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Showing papers on "Social change published in 2013"


Book
11 Jun 2013
TL;DR: The Categorial Framework of a Systematic Theory of Social Acceleration as discussed by the authors is a framework for the analysis of social change and its relationship to the Law of Acceleration, as well as its consequences.
Abstract: Translator's IntroductionIn Place of a PrefaceIntroductionPart 1. The Categorial Framework of a Systematic Theory of Social Acceleration1. From the Love of Movement to the Law of Acceleration: Observations of Modernity2. What Is Social Acceleration?Part 2. Mechanisms and Manifestations: A Phenomenology of Social Acceleration3. Technical Acceleration and the Revolutionizing of the Space-Time Regime4. Slipping Slopes: The Acceleration of Social Change and the Increase of Contingency5. The Acceleration of the "Pace of Life" and Paradoxes in the Experience of TimePart 3. Causes6. The Speeding Up of Society as a Self-Propelling Process: The Circle of Acceleration7. Acceleration and Growth: External Drivers of Social Acceleration8. PowerPart 4. Consequences9. Acceleration10. Situational Identity: Of Drifters and Players11. Situational Politics: Paradoxical Time Horizons Between Desynchronization and Disintegration12. Acceleration and Rigidity: Attempt at a Redefinition of ModernityConclusion: Frenetic Standstill? The End of HistoryBibliographyIndex

809 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors categorize the types of tensions that arise between social missions and business ventures, emphasizing their prevalence and variety, and explore how four different organizational theories offer insight into these tensions.
Abstract: In a world filled with poverty, environmental degradation, and moral injustice, social enterprises offer a ray of hope. These organizations seek to achieve social missions through business ventures. Yet social missions and business ventures are associated with divergent goals, values, norms, and identities. Attending to them simultaneously creates tensions, competing demands, and ethical dilemmas. Effectively understanding social enterprises therefore depends on insight into the nature and management of these tensions. While existing research recognizes tensions between social missions and business ventures, we lack any systematic analysis. Our paper addresses this issue. We first categorize the types of tensions that arise between social missions and business ventures, emphasizing their prevalence and variety. We then explore how four different organizational theories offer insight into these tensions, and we develop an agenda for future research. We end by arguing that a focus on social-business tensions not only expands insight into social enterprises, but also provides an opportunity for research on social enterprises to inform traditional organizational theories. Taken together, our analysis of tensions in social enterprises integrates and seeks to energize research on this expanding phenomenon.

597 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The field of social dilemma is growing and flourishing in terms of theory, interdisciplinary collaboration, and applicability, producing insights that are novel, replicable, and applicable to many social situations where short-term self-interest is at odds with the long-term interests of teams, organizations, or nations as mentioned in this paper.

543 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Findings suggest that the virtual reality platform is a promising tool for improving social skills, cognition, and functioning in autism.
Abstract: Few evidence-based social interventions exist for young adults with high-functioning autism, many of whom encounter significant challenges during the transition into adulthood. The current study investigated the feasibility of an engaging Virtual Reality Social Cognition Training intervention focused on enhancing social skills, social cognition, and social functioning. Eight young adults diagnosed with high-functioning autism completed 10 sessions across 5 weeks. Significant increases on social cognitive measures of theory of mind and emotion recognition, as well as in real life social and occupational functioning were found post-training. These findings suggest that the virtual reality platform is a promising tool for improving social skills, cognition, and functioning in autism.

497 citations


Book
12 Mar 2013
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the Mediatization of religion, politics, and play, from the Faith of the Church to the Enchantment of the Media, and the social character of a New Individualism.
Abstract: Mediatization has emerged as a key concept to reconsider old, yet fundamental questions about the role and influence of media in culture and society In particular the theory of mediatization has proved fruitful for the analysis of how media spread to, become intertwined with, and influence other social institutions and cultural phenomena like politics, play and religion This book presents a major contribution to the theoretical understanding of the mediatization of culture and society This is supplemented by in-depth studies of: The mediatization of politics: From party press to opinion industry; The mediatization of religion: From the faith of the church to the enchantment of the media; The mediatization of play: From bricks to bytes; The mediatization of habitus: The social character of a new individualism Mediatization represents a new social condition in which the media have emerged as an important institution in society at the same time as they have become integrated into the very fabric of social and cultural life Making use of a broad conception of the media as technologies, institutions and aesthetic forms, Stig Hjarvard considers how characteristics of both old and new media come to influence human interaction, social institutions and cultural imaginations

464 citations


Book
20 Jan 2013
TL;DR: The materiality (the arrangement of physical, digital, or rhetorical materials into particular forms that endure across differences in place and time) of technologies, ranging from computer-simulation tools and social media, to ranking devices and rumours, is actually implicated in the process of formal and informal organizing.
Abstract: Ask a person on the street whether new technologies bring about important social change and you are likely to hear a resounding "yes." But the answer is less definitive amongst academics who study technology and social practice. Scholarly writing has been heavily influenced by the ideology of technological determinism - the belief that some types or technologically driven social changes are inevitable and cannot be stopped. Rather than argue for or against notions of determinism, the authors in this book ask how the materiality (the arrangement of physical, digital, or rhetorical materials into particular forms that endure across differences in place and time) of technologies, ranging from computer-simulation tools and social media, to ranking devices and rumours, is actually implicated in the process of formal and informal organizing. The book builds a new theoretical framework to consider the important socio-technical changes confronting people's everyday experiences in and outside of work. Leading scholars in the field contribute original chapters examining the complex interactions between technology and the social, between artefact and humans. The discussion spans multiple disciplines, including management, information systems, informatics, communication, sociology, and the history of technology, and opens up a new area of research regarding the relationship between materiality and organizing.

400 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors analyzed the complexity and dynamics of the relationship between social media and its users and provided a more nuanced argument by identifying the conditions under which participation in social media might lead to successful political activism.
Abstract: Drawing on empirical cases from Indonesia, this article offers a critical approach to the promise of social media activism by analysing the complexity and dynamics of the relationship between social media and its users. Rather than viewing social media activism as the harbinger of social change or dismissing it as mere “slacktivism,” the article provides a more nuanced argument by identifying the conditions under which participation in social media might lead to successful political activism. In social media, networks are vast, content is overly abundant, attention spans are short, and conversations are parsed into diminutive sentences. For social media activism to be translated into populist political activism, it needs to embrace the principles of the contemporary culture of consumption: light package, headline appetite and trailer vision. Social media activism is more likely to successfully mobilise mass support when its narratives are simple, associated with low risk actions and congruent with dominan...

379 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examined the impact of media coverage on the construction of public belief and attitudes and its relationship to social change in areas such as disability, climate change and economic development, and found that the media also severely limit the information with which audiences understand these issues and that alternative solutions to political problems are effectively removed from public debate.
Abstract: The media play a central role in informing the public about what happens in the world, particularly in those areas in which audiences do not possess direct knowledge or experience. This article examines the impact the media has in the construction of public belief and attitudes and its relationship to social change. Drawing on findings from a range of empirical studies, we look at the impact of media coverage in areas such as disability, climate change and economic development. Findings across these areas show the way in which the media shape public debate in terms of setting agendas and focusing public interest on particular subjects. For example, in our work on disability we showed the relationship between negative media coverage of people on disability benefit and a hardening of attitudes towards them. Further, we found that the media also severely limit the information with which audiences understand these issues and that alternative solutions to political problems are effectively removed from public debate. We found other evidence of the way in which media coverage can operate to limit understanding of possibilities of social change. In our study of news reporting of climate change, we traced the way that the media have constructed uncertainty around the issue and how this has led to disengagement in relation to possible changes in personal behaviours. Finally, we discuss the implications for communications and policy and how both the traditional and new media might help in the development of better informed public debate.

296 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the early 1970s, a young Marxist sociologist named Manuel Castells, then living in exile in Paris, began his soontobe-classic intervention, The Urban Question, by declaring his “astonishment” that debates on “urban problems” were becoming an essential element in the policies of governments, in the concerns of the mass media and in the everyday life of a large section of the population as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In the early 1970s, a young Marxist sociologist named Manuel Castells, then living in exile in Paris, began his soontobe-classic intervention, The Urban Question, by declaring his “astonishment” that debates on “urban problems” were becoming “an essential element in the policies of governments, in the concerns of the mass media and, consequently, in the everyday life of a large section of the population” (1977 [1972]: 1). For Castells, this astonishment was born of his orthodox Marxist assumption that the concern with urban questions was ideological. The real motor of social change, he believed, lay elsewhere, in workingclass action and antiimperialist mobilization. On this basis, Castells proceeded to deconstruct what he viewed as the prevalent “urban ideology” under postwar managerial capitalism: his theory took seriously the social construction of the urban phenomenon in academic and political discourse, but ultimately derived such representations from purportedly more foundational processes associated with capitalism and the state’s role in the reproduction of labor power. Four decades after Castells’s classic intervention, it is easy to confront early twentyfirstcentury discourse on urban questions with a similar sense of astonishment — not because it masks the operations of capitalism but because it has become one of the dominant metanarratives through which our current planetary situation is interpreted, both in academic circles and in the public sphere. Today advanced interdisciplinary education in urban social science, planning, and design

295 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a theoretical framing which attends to different levels of analysis in terms of what is being referred to (social categories or concrete social relations); societal arenas of investigation; and historicity (processes and outcomes).
Abstract: This article contributes to the growing debate on intersectionality by proposing a theoretical framing which attends to different levels of analysis in terms of what is being referred to (social categories or concrete social relations); societal arenas of investigation; and historicity (processes and outcomes). It discusses questions of social ontology, categories, groupings and more concrete social relations relating to boundaries and hierarchies in social life. The article presents a particular analytical sensitivity which attends to the dialogical nature of social relations, the centrality of power and social hierarchy, and the importance of locating these within spatial and temporal contexts.

292 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Google Books Ngram Viewer allows researchers to quantify culture across centuries by searching millions of books and established long-term relationships between ecological change and cultural change, as predicted by the theory of social change and human development.
Abstract: The Google Books Ngram Viewer allows researchers to quantify culture across centuries by searching millions of books. This tool was used to test theory-based predictions about implications of an urbanizing population for the psychology of culture. Adaptation to rural environments prioritizes social obligation and duty, giving to other people, social belonging, religion in everyday life, authority relations, and physical activity. Adaptation to urban environments requires more individualistic and materialistic values; such adaptation prioritizes choice, personal possessions, and child-centered socialization in order to foster the development of psychological mindedness and the unique self. The Google Ngram Viewer generated relative frequencies of words indexing these values from the years 1800 to 2000 in American English books. As urban populations increased and rural populations declined, word frequencies moved in the predicted directions. Books published in the United Kingdom replicated this pattern. The analysis established long-term relationships between ecological change and cultural change, as predicted by the theory of social change and human development (Greenfield, 2009).


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article examines the function and significance for interacting agents of sharing minds in an irreducibly collective mode called the 'the authors-mode', which captures the viewpoint of individuals engaged in social interactions and thus expands each individual's potential for social understanding and action.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper used a mixed-methods approach, incorporating descriptive statistics, content analysis, and a case study of the author's learning process to examine the existence of informal learning about the Occupy Wall Street movement.
Abstract: Recent events suggest that social media, also called web 2.0, can support mass social change. Although some critics have lamented how social media are eroding people’s ability to communicate, others have argued that social media may allow individuals to leverage their individual voices against authoritarian leaders. This article seeks to understand the ways in which individuals can use a particular social media platform, the microblog Twitter, to learn about the Occupy Wall Street movement. This article uses a mixed-methods approach, incorporating descriptive statistics, content analysis, and a case study of the author’s learning process to examine the existence of informal learning about the Occupy Wall Street movement. Scholars have proposed that informal learning about a social movement is associated with participation in the movement. This study suggests that Twitter supports multiple opportunities for participation in the Occupy movement—from creating, tagging, and sharing content to reading, watchin...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that the concept of social innovation has been stretched in so many directions that it is at breaking point and argue that what is needed is more theoretical and empirical work to help social innovation to develop into an effective policy tool.
Abstract: Social innovation discourses see in social challenges opportunities to make societies more sustainable and cohesive through inclusive practices, coproduction and pro-active grassroots initiatives. In this paper we are concerned first that the concept has been stretched in so many directions that it is at breaking point. We illustrate this by documenting the varied uses of social innovation in different academic and policy discourses. Second, we assume that, if social innovation is to be a useful concept for policy-makers, then it must tell us something about what adjustments are needed to develop an effective political economy that is social innovation ready. Finally, we argue that what is needed is more theoretical and empirical work to help social innovation to develop into an effective policy tool.

Journal ArticleDOI
Phillip Brown1
TL;DR: This article argued that the experiences of working-class and middle-class students and families are not defined by intergenerational social mobility, but by social congestion and an opportunity trap, and also argued that existing sociological research on education and social mobility needs to be extended.
Abstract: There has been renewed policy interest in intergenerational social mobility as a route to a fairer society, but in ignoring the sociological evidence this article will argue that the current policy agenda will fail to achieve its goal. Based on an analysis of ‘social congestion’, ‘social exclusion’, and ‘social justice’, it also argues that existing sociological research on education and social mobility needs to be extended. In the early decades of the twenty-first century, the experiences of working-class and middle-class students and families are not defined by intergenerational social mobility, but by social congestion and an opportunity trap.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
23 Feb 2013
TL;DR: The use of collective storytelling online in the context of a social movement organization called Hollaback, an organization working to stop street harassment is examined, illustrating that technology can help crowd-sourced framing processes that have traditionally been done by social movement organizations.
Abstract: CSCW systems are playing an increasing role in activism. How can new communications technologies support social movements? The possibilities are intriguing, but as yet not fully understood. One key technique traditionally leveraged by social movements is storytelling. In this paper, we examine the use of collective storytelling online in the context of a social movement organization called Hollaback, an organization working to stop street harassment. Can sharing a story of experienced harassment really make a difference to an individual or a community? Using Emancipatory Action Research and qualitative methods, we interviewed people who contributed stories of harassment online. We found that sharing stories shifted participants' cognitive and emotional orientation towards their experience. The theory of "framing" from social movement research explains the surprising power of this experience for Hollaback participants. We contribute a way of looking at activism online using social movement theory. Our work illustrates that technology can help crowd-sourced framing processes that have traditionally been done by social movement organizations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Even very young children learn and understand social activities as governed by conventional norms that (a) are arbitrary and shared by the community, (b) have normative force and apply to all participants, and (c) are valid in context-relative ways.
Abstract: Recent research has produced new insights into the early development of social cognition and social learning Even very young children learn and understand social activities as governed by conventional norms that (a) are arbitrary and shared by the community, (b) have normative force and apply to all participants, and (c) are valid in context-relative ways Importantly, such understanding is revealed both in the fact that children themselves follow the norms, and in the fact that they actively enforce them toward third parties Human social cognition thus has a fundamental normative dimension that begins early This norm psychology plausibly evolved due to its role in stabilizing group coordination and cooperation, and is one of the foundations of what is uniquely human social learning and culture

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine social capital's public good aspects, arguing that the benefits of social trust and organization memberships accrue not just to the individual but to the community at large.
Abstract: The literature on social capital and entrepreneurship often explores individual benefits of social capital, such as the role of personal networks in promoting self-employment. In this article, we instead examine social capital’s public good aspects, arguing that the benefits of social trust and organization memberships accrue not just to the individual but to the community at large. We test these arguments using individual data from the 2000 Census that have been merged with two community surveys, the Social Capital Benchmark Survey and the General Social Survey. We find that individuals in communities with high levels of social trust are more likely to be self-employed compared to individuals in communities with lower levels of social trust. Additionally, membership in organizations connected to the larger community is associated with higher levels of self-employment, but membership in isolated organizations that lack connections to the larger community is associated with lower levels of self-employment....

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The social norm approach (SNA) to socially desirable behavior change as discussed by the authors retains something of a Cinderella role among social marketing practitioners and academics, which is inspired by the observation that the SNA retains a "c Cinderella role" among social marketers and academics.
Abstract: This paper is inspired by the observation that the social norm approach (SNA) to socially desirable behaviour change – that is, telling people about what lots of other people do – retains something of a Cinderella role among social marketing practitioners and academics. Thus, the objective of this paper is to bring the social norm approach to the attention of a wider – and specifically, marketing and social marketing – audience, in the hope that the practice, study and critical analysis of the approach can be widened and deepened. We begin this task by tracing the background of the social norm approach to its origins in psychology and social psychology and by discussing a number of typical social norm campaigns. Thereafter, we review four key characteristics of successful social norm campaigns. In our discussion, we return to a more theoretical discussion of how the social norm approach works, and we pose a number of questions that emerge from the paper. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an integrated hypothetical framework that provides a better understanding of social learning as a generative process with outcomes is presented, grounded theoretically in emergent social learning theory and empirically in a retrospective case study around multi-stakeholder sustainability-oriented regional learning in the North of The Netherlands.

BookDOI
23 Apr 2013
TL;DR: Early Childhood Is where Many Adult Automatic Processes are Born as discussed by the authors and Social Evolution Section 2 Mentalizing 21 Universal Social Cognition: Childhood Theory of Mind 22 Infant Foundations of Intentional Understanding 23 Why Don't Apes Understand False Beleifs? 24 False-Belief Understanding and Why it Matters: The Social-Acting Hypothesis 25 Language and Reasoning about Beliefs 26 The Myth of Mentalizing and the Primacy of Folk Sociology 27 The New Puzzle of Theory ofMind Development 28 How Real Is the Imaginary? The Capacity for High
Abstract: Section 1 Framing the Issues 11 Social-Cognitive Development: A Renaissance 12 The Paradox of the Emerging Social Brain 13 Core Social Cognition 14 Core Cognition of Relational Models 15 Infant Cartographers: Mapping the Social Terrain 16 The Evolution of Concepts About Agents 17 The Evolution of Human Sociocognitive Development 18 Teleological Understanding of Actions 19 How Universals and Individual Differences Can Inform Each Other: The Case of Social Expectations in Infancy 110 The Contribution of Temperament to the Study of Social Cognition: Learning Whether the Glass Is Half Empty or Half Full 111 Emotion and Learning: New Approaches to the Old Nature-Nurture Debate 112 Early Childhood Is where Many Adult Automatic Processes are Born 113 Social Evolution Section 2 Mentalizing 21 Universal Social Cognition: Childhood Theory of Mind 22 Infant Foundations of Intentional Understanding 23 Why Don't Apes Understand False Beleifs? 24 False-Belief Understanding and Why it Matters: The Social-Acting Hypothesis 25 Language and Reasoning About Beliefs 26 The Myth of Mentalizing and the Primacy of Folk Sociology 27 The New Puzzle of Theory of Mind Development 28 How Real Is the Imaginary? The Capacity for High-Risk Children to Gain Comfort From Imaginary Relationships 29 Social Engagement Does Not Lead to Social Cognition: Evidence From Williams Syndrome Section 3 Imitation, Modeling, and Learning From and About Others 31 Natural Pedagogy 32 A Comparison of Neonatal Imitation Abilities in Humans and Macaque Infants 33 Origins of Social Cognition: Bidirectional Self-Other Mapping and the "Like-Me" Hypothesis 34 Overimitation and the Development of Casual Understanding 35 Social Cognition: Making Us Smart, or Sometimes Making Us Dumb? Overimitation, Conformity, Nonconformity, and the Transmission of Culture in Ape and Child 36 Early Social Deprivation and the Neurobiology of Interpreting Facial Expressions 37 The Emergence of Perceptual Preferences for Social Signals of Emotion 38 Some Thoughts on the Development and Neural Bases of Face Processing 39 Redescribing Action 310 Preschoolers Are Selective Word Learners 311 Culture-Gene Coevolutionary Theory and Children's Selective Social Learning 312 How Casual Learning Helps Us to Understand Other People, and How Other People Help Us to Learn About Causes: Probabilistic Models and the Development of Social Cognition 313 How Children Learn From and About People: The Fundamental Link Between Social Cognition and Statistical Evidence 314 Children Learn From and About Variability Between People Section IV Trust and Skepticism 41 The Gaze of Others 42 Empathy Deficits in Autism and Psychopaths: Mirror Opposites? 43 Status Seeking: The Importance of Roles in Early Social Cognition 44 Reputation Is Everything 45 Understanding Expertise: The Contribution of Social and Nonsocial Cognitive Processes to Social Judgements 46 Respectful Deference: Conformity Revisited 47 Children's Understanding of Unreliability: Evidence for a Negativity Bias 48 Biased to Believe 49 Food as a Unique Domain in Social Cognition Section 5 Us and Them 51 What is Group Psychology? Adaptations for Mapping Shared Unintentional Stances 52 The Conceptual Structure of Social Categories: The Social Allegiance Hypothesis 53 Essentialism: The Development of a Simple, But Potentially Dangerous, Idea 54 Generic Statements, Casual Attributions, and Children's Naive Theories 55 From Categories to Exemplars (and Back Again) 56 Bridging the Gap Between Preference and Evaluation During the First Few Years of Life 57 On the Developmental Origins of Differential Responding to Social Category Information 58 Building a Better Bridge 59 Is Gender Special? 510 Does Your Infant Say the Words "Girl" and "Boy"? How Gender Labels Matter in Early Gender Development 511 Bringing the Cognitive and Social Together: How Gender Detectives and Gender Enforcers Shape Children's Gender Development 512 The Development of Language as a Social Category 513 The Study of Lay Theories: A Piece of the Puzzle for Understanding Prejudice 514 Social Acumen: Its Role in Constructing Group Identity and Attitudes 515 Understanding and Reducing Social Stereotyping and Prejudice Among Children 516 What Are They Thinking? The Mystery of Young Children's Thoughts on Race 517 How Do Children Learn to Actively Control Their Explicit Prejudice? Section 6 Good and Evil 61 What Primates Can Tell Us About The Surprising Nature of Human Choice 62 Horrible Children: The Limits of Natural Morality 63 Young Children's Moral and Social-Conventional Understanding 64 The Origin of Children's Appreciation of Ownership Rights 65 Becoming a Moral Relativist: Children's Moral Conceptions of Honesty and Dishonesty in Different Sociocultural Contexts 66 The Origins of The Prosocial Ape: Insights From Comparative Studies of Social Preferences 67 Cooperation, Behavioral Diversity, and Inequity Responses 68 Morality, Intentionality, and Exclusion: How Children Navigate the Social World 69 Converging Developments in Prosocial Behavior and Self-Other Understanding in the Second Year of Life: The Second Socio-Cognitive Revolution 610 Disposition Attribution in Infancy: The Foundations of Understanding Helping and Hidering Interactions 611 What Do Children and Chimpanzees Reveal About Human Altruism?

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The role of mediated communication and media logic in social order is discussed in this paper, along with recent examples involving social media and popular culture, surveillance, commercialism and marketing, social change and revolution, and military strategies and weapon systems.
Abstract: The role of mediated communication and media logic in social order is discussed, along with recent examples involving social media and popular culture, surveillance, commercialism and marketing, social change and revolution, and military strategies and weapon systems. The relevance of an ecology of communication—the structure, organization, and accessibility of information technology, various forums, media, and channels of information—is proposed as a template for inspecting the interaction of social context, information technology, communication formats, and how these affect social activities. Suggestions are offered for continued investigation and mapping of media logic across information technologies in order to clarify the reflexive relationship between communication, social interaction, and institutional orders.

Book ChapterDOI
31 Oct 2013
TL;DR: Battistich et al. as mentioned in this paper discuss how to use behavior modification techniques to address problem behavior of individual children in the classroom and the restructuring and reorganization of schools to address concerns related to community and forming a homelike setting.
Abstract: Readers of this volume will no doubt find familiarity with the notion that a large, and perhaps growing, sector of professional practice and training in education has to dowith students’ social interactions and emotional health, based on accrued evidence that socioemotional functioning relates to academic achievement domains as well as well-being (see Battistich, Solomon, Watson, & Schaps, 1997; Brophy & Good, 1974, 1986; Hoagwood & Johnson, 2003; Pianta, 1999). Attention to the school as a social setting and the ways in which classroom and school social structures constrain or support social development have for many years been the focus of discussions related to classroom management-ranging from how to use specific behavior modification techniques to address problem behavior of individual children in the classroom to the restructuring and reorganization of schools to address concerns related to community and forming a homelike setting (Battistich et al., 1997; Felner, Favazza, Shim, & Brand, 2001). Perspectives on social processes in schools draw from diverse literatures concerning teachers’ and students’ expectations of one another, discipline and class management, teaching and learning as socially mediated, teachers’ own self-and efficacy-related feelings and beliefs, school belonging and caring, teacher-student interactions, and themore recent work on teacher support as a source of resilience for children at risk (e.g., Brophy & Good, 1974; Battistich et al., 1997; Eccles & Roeser, 1999; Goodenow, 1992).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article conducted a longitudinal study of high school classes that included debates about controversial political issues, and found that high school students were engaged in a wide range of political discussion topics, from 2005 to 2009.
Abstract: From 2005 to 2009, we were engaged in a longitudinal study of high school classes that included deliberations about controversial political issues. The purpose of the study was twofold: to examine ...

Book ChapterDOI
08 Oct 2013
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the properties of the action-set by studying it in operation and showed what is meant by'set' and how it is related to social network.
Abstract: Two concepts of major importance for social anthropologists are those of group and association. Both the association and the group show an 'even spread' of the membership criteria on which this interaction is based, whether these are highly informal or whether they produce a corporate body. Much fruitful work has been carried out with the aid of these concepts. Nevertheless, they are inadequate for those situations involving another kind of collection of people, which may be termed the 'quasi-group'. The chapter examines the properties of the action-set by studying it in operation. It shows what is meant by 'set' and how it is related to social network. A major feature of the action-set is that by contrast with the 'unbounded' network it is limited in its membership and can be used in comparative analysis and in the study of social change.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Looking-time experiments with 7- to 12-month-old infants show that preverbal infants expect members of social groups to act alike, and suggest that infants expect social group membership and behavior to covary, before extensive intergroup experience or linguistic input.
Abstract: The short ontogenetic time courses of conformity and stereotyping, both evident in the preschool years, point to the possibility that a central component of human social cognition is an early developing expectation that social group members will engage in common behaviors. Across a series of experiments, we show that by 7 months of age preverbal infants differentiate between actions by individuals that are and are not consistent with the actions of their social group members. Infants responded to group-inconsistent actions only in a social context: they failed to distinguish the same behavioral differences when presented with collections of nonsocial agents or inanimate objects. These results suggest that infants expect social group membership and behavior to covary, before extensive intergroup experience or linguistic input. This expectation is consistent with the socially motivated imitation and stereotyping evident in toddlers and preschoolers, and may play a role in the early emergence of one or both of these aspects of social behavior and cognition.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors used the 2006-2008 General Social Survey panel to assess the relationship between changes in informal social ties and changes in trust, and found that such ties may be a source of trust.
Abstract: The origins of generalized trust remain unclear despite its importance to social, political, and economic functioning. Social capital theory and previous cross-sectional research suggest that informal social ties may be a source of trust. Using the 2006–2008 General Social Survey panel, we assess the relationship between changes in informal social ties and changes in trust. As the first US longitudinal analysis to address this question, our fixed-effects analysis is not biased by time-invariant factors, such as personality, or other sources of unobserved heterogeneity. We further control for changes in religious attendance, television viewing, family structure, health status, and educational attainment. Our fixed-effects results, as well as results from an auxiliary cross-lagged analysis, yield support for the proposition that informal social ties enhance trust.

Book
26 Apr 2013
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors synthesize data collected from more than 4,000 women and men in 97 communities across 20 countries to examine potential patterns across communities on social norms and gender roles, pathways of empowerment, and factors that drive acute inequalities.
Abstract: This report provides tremendous insight on gender norms an area that has been resistant to change, and that constrains achievement of gender equality across many diverse cultures. The report synthesizes data collected from more than 4,000 women and men in 97 communities across 20 countries. It is the largest dataset ever collected on the topic of gender and development, providing an unprecedented opportunity to examine potential patterns across communities on social norms and gender roles, pathways of empowerment, and factors that drive acute inequalities. The analysis raises the profile of persistent social norms and their impact on agency, and catalyzes discourse on the many pathways that create opportunities for women and men to negotiate transformative change. The report is underpinned by the fact that arguably the single most important contribution to development is to unleash the full power of half the people on the planet women. It underscores how crucial making investments in learning, supporting innovations that reduce the time costs of women’s mobility, and developing a critical mass of women and men pushing the boundaries of entrenched social norms are in enhancing women’s agency and capacity to aspire.

MonographDOI
TL;DR: In Why the West Rules - For Now, Morris argues that to understand the development of East and West, we need to look beyond 'long-term lock-in' theories (that suggest it was inevitable) and'short-term accident' theories as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In Why the West Rules - For Now Ian Morris argues that to understand the development of East and West, we need to look beyond 'long-term lock-in' theories (that suggest it was inevitable) and 'short-term accident' theories. Instead, we need to measure social development - a group's ability to master its environment to get things done - and use the results to look at the patterns of history. Why the West Rules - For Now briefly describes the methods used to calculate Eastern and Western social development scores since the ice age; in The Measure of Civilisation, Morris expands upon these methods, discussing possible objections to this approach, and providing fascinating accounts of his gathering of evidence for his calculations. It is a magnificent account of where our understanding of the development of East and West comes from, and an unusual insight into a master thinker at work.