Showing papers on "Social cognitive theory of morality published in 1995"

Application of Social Cognitive Theory to Training for Computer Skills

Abstract: While computer training is widely recognized as an essential contributor to the productive use of computers in organizations, very little research has focused on identifying the processes through which training operates, and the relative effectiveness of different methods for such training. This research examined the training process, and compared a behavior modeling training program, based on Social Cognitive Theory Bandura [Bandura, A. 1977. Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psych. Rev.842 191--215; Bandura, A. 1978. Reflections on self-efficacy. Adv. Behavioral Res. Therapy1 237--269; Bandura, A. 1982. Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. Amer. Psychologist372 122--147; Bandura, A. 1986. Social Foundations of Thought and Action. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.], to a more traditional, lecture-based program. According to Social Cognitive Theory, watching others performing a behavior, in this case interacting with a computer system, influences the observers' perceptions of their own ability to perform the behavior, or self-efficacy, and the expected outcomes that they perceive, as well as providing strategies for effective performance. The findings provide only partial support for the research model. Self-efficacy exerted a strong influence on performance in both models. In addition, behavior modeling was found to be more effective than the traditional method for training in Lotus 1-2-3, resulting in higher self-efficacy and higher performance. For WordPerfect, however, modeling did not significantly influence performance. This finding was unexpected, and several possible explanations are explored in the discussion. Of particular surprise were the negative relationships found between outcome expectations and performance. Outcome expectations were expected to positively influence performance, but the results indicated a strong negative effect. Measurement limitations are presented as the most plausible explanation for this result, but further research is necessary to provide conclusive explanations.

The Moral Dimension A Conceptualization and Empirical Demonstration of the Moral Nature of Psychotherapeutic Conversations

Abstract: The authors argue that counseling psychologists will benefit from the development of conceptual frameworks that focus attention and consideration on the moral dimensions of psychotherapeutic practice. The authors present such a conceptualization with respect to actual psychotherapeutic conversations, and they provide an empirical illustration of how this conceptual framework illuminates the moral dimension of such conversations. The authors also briefly explore possibilities for further conceptual and empirical study of moral aspects of counseling and psychotherapy.

Character Development and Physical Activity

Abstract: Part 1 Theory: coming to terms with morality moral development - the first generation internalization approaches to moral development constructivist approaches to moral development. Part 2 Understanding moral action: toward an integrated model of moral action interpreting the situation constructing a moral ideal contextual influences implementing action. Part 3 Physical activity and character development: does sport build character? promoting moral character through physical education and sport.

The Role of Moral Intensity in Moral Judgments: An Empirical Investigation

Abstract: Jones (1991) has proposed an issue-contingent model of ethical decision making by individuals in organizations. The distinguishing feature of the issue was identified as its moral intensity, which determines the moral imperative in the situation. In this study, we adapted three scenarios from the literature in order to examine the issue-contingent model. Findings, based on a student sample, suggest that (1) the perceived and actual dimensions of moral intensity often differed; (2) perceived moral intensity variables, in the aggregate, significantly affected an individual's moral judgments; and (3) some dimensions of moral intensity (namely, perceived social consensus and perceived magnitude of consequences) mattered more than others.

Morality, Normativity, and Society

Abstract: Moral claims not only purport to be true, they also purport to guide our choices. This book presents a new theory of normative judgment, the "standard-based theory," which offers a schematic account of the truth conditions of normative propositions of all kinds, including moral propositions and propositions about reasons. The heart of Copp's approach to moral propositions is a theory of the circumstances under which corresponding moral standards qualify as justified, the "society-centered theory." He argues that because any society needs a social moral code in order to enable its members to live together successfully, and because it would be rational for a society to choose such a code, certain moral codes, and the standards they include, are justified. According to the standard-based theory then, if certain moral standards are indeed justified, corresponding moral propositions may be true. Copp's approach to morality and explaining normativity and the truth conditions of moral claims, raises a number of important issues in moral theory, as well as in metaphysics and the philosophy of language.

Soul Searching: Why Psychotherapy Must Promote Moral Responsibility

Abstract: Morality In The Practice Of Psychotherapy * Psychotherapy and Moral Responsibility * Commitment * Justice * Truthfulness * Community The Moral Character Of The Therapist * Caring * Courage * Prudence * Postscript: Finding a Good Therapist and Creating Moral Communities Among Therapists

A behavior analytic view of child development

Abstract: Science. Developmental Psychology. Behavior Analysis. The Development of Memory. Motor Development. Perceptual Development. Cognitive Development. Language Development. Social and Emotional Development I: Attachment Relations. Social and Emotional Development II: Moral Behavior. Index.

Beyond Prejudice: The Moral Significance of Human and Nonhuman Animals

Abstract: In Beyond Prejudice , Evelyn B. Pluhar defends the view that any sentient conative being—one capable of caring about what happens to him or herself—is morally significant, a view that supports the moral status and rights of many nonhuman animals. Confronting traditional and contemporary philosophical arguments, she offers in clear and accessible fashion a thorough examination of theories of moral significance while decisively demonstrating the flaws in the arguments of those who would avoid attributing moral rights to nonhumans. Exposing the traditional view—which restricts the moral realm to autonomous, fully fledged "persons"—as having horrific implications for the treatment of many humans, Pluhar goes on to argue positively that sentient individuals of any species are no less morally significant than the most automomous human. Her position provides the ultimate justification that is missing from previous defenses of the moral status of nonhuman animals. In the process of advancing her position, Pluhar discusses the implications of determining moral significance for children and "abnormal" humans as well as its relevance to population policies, the raising of animals for food or product testing, decisions on hunting and euthanasia, and the treatment of companion animals. In addition, the author scrutinizes recent assertions by environmental ethicists that all living things or that natural objects and ecosystems be considered highly morally significant. This powerful book of moral theory challenges all defenders of the moral status quo—which decrees that animals decidedly do not count—to reevaluate their convictions.

Moral Preferences, Moral Constraints, and Self-Serving Biases

Abstract: Economists have formally modeled moral dispositions by directly incorporating into utility analysis concern for the well-being of others. But sometimes moral dispositions are not preferences, as connoted by utility analysis, but rather are ingrained as (internal) constraints. I present a model fleshing out this distinction: If moral dispositions are internal constraints on a person's real goal of pursuing her self-interest, she will be keen to self-servingly gather, avoid, and interpret relevant evidence, for the purpose of relaxing this constraint and pursuing her self interest. This gives rise to self-serving biases in moral reasoning. I show that this alternative model has some implications different from a standard utility model. Specifically, because a person seeks to avoid information that interferes with her self interest, the scope for social influence in moral conduct is greater than it is in the conventional model. Outside parties can improve a person's moral conduct by a) forcing her to receive certain information, b) discouraging her from (selectively) thinking about other information, or c) encouraging her to think through moral principles before she knows where her self interest lies.

Moral Development: An Introduction

Abstract: Cognitive Developmental Perspective. Behavioural/Learning Perspectives. Personality Perspectives. Social Constructivist/Interpretative Perspectives. Integrative Perspectives. New Directions in Research on Moral Development.

Seeing and Caring: The Role of Affect in Feminist Moral Epistemology

Abstract: I develop two different epistemic roles for emotion and desire. Caring for moral ends and people plays a pivotal though contingent role in ensuring reliable awareness of morally salient details; possession of various emotions and motives is a necessary condition for autonomous understanding of moral concepts themselves. Those who believe such connections compromise the “objective” status of morality tend to assume rather than argue for the bifurcated conception of reason and affect this essay challenges.

Rational choice and moral agency

Abstract: Preface and AcknowledgmentsPt. IRational Choice1Ch. 1Why Be Rational?6Ch. 2Choosing Strategies28Ch. 3Choosing Ends58Ch. 4Comparing Ends80Ch. 5Reasons for Altruism98Pt. IIMoral Agency121Ch. 6Because It's Right126Ch. 7Social Structure and Moral Constraint155Ch. 8Moral Dualism186Ch. 9Objections and Replies213Pt. IIIReconciliation241Ch. 10Why Be Moral?243References265Index273

Soul Searching: Why Psychotherapy Must Promote Moral Responsibility

Abstract: What is going on here? I am asked to review a book on modern psychotherapy practice, and it contains a value-laden, almost foreign language. Words such asfairness, truthfulness, moral responsibility, moral character, courage, commitment, caring, community, prudence, andjusticeare found throughout. The author of such nonneutral syntax is a practicing family psychotherapist and academician whose purposes are to examine morality in psychotherapy practice and to emphasize the need for understanding the moral stance of a therapist. The author traces the history of psychotherapy through the present. He points out how the practice has changed and is undergoing a significant crisis of skepticism, confidence, and funding. He suggests that such developments are due in part to two factors. One is an erosion of the moral center of mainstream culture. The second is a growing recognition of psychotherapy practice as an extension of white, middle-class, North American male culture. Whereas

Can moral judgement and ethical behaviour be learned

Abstract: Considers past research undertaken in the area of adult moral and ethics education, in order to establish whether moral judgement and ethical behaviour can be learnt by adults through an education experience. Also seeks to identify those education media which best facilitate learning of good moral behaviour and ethical judgement. Concludes that research to date has not adequately proved the widely assumed link between teaching and learning of moral judgement and ethical behaviour. This link is important, particularly when education is perceived by many to be the best means of developing good moral judgement and ethical behaviour in the modern business environment. Raises a number of additional issues related to the topic and suggests several areas of future research opportunity.

Variations in Level of Moral Judgment as a Function of Type of Dilemma and Moral Choice

Abstract: This study compares the predictive power of two models of moral judgment: (a) Kohlberg's model, which predicts stage consistency across varying content, and (b) a model that predicts variations in stage as a function of complex interactions between people and social contexts. Forty university students were asked to make and justify choices on three moral dilemmas—a dilemma involving the sale of defective merchandise (selling dilemma) and two dilemmas from Kohlberg's test of moral judgment. Half the participants made hypothetical choices on the selling dilemma; the other half were offered a selfish incentive—money—for concealing the defects in the merchandise. In support of the interactional model, (a) participants scored lower on the selling dilemma than on Kohlberg's test, (b) the monetary incentive affected moral choices, (c) participants justified the choice to conceal defects in the merchandise with significantly lower stage moral judgments than they invoked in support of the decision to disclose its defects, and (d) participants who upheld the choice to disclose supported it with higher stage justifications than those who rejected it. Surprisingly, however, participants who stood to make money disclosed more about the defects in the article and charged less than participants who did not.

Moral reasoning and moral atmosphere in the domain of accounting

Abstract: Much criticism has been levelled at the accountancy profession, ranging from the failure of accounting documents to reveal a more accurate reflection of the financial well‐being/ill health of organizations and the collusion of accountants in the preparation and validation of those documents, to the failure of the accountancy profession satisfactorily to take account of the public interest in the determination of the future of accounting and auditing practice. At the heart of these issues is the moral base of the profession and accounting practice, a base which displays contradictory values at a normative level, while at an empirical level the evidence appears to be less ambiguous. Contends that accounting practice cannot be isolated from broader social practices; rather it is shaped by, but also helps sustain, wider social, economic and political developments. Begins with a consideration of Kohlberg′s framework of moral reasoning and then links it to the additional dimension of individualism. Concludes th...

Cognitive Therapy and Theories of Knowing: A Social Constructionist View

Abstract: It is argued that current theory and practice of cognitive therapy are encapsulated by a set of epistemic values that assign causative primacy for psychological problems to the cognitive processes of the individual knower. Social contructionism represents an alternative to this state of affairs by underscoring the inextricable connection between the personal and the social, challenging the merit of decontextualized accounts of psychological problems, and identifying empowerment and social change as viable therapeutic options.

Moral reasoning and prosocial action in Italian culture

Abstract: An Italian study on the development of moral judgment, based on the Moral Reflection Measure–Short Form (SRM-SF; Gibbs, Basinger, & Fuller, 1992), was performed. One hundred fifty-four adolescent and adult volunteers (male and female) involved in prosocial activities, and two control groups of 130 nonvolunteers completed the SRM-SF. Involvement in prosocial activities was associated with higher levels of moral judgment and Type B responses, which represent morally mature, internal, and universalistic forms of sociomoral reasoning. The results suggested that the SRM-SF is a reliable and valid measure of the development of moral judgment in Italian society.

Faking moral judgement on the Defining Issues Test

Abstract: In research by Emler, Renwick & Malone (1983), elevated moral judgement scores obtained under altered test conditions were interpreted as evidence that moral reasoning and political attitudes are essentially the same and that self-presentational strategies explain many differences in moral judgement that have previously been attributed to cognitive development. In the present study, politically liberal, moderate and conservative subjects completed the Defining Issues Test (DIT) of moral judgement, once from their own perspective and once from the perspective of a liberal/radical. The DIT was modified to include additional anti-establishment (A) items. Results indicated that subjects responding from the liberal/radical perspective strongly endorsed A items, and consequently decreased their principled moral judgement scores below their normal levels. Such findings contradict the conclusions of Emler et al. and offer an interpretation less antagonistic to cognitive developmental points of view.

Moral Choices: An Introduction to Ethics

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Sex role orientation and its relationship to the development of identity and moral thought

Abstract: This paper examined the links among sex role orientation, ego identity development and moral reasoning. 76 female and 58 male students were assessed on Bem's sex role inventory, ego identity, care-based and justice-based moral thought. For women, identity was negatively related to femininity and positively related to androgyny. Also, high levels of care-based moral reasoning, i.e., a balanced concern for the welfare of self and others, was related to androgyny for women. There were no significant findings for men. No significant relationships were found between sex role orientation and justice-based moral reasoning. Thus, the results suggested that for women in particular, relinquishing the stereotyped sex role definition and becoming more androgynous is important for their ego identity as well as care-based moral development.

Approaches to moral development : new research and emerging themes

Abstract: Considers morality and the psychological factors involved in its development through childhood, adolescence and young adulthood. The contributors discuss moral life in homes, schools and communities, and address moral reasoning, moral emotions and moral behaviour.

The Rational and the Moral Order: The Social Roots of Reason and Morality

Abstract: This book propounds a theory of reason and a theory of morality, advanced by Professor Baier in his APA presidential address and his Carus Lectures. Our possession of reason and our ability to reason depend on our having grown up in a rational order: a social order which engages in the enterprise of reason and, through socialisation, passes on from one generation to the next the knowledge of the recognised general principles of reasoning, the ability to apply them to particular cases, and the methods for further improvement. Two kinds of practical reason can be distinguished, the "self-anchored" and the "society-anchored", the second being by its nature paramount over the first. Much of this is also true of morality because, Baier argues in detail, the moral enterprise is the same as that of society-anchored reason. "The Rational and the Moral Order" sets out original arguments for a number of controversial claims. Moral directives imply that they are themselves sound, and therefore pass a certain test, and can be said to be true or false. Purported conceptions of morality are genuine only if they construe moral judgements as capable of being sound or unsound. Sound moralities are society-relative, and it can be shown that sound moral reasons are always paramount over reasons of self-interest.

Moral Teaching in Geography.

Abstract: Moral issues tend to be marginalised in contemporary education. This paper argues that geography is well placed to help to address this defect. Some cases with an obvious geographical dimension are outlined, to show how they might be used to open up broader moral problems. Geography teaching in higher education could have an important part to play in the reassertion of a moral dimension in how people come to understand the world and play a part in its re‐creation.

Rethinking nursing's basic competencies.

Abstract: An increasing tendency to focus primarily on the intellectual and technical competence of nurses is radically redefining nursing and threatening nursing's ability to respond to human need. After exploring why interpersonal skills and moral competence are essential to the practice of nursing, the article describes practical strategies to develop interpersonal competence and challenges nurses to hold themselves and one another accountable for interpersonal proficiency. The discussion redirects nursing's attention to the human outcomes of nursing and health care.

The Moral Reasoning of Nurse Practitioners

Abstract: This qualitative research study was conducted to describe the moral reasoning utilized by participating nurse practitioners to resolve moral dilemmas in their clinical practice. Five major essential features of moral reasoning emerged from the data: the contextual framework for moral reasoning, values, influencing factors, recognizing the dilemma, and outcomes. The interrelationship of the essential features of moral reasoning provided insight into how NPs deal with moral dilemmas as well as the role that caring and the nurse-patient relationship played as a part of the moral decision making process.

Aspects of moral knowledge in nursing.

Abstract: The purpose of the article is to identify and clarify different aspects of moral knowledge in nursing and to discuss the relevance of these aspects to nursing practice, nursing ethics, and education. Moral action knowledge, theoretical-ethical, personal, and situational moral knowledge are identified as different aspects of moral knowledge in nursing. Moral integration refers to the coordination of the four aspects. Some controversies in contemporary nursing ethics are discussed in the light of the proposed notion of moral knowledge. The ethics of caring is discussed as a form of personal and situational moral knowledge. The notion of moral integration requires knowledge of abstract principles as well as virtue and caring as the foundation of nursing ethics.

Moral Judgment, Organizational Incentives and Collective Action: Participation in Abortion Politics

Abstract: Abortion politics affords an opportunity to examine how moral judgments are translated into collective action. Two approaches are examined. Cogni tive developmental theory underscores moral develop...

Probing into Pupils' Moral Judgement in Environmental Dilemmas: a basis for 'teaching values'

Abstract: summary In the frame of the international project ‘Environment and School Initiatives’ (ESIP), a pilot study has been carried out with the aim to elucidate existing levels of moral reasoning in environmental dilemmas (in analogy to Kohlberg) in a group of 11‐ and 15‐year‐old students. Beside the age‐related differences, also indications for differences between boys and girls were found. The content analysis of students’ justifications show different images about the relationship humans‐nature (humans as users, preservers, admirers, respecters). The main aim was to give teachers a better insight into pupils’ moral reasoning in environmental dilemmas and thus a basis for guiding discussions in the sense of moral discourse. These discussions, embedded in other experientially based activities, can hopefully contribute to the clarification and development of environmental values.

The Construction of Moral Rationality

Abstract: Rational moral agents have justifiable moral perspectives and genuine moral reasons. A rational constructivist approach to morality highlights the rational basis for morality and posits that moral rationality is actively constructed via reflective processes that cannot be reduced to the causal influence of genetic and/or environmental forces. Cultural transmission and peer interaction are critical, and qualitatively distinct, contexts of moral reflection. A pluralist conception of the construction of moral rationality retains the rational constructivist conception of progress through levels of moral rationality but rejects commitment to a universal sequence of developmental stages. The result is a developmental moral epistemology that accommodates moral pluralism to a greater degree than does standard cognitive developmental theory without lapsing into the moral relativism of social learning theories.