Showing papers on "Social movement published in 1986"

Political Opportunity Structures and Political Protest: Anti-Nuclear Movements in Four Democracies

Abstract: Since the 1960s, successive protest movements have challenged public policies, established modes of political participation and socio-economic institutions in advanced industrial democracies. Social scientists have responded by conducting case studies of such movements. Comparative analyses, particularly cross-national comparisons of social movements, however, remain rare, although opportunities abound to observe movements with similar objectives or forms of mobilization in diverse settings.

Recruitment to high-risk activism: The case of Freedom Summer.

Abstract: This article proposes and argues for the importance of a distinction between "low-" and "high-risk/cost activism" and outlines a model or recruitment to the latter. The model emphasizes the importa...

Channeling Black Insurgency: Elite Patronage and Professional Social Movement Organizations in the Development of the Black Movement.

Abstract: This paper critically evaluates the theory of patronage and professional social' movement organizations (SMOs) advanced by McCarthy and Zald (1973, 1975, 1977) and the social control theory advanced by their critics (McAdam, 1982; Wilson, 1983; Haines 1984a, 1984b) in interpreting the development of black insurgency. Drawing on time-series analysis of the patronage of private foundations, structural facilitators, and the changing goals, organization and forms of black insurgency between 1953-1980, we find support for the social control theory insofar as: 1) the black movement was an indigenous challenge with professional SMOs playing a secondary role; 2) elite patronage was reactive and directed at moderate classical SMOs and professional SMOs; 3) this patronage professionalized the movement, strengthening the staff in classical SMOs and creating new professional SMOs; and 4) these processes did not generate movement growth and may have accelerated movement decay. Yet, contrary to the social control theory, we also found that: 1) movement decay had multiple sources, professionalization being secondary to partial success and strategic problems; and 2) professionalization may have weakened the challenge but did not transform movement goals or tactics. "Channeling " may be a more apt metaphor than "control" for analyzing the effects of patronage and professionalization on social movement development.

The City and the Grassroots

Abstract: The discussion in these few pages could not possibly indicate the totality of the vast canvas that Castells paints in his new text. It is a work of some 300,000 words. The methodological appendices, endnotes and bibliography alone cover 100 pages. The substance of the book presents case studies of historical and contemporary urban movements and urban social movements, ranging from the revolution of the Communidades in sixteenth-century Castille, to the 1871 Paris Commune, to the Glasgow Rent Strike in 1915, the protests in the Parisian Grandes Ensembles in the 1960s and 1970s, the cultural movements and gay communities in San Francisco, the Madrid Citizens’ Movement of the 1970s, and much more besides. At the end of all this Castells’s new theoretical perspective is summed up into a ‘cross-cultural theory of urban social change’.

The whale and the reactor

Abstract: This works explores questions about the philosophical, political, and social implications of technology, considering a range of issues, theories, and social movements.

Community Organizing and Development

Abstract: TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Part One: Progressive Organizing Chapter 1: Organizing and Development for Progressive Social Change Chapter 2: A World of Action: A World of Hope Chapter 3: Models for Implementing Progressive Social Change: Commonalities, Differences and Reconciliations Part Two: The Three Pillars of Progressive Organizing Chapter 4: Empowering Individuals Chapter 5: Building Community to Create Capacity for Change Chapter 6: Empowering Through Building Progressive Organizations Part Three: Problems, Programs and Precedents Chapter 7: Social Problems and Public Policy Chapter 8: Intersecting Histories: Community Organizing, Issue Mobilization, and Social Movements Chapter 9: Learning About Personal, Community, and Social Needs Through Action Research Part Four: Building Capacity to Initiate Collective Action Chapter 10: Activists, Organizers, and Social Change Professionals Chapter 11: Creating Capacity Through Effective Organizational Administration Chapter 12: Expanding Capacity Through Empowering, Participatory Meetings Chapter 13: Building Capacity By Working with the Support Sector Part Five: Compelling Change Through Social Mobilization Chapter 14: An Overview to Social Mobilization Campaigns Chapter 15: Mobilizing Individuals and Groups Chapter 16: Influencing the Public Sector:Civic and Administrative Engagement Chapter 17: Compelling Change Through Power Tactics Chapter 18: Tools for Strengthening Social Mobilization Campaigns: Lawyers and Litigation Publicity and the Mass Media Negotiations Chapter 19: Social Action: Magnifying Power Through Coalitions. Part Six: Implementing Change Through the Community Economic Development and Social Production Approach Chapter 20: An Introduction to the Community Economic Development and Social Production Model Chapter 21: Skills for Accomplishing Economic and Social Production Work Part Seven: Epilogue: Working Toward a Progressive Society Chapter 22: Epilogue: Working Toward a Progressive Society Bibliography

Affecting Change: Social Workers in the Political Arena

Abstract: 1. All Social Work is Political 2. Social Work Values versus Politics The Professional Code of Ethics Primary Principles: Social Justice and Empowerment Specialization versus Systemic Solutions Self-Determination versus Compromise Emotional Neutrality versus Client Self-Interest Impartiality versus Partisan Politics Conclusion Assignments Suggested Readings References 3. The Emergence of a Social Work Polity The Reform Period The New Deal and Beyond The War on Poverty Social Action Models Federalism The New Federalism The 1990s The George "Dubya" Bush Era Conclusion Assignments Suggested Readings References 4. The Debate Some Perspectives When Karen Met Harry: Unfaithful Angels Disputed Conclusion Assignments Suggested Readings References 5. Policy Models for Political Advocacy Models Defined Institutional Model Process Model Group Theory Model Elite Theory Model Rational Model Incremental Model A Proactive Approach to Policy Development Policy Analysis Policy Evaluation Effort Quality Effectiveness Efficiency Conclusion Assignments Suggested Readings References 6. The Practitioner's Influence on Policy Information Disseminiation Documentation Testimony Expert Witness Written Communication Client Empowerment Enabler/Advocate Role Evaluator/Consultant Role Voter Registration Hatch Act The Executive's Role in Influencing Policy Influencing Policy: An Illustration Conclusion Assignments Suggested Readings References 7. Influence Through Lobbying Social Work Skills in the Political Process The Political Process The Politician The Informal Political Process Lobbying Groundwork Goal Setting Strategy Setting Lobbying Methods Letter Writing Telephoning Face-to-Face Lobbying Testifying Lobbying and Nonprofits Conclusion Assignments Suggested Readings References 8. Tools to Influence and Organize Others Ten Phases of a Social Movement Strategy Coalition Building Technology Gimmicks Using the Media Newspapers Radio Television Examples of Organizing Others Conclusion Assignments Suggested Readings References 9. Monitoring the Bureaucracy Promulgating the Rules Rule Implementation and Agency Compliance Budget Allocations Administrative Changes or Executive Orders Social Work Skills Conclusion Assignments Suggested Readings References 10. Political Action Committees Why is a PAC Organized? Process of Selection Candidate Endorsements Targeting Fallout Idealism versus Winning Conclusion Assignments Suggested Readings References 11. The Campaign Components of the Campaign Time Money People Campaign Management The Campaign Manager: Who Really Runs the Campaign? Voter Contact Targeting Issues Social Workers and Campaigns What to Expect When Volunteering How to Volunteer for a Campaign Conclusion Assignments Suggested Readings References 12. Social Workers as Politicians Respondent Characteristics Deciding to Run Building a Constituent Base Campaigning Realities of Office Recommendations Conclusion Assignments Suggested Readings References 13. Jump In Where to Start Just Do It Do It Early People Influence People You Can Make a Difference Advocacy is Not for Wimps Speak Out Just Say No Conclusion Assignments Suggested Reading References Glossary of Legislative Terms Web Sites Index

Human Dignity, Human Rights, and Political Regimes

Abstract: It is often argued that internationally recognized human rights are common to all cultural traditions and adaptable to a great variety of social structures and political regimes. Such arguments confuse human rights with human dignity. All societies possess conceptions of human dignity, but the conception of human dignity underlying international human rights standards requires a particular type of “liberal” regime. This conclusion is reached through a comparison of the social structures of ideal type liberal, minimal, traditional, communist, corporatist and developmental regimes and their impact on autonomy, equality, privacy, social conflict, and the definition of societal membership.

Unwanted Children - Political Violence and the Cycle of Protest in Italy, 1966-1973

Abstract: . The article focuses on the cycle of protest that developed in Italy during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Some hypotheses on the evolution of the repertoires of action are tested with the aim of explaining the emergence of political violence during a cycle of protest. Newspaper-based data are presented on the proportional presence of violent forms of action, on the social and ideological groups involved in political violence, and on the grievances expressed during violent protests. The widespread political violence that developed in Italy in the early 1970s is explained as an internally differentiated strategic adaptation within the social movement sector, during a cycle of protests that was disorderly but far from violent.

Distributed Leadership and Skilled Performance as Successful Organization in Social Movements

Abstract: This paper adopts a social psychological perspective to the study of social organization analyzed in terms of the skills of organizing. The arguments are intended to be general but discussion is grounded in research on womens' centers in Britain. Drawing on Hosking's work on small groups, leadership, and organization, and Brown's doctoral research on womens' centers, we focus on interlocking cognitive and social orders and the manner of their achievement. "Order" is found to be negotiated more or less successfully, the degree of success achieved depending on skilled performance in four main areas. These are outlined and illustrated. In the case of the womens' organization, a core value was found to be that of "distributed" leadership; they are argued to be successful to the degree that this is achieved.

Political Ecology and the Social Sciences – The State of the Art

Abstract: The ‘environment’ as a political issue has had a mixed history. Its sudden upsurge in the late 1960s was followed by many ups and downs. It has, however, continued to press itself on to the political agenda in various forms. Most recently, the rise of green parties in Western Europe has demonstrated that the environment is not one of many issues which come and go but has led to more fundamental political change.

New social movements and resource mobilization: the european and the american approach*

Abstract: In the past 20 years, student movements, environmental movements, women's movements, and peace movements developed both in America and in Europe. These actions meant an explosive growth in the number of publications about social movements. Theory formation took a different course in Europe and in the U. S. While in the U.S. resource mobilization theory shifted attention from deprivation to the availability of resources in explanation of the rise of social movements, in Europe the "new social movement approach" emphasized the development of postindustrial society. Resource mobilization and the new social movement approach are discussed. Both approaches are needed to arrive at a satisfactory explanation. The new social movement approach has concentrated on factors that determine mobilization potential, but does not give an answer to the question of how these potentials are mobilized. Resource mobilization theory does pay attention to the mobilization of resources, to the significance of recruitment networks, and to the costs and benefits of participation, but has no interest in the mobilization potentials from which a movement must draw in mobilization campaigns. Assumptions are formulated in explanation of the divergent development of the social movement literature on the two continents. Language: en

The New women's movement : feminism and political power in Europe and the USA

Abstract: The New Women's Movement provides a comparative analysis of the social and political impact of the women's movement in ten European countries and the USA since the 1960s. It explains how a decentralized, non-professional, grass-roots organization has been able to effect political change. The contributors examine central issues in the feminist challenge to the establishment, including the abortion debate. Two contending strategies within the women's movement are outlined: one aiming to effect change through legislation; and the other asserting that women's liberation' can only be achieved from outside the existing system. Contributors also explain why the women's movement emerged when it did in different countries. National studies of feminist movements in the USA and ten European countries provide a unique comparative analysis of the women's movement as a social movement, with important implications for social movement theory. The successful emergence of the women's movement in different social and political settings challenges the notion that a decentralized, non-professional, grass root structure is a barrier to political influence.

Social Movements and the State The Environmental Movement, Countermovement, and Government Agencies

Abstract: This article modifies resource mobilization theory to emphasize interaction among social movements, countermovements, and government agencies. The framework developed for tracing social movement-state relationships gives special attention to movement and countermovement agency alignments. There are six stages of movement-state relationships illustrated with an analysis of the contemporary environmental movement.

Québec : state and society

Abstract: "Qu?bec: State and Society, third edition" acts as a mirror to a society that continues to transform itself, that adjusts to changes taking place on the international scene, while providing an understanding of Qu?bec's unique experience within the world. This completely revised edition is composed of twenty-two original and comprehensive essays on key issues and themes that constitute present-day Qu?bec politics, written by prominent and widely published specialists in areas as diverse as political science, sociology, economics, demography, and history. As a result, this book provides a full account the historical and contemporary Qu?bec environment and offers premises for developments to come. This edition distinguishes itself by proposing five main themes for surveying the Qu?bec condition, each with its own section. The first of these, "Qu?bec Today: Memory, Identity, and Pluralism," contains essays on historical and contemporary identity narratives and counter-narratives in Qu?bec, including aboriginal/state debates. "Governance" explores issues of Qu?bec public administration, business-government relations, and federal and international relations. "Political Parties and Social Movements" discusses a series of fundamental questions on the role exercised by the various elements of civil society in Qu?bec, ranging from the relevance of political parties to the diversity of social movements. "Education, Language, and Immigration" delves into developments in long-standing issues at the heart of the challenge of pluralism in Qu?bec. "Territoriality, Globalization, and International Relations" tackles questions faced by every contemporary society and proposes new arenas for research for Qu?bec.

Excellent companies as social movements[1]

Abstract: In this article a theoretical reconstruction is given of parts of the content of In Search of Excellence (Peters and Waterman, 1982). It evolves that the internal dynamics of excellent companies are very similar to those of social movements. Two recent discussion points, with regard to the decline and to the ethical dimension of excellent companies, can be better understood using this analogy. Furthermore, it provides us with avenues for further research.

The Creation of Political Solidarity in Social Movement Organizations

Abstract: This article examines the debate within resource mobilization theory concerning the motivation of participants in social movement organizations. Conclusions based on a case study of a Chicago commu...

Social Movements and Political Power: Emerging Forms of Radicalism in the West

Abstract: Preface 1. The New Global Context of Social Movements 2. The Changing Universe of Political Opposition The Historical Context * The Varieties of Popular Movements * Constituent Elements of A New Radicalism * Marxism and New Social Movements * From Social Movement to Political Strategy 3. Eurosocialism and the Search for a Third Road The Social-Democratic Impasse * The Eurosocialist Alternative * The Dilemmas of Structural Reformism * The Consolidation of Bourgeois Hegemony 4. The American Context: From New Left to New Populism New Populism, Marxism, and the Left * The Conquest of New Political Terrain * The Limits of Democratic Reform * Santa Monica: Institutionalization at the Grassroots * Popular Revolt and the Search for Community * New Populism and Beyond 5. The Green Alternative in West Germany New Movements and the Rise of the Greens * Party of a New Type * An Ecological Mode of Development * New Cold War and the Peace Movement * The Green Predicament * The Diffusion of Green Politics 6. Social Movements and Radical Change The Global Dimension * A New Phase of Class Politics * State Power and Political Strategy * Hegemony and Counterhegemony * Toward a Post-Marxist Radicalism Notes Acronyms Index

Arab Sociology Today: A View from Within

Abstract: Some of the accomplishments and shortcomings of Arab sociology during the last few years are assessed from the perspective of Arab sociologists. This assessment of Arab sociology from the insiders' perspective involves (a) reviewing selected papers presented at one of the most recent Arab sociology conferences, (b) analyzing the results of a survey of 36 Arab sociologists, and (c) describing in detail the major contributions of Arab sociologists and social scientists to the study of Islam, with particular reference to Islamic social movements. Recent socioeconomic changes and political events in the Arab world help explain the rising interest in sociology. Arab sociologists view their discipline as still in process of becoming and in a state of crisis. The sociopolitical and disciplinary aspects of this crisis and the solution suggested to remedy it are described. Arab sociological studies of Islamic social movements have the following features: (a) an emphasis on the diversity, complexity, and historical...

Interorganizational Conflict in the Southern Civil Rights Movement

Abstract: Moderate social movement organizations (SMOs) often denounce radical SMOs for statements and actions that threaten to alienate potential sources of external support. This paper analyzes the development of such interorganizational hostility in the Southern civil rights movement over the issues of Communist participation, the Vietnam War, and black power. In demonstrating how the moderate SMOs' perceived need for external support aggravated divisions over these issues, this paper calls attention to a major source of interorganizational hostility in the movement that previous work has overlooked.

Women and Social Movements in Poland

Abstract: It is suggested that the processes of women's activation on their own behalf are extremely complex and subject to differing courses, depending on the specific conditions existing in particular countries. In the case of Poland, the processes of activation and emancipation of women are not linear. The political activity of Polish women is largely conditioned by national history and the hierarchy of values in Polish society.

Unemployment and Protest in the United States, 1890–1940: A Methodological Critique and Research Note

Abstract: We begin with a critique of previous methods (event analysis) employed in testing deprivation theories of social movements and collective violence. Then we consider the value of group analysis through examination of the relationship between one form of deprivation (unemployment) and collective action by the unemployed in the United States from 1890-1940. By using group analysis we are able to discover that the relationship between unemployment and collective action varied considerably between 1890 and 1940, suggesting that other variables often stressed by those rejecting deprivation theories are needed for fully understanding the subject.

The role of target vulnerabilities in high-technology protest movements: The nuclear establishment at Three Mile Island

Abstract: Contemporary perspectives on social movements focus primarily upon challenging groups and political authorities, frequently ignoring the importance of vulnerabilities of the target of protest in shaping the outcomes of protracted struggles. The target's own human and technological weaknesses which emerge in the course of the conflict, however, are sometimes critical, as shown in this analysis of citizens' six-year endeavor to prevent the restart of Three Mile Island's Unit 1 reactor after the Unit 2 accident. If, as has been suggested (Perrow, 1984), modern industrial nations can expect an increase in such “system accidents,” they are likely to precipitate a new genre of social movements pitting local residents against high technology industries. Emergent target vulnerabilities are likely to figure prominently in some of these processes, and social movement analysts' explanatory models should allow for them.

Women's Rights and Society's Needs: Japan's 1931 Suffrage Bill

Abstract: The history of women is different from that of men. Women's history is the highlighting of the cultural construction of gender, the ways in which “men” and “women” are defined in considerable autonomy from biological males and females. The culturally constructed gender system interacts with a society's political system in ways that are just beginning to be explored.1 At the same time, scholars also find their definitions of national states to be in flux. Criticizing both Weberian and Marxist traditions of analysis of the state, Charles Bright and Susan Harding have stressed the open-ended, continuous, and contingent interplay between state structures and initiatives on the one hand, and social movements on the other.2 It is an auspicious time to reconsider the relationships between women and the state in cross-cultural perspective. Here I will examine the women's suffrage movement in Japan (1919–31 ) in its political context in order to encourage comparison with other women's suffrage movements, and to re-examine the interwar Japanese state from the viewpoint of one of its least-studied challengers.