of Community Work: A Social Justice Perspective Structural disadvantage Empowerment Need Rights Peace and non-violence Participatory democracy *Ecology and Social Justice: A Vision for Community Development Ecology and social justice Emerging concepts Community Development An alternative vision: grounds for hope *Autonomy, Decentralisation, and Community Control Ideological foundations Autonomy Decentralisation Discretion Self-reliance Participation Co-operation Urban, suburban, and rural issues Community-based human services Getting there *Community Development: Social, economic and Political Integrated community development Social development Economic development Political development *Community Development: Cultural, environmental and Personal/Spiritual Cultural development Environmental development Personal and spiritual development Balanced development *Principles of Community Development The application of principles to practice The 22 principles Making connections *Community Work Roles The language of roles Facilitative roles Educational roles Representational roles Technical roles Two special cases: needs assessment and evaluation *Community Work Skills The problem with "cook books" Competencies Practice, theory, reflection and praxis Developing skills Demystifying skills Core community work skills Skill sharing *Practice Issues Practice frameworks Organisational context Values and ethics Professionalism Education and training The use and abuse of power Internal and external community work Long-term commitment Support Passion, vision, and hope

Social Postmodernism: Feminist encounters: locating the politics of experience

Abstract: Feminist and antiracist struggles in the 1990s face some of the same urgent questions encountered in the 1970s. After two decades of engagement in feminist political activism and scholarship in a variety of sociopolitical and geographical locations, questions of difference (sex, race, class, nation), experience, and history remain at the center of feminist analysis. Only, at least in the US academy, feminists no longer have to contend as they did in the 1970s with phallocentric denials of the legitimacy of gender as a category of analysis. Instead, the crucial questions in the 1990s concern the construction, examination, and, most significantly, the institutionalization of difference within feminist discourses. It is this institutionalization of difference that concerns me here. Specifically, I ask the following question: how does the politics of location in the contemporary United States determine and produce experience and difference as analytical and political categories in feminist “cross-cultural” work? By the term “politics of location” I refer to the historical, geographical, cultural, psychic, and imaginative boundaries which provide the ground for political definition and self-definition for contemporary US feminists. Since the 1970s, there have been key paradigm shifts in Western feminist theory. These shifts can be traced to political, historical, methodological, and philosophical developments in our understanding of questions of power, struggle, and social transformation. Feminists have drawn on decolonization movements around the world, on movements for racial equality, on peasant struggles, and on gay and lesbian movements, as well as on the methodologies of Marxism, psychoanalysis, deconstruction, and poststructuralism to situate our thinking in the 1990s.

The War Against The Poor: The Underclass And Antipoverty Policy

Abstract: Labeling the Poor The Invention of the Underclass Label The Dangers of Underclass and Other Labels The Undeservingness of the Poor Policies Against Poverty and Undeservingness Joblessness and Antipoverty Policy in the Twenty-first Century

Women and Minority Faculty Job Satisfaction: Professional Role Interests, Professional Satisfactions, and Institutional Fit

Abstract: Introduction Demographic predictions of an increasingly female-and minority-based work force have reinvigorated interest within the academy in recruiting qualified women and minority members into its professional ranks. According to the Hudson Institute [27], as many as 80 percent of the new entrants into the labor force over the next decade will be women and minorities. Such statistics have particular relevance for higher education, where the pool of faculty applicants appears to be shrinking while the demand for new faculty grows [7]. Not since the 1960s have colleges and universities focused so much attention on establishing a faculty that reflects the "diversity" of our national population. By and large, however, enthusiasm for increasing the number of women and minorities on our campuses has outstripped our understanding of the experience of these traditionally underrepresented groups in academe. Demographic data indicate that the majority of women and minority faculty are concentrated at less prestigious, two- and four-year colleges and at the lower end of the faculty ranks (or in nontenure-track positions) [1, 15, 18, 32, 36, 41]. Unfortunately, information that might help us to understand the demographic patterns we have found is incomplete. We need to know more about the institutional factors, as well as the personal and professional proclivities, needs, and interests, that determine women's and minorities' participation in higher education - and ultimately their success in and satisfaction with the academic world. In particular, assumptions about how women and minority faculty function, and wish to function, may prove as damaging to their professional growth and development within the academic community as present discrimination and insensitivity. The study presented in this article examines women and minority faculty's professional role interests and values and assesses how well they fit with the norms of the institutions they serve. Faculty Role Interests, Satisfactions, and Allocation of Work Time To the extent that the existing literature begins to sketch a coherent portrayal of women and minority faculty, the picture that emerges is not necessarily the most promising one. Data suggest lower research productivity, a heavy teaching orientation, and substantial commitment to institutional service [9, 11, 20, 30, 34, 45, 46]. Female and especially minority academics' greater involvement in service has been explained as a product of a mutual desire on the part of the university and these traditionally underrepresented individuals to further the goals of diversity on campus [5, 18]. Moreover, because of their commitment to the values of community and to the intellectual and social development of their students, female and minority faculty are reported to invest more time and energy in their teaching and to derive more satisfaction from it [5, 20, 30]. Finally, it has been argued that women's and minority's research productivity suffers from their commitment to teaching and service and from the more acute work and family/community conflicts experienced by these groups [30, 40, 52]. Given what Bowen and Schuster [7, p. 147] describe as the current "publishing obsession," the emerging professional profile of women and minority faculty, if true, suggests that they are less attuned to, and less likely to receive, institutional rewards and recognition based on scholarly productivity. Problems with Current Portrayals of Women and Minority Faculty One problem in interpreting much of the available data is the confound between gender/racial status and institutional affiliation/academic rank mentioned earlier. As Finkelstein [20, p. 199] noted in his comprehensive review of the faculty development literature, "overall male-female work activity disparity may be a function of the higher concentration of females in the less research-oriented universities and comprehensive colleges." Women and minorities are more likely to be employed at institutions and in positions that emphasize teaching and service - whether through predilection, discrimination, or both. …

Feminist Generations: The Persistence of the Radical Women's Movement

Abstract: Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Radical Feminism in Columbus, Ohio 2. The Evolution of Radical Feminist Identity 3. Changers and the Changed: Radical Feminists in the Reagan Years 4. Keeping the Faith: Working for Social Change 5. United We Stand: The Impact of the Women's Movement on Other Social Movements 6. Feminists in the "Postfeminist" Age: The Women's Movement in the 1980s 7. The Next Wave Conclusion: Persistence and Transformation of Social Movements Appendix: Women's Movement Organizations and Dates, Columbus, Ohio Notes Index

The Elusive Agenda: Mainstreaming Women in Development

Abstract: The first part of this essay on mainstreaming women in development outlines the hard-won achievements of the womens movement in the past 20 years and acknowledges that the movement has failed to gain its fundamental objectives of transforming social and gender relations and creating a just and equal world. Considering the central question of why progress has been so elusive for women the essay notes that the agenda the movement articulated challenged male power and privilege and called for investment in women that would require reallocation of existing resources or finding additional sources of revenue. Because women are differentiated by class race and nation it is difficult to shape women into a powerful political constituency. Thus the womens movement should adopt an agenda-setting approach and take a consistent stand on a core agenda. The next part of the essay describes some of the changes that a shift from an integrationist to an agenda-setting approach will entail and notes that this approach will require: 1) women to play a proactive leadership role and to clearly articulate a core agenda 2) the strategic positioning of gender concerns in a period of change 3) strengthening womens groups and networks 4) using a new communication strategy to expand support 5) developing context-specific concepts and analytical tools and 6) building institutional capacities of aid recipients. The final section of essay notes that agenda-setting will raise awareness of the need to promote the equitable sharing of responsibilities in institutions such as families communities national governments and global institutions.

Research as Social Change: New Opportunities for Qualitative Research

Abstract: Have you ever thought research is boring? "Research" writes Umberto Eco "should be fun". It seems unlikely that Umberto Eco has read many of the standard social science or education research texts. But social research does offer the possibility of involvement in projects that are informative, sometimes revealing, and fun to do. This book shows us that teaching, learning and research are essentially social and deeply personal activities and that fun needs to be an integral part of this. This is not a conventional text, although it is about ways in which research can be used by those in various areas of professional practice. Its main concerns are with qualitative research, action research and case study methods, and it goes back to first principles arguing for research that is concerned with the nature of personal memories and of perception, the use of drawings and photographs, the emotional relationships implicit in any kind of research and the context of the contemporary workplace. The authors develop new directions and new possibilities for research and find ways of bringing together theory and practice, the personal and the social, organisations and their clients. It is an important resource for all who are interested in doing research but are sceptical or critical of most studies that are currently available.

Social Change and the Family in Taiwan

Abstract: Until the 1940s, social life in Taiwan was generally organized through the family—marriages were arranged by parents, for example, and senior males held authority. In the following years, as Taiwan evolved rapidly from an agrarian to an industrialized society, individual decisions became less dependent on the family and more influenced by outside forces. Social Change and the Family in Taiwan provides an in-depth analysis of the complex changes in family relations in a society undergoing revolutionary social and economic transformation. This interdisciplinary study explores the patterns and causes of change in education, work, income, leisure time, marriage, living arrangements, and interactions among extended kin. Theoretical chapters enunciate a theory of family and social change centered on the life course and modes of social organization. Other chapters look at the shift from arranged marriages toward love matches, as well as changes in dating practices, premarital sex, fertility, and divorce. Contributions to the book are made by Jui-Shan Chang, Ming-Cheng Chang, Deborah S. Freedman, Ronald Freedman, Thomas E. Fricke, Albert Hermalin, Mei-Lin Lee, Paul K. C. Liu, Hui-Sheng Lin, Te-Hsiung Sun, Arland Thornton, Maxine Weinstein, and Li-Shou Yang.

The Rebirth of Political Socialization

Abstract: (1995). The Rebirth of Political Socialization. Perspectives on Political Science: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 7-16.