Showing papers on "Social movement published in 2001"

Dynamics of Contention

Abstract: In recent decades the study of social movements, revolution, democratization and other non-routine politics has flourished. And yet research on the topic remains highly fragmented, reflecting the influence of at least three traditional divisions. The first of these reflects the view that various forms of contention are distinct and should be studied independent of others. Separate literatures have developed around the study of social movements, revolutions and industrial conflict. A second approach to the study of political contention denies the possibility of general theory in deference to a grounding in the temporal and spatial particulars of any given episode of contention. The study of contentious politics are left to 'area specialists' and/or historians with a thorough knowledge of the time and place in question. Finally, overlaid on these two divisions are stylized theoretical traditions - structuralist, culturalist, and rationalist - that have developed largely in isolation from one another. This book was first published in 2001.

Collective identity and social movements

Abstract: ■ Abstract Sociologists have turned to collective identity to fill gaps in resource mobilization and political process accounts of the emergence, trajectories, and impacts of social movements. Collective identity has been treated as an alternative to structurally given interests in accounting for the claims on behalf of which people mobilize, an alternative to selective incentives in understanding why people participate, an alternative to instrumental rationality in explaining what tactical choices activists make, and an alternative to institutional reforms in assessing movements’ impacts. Collective identity has been treated both too broadly and too narrowly, sometimes applied to too many dynamics, at other times made into a residual category within structuralist, state-centered, and rationalist accounts.

Educating the Right Way: Markets, Standards, God, and Inequality

Abstract: 1. Markets, Standards, God, and Inequality. Introduction. Joseph's Story. Conservative Agendas. Mapping the Right. Contested Freedom. Marketizing the World. Restoring. Cultural Order. Church and State. Economics and religion. Managerialism. Analyzing Conservative Modernization. 2. Whose Markets, Whose Knowledge? Introduction. Neoliberalism: Schooling, Choice, and Democracy. Neoconservatism: Teaching "Real Knowledge". Authoritarian Populism: Schooling as God Wanted It. The Professional and Managerial New Middle Class: More Testing, More Often 3. Producing Inequalities: Conservative Modernization in Policy and Practice. Gritty Materialities. Right Turn. New Markets, Old Traditions. Markets and Performance. National Standards, National Curriculum, and National Testing. Creating Educational Triage. Thinking Strategically. 4. Who "No Child Left Behind" Leaves Behind: Class and Race in Audit Cultures. Introduction: What No Child Left Behind Has Given Us. Accountability and Inequality. Changing Commonsense and the Growth of Audit Cultures. New Managerialism in Class Terms. The Dispossessed and Support for Audit Cultures and Markets. On Possibilities. Workable Alternatives. Being Honest About Educational Reform. 5. Endangered Christianity. Darwin, God, and Evil. Secular Dangers. From Insiders to Outsiders. Southern Cross. 6. God, Morality, and Markets. Bringing God to the World. Politics and the Clergy. The Electronic Clergy. A Christian Nation and Free Speech. Godless Schools. We Are Not Doing Anything Different. The Structures of Feeling of Authoritarian Populism. How Can Hate Seem So Nice. Turning Straw Into Gold. 7. Away with all Teachers: The Cultural Politics of Home Schooling. Situating Home Schooling. Satan's Threat and the Fortress Home. Attacking the State. Public and Private. Conclusion. 8. Inside Home Schooling: Gender, Technology, and Curriculum. Introduction. Resources and the Realities of Social Movements. Technology and the Growth of Home Schooling. Understanding Social Movements. Technology and Doing Home Schooling. Home Schooling as Gendered Labor. Solving Contradictions. Marketing God. Emotional Labor and the Daily Life of Curriculum and Teaching in the Home. Conclusion: Children and Living the "Right" Life. 9. Righting Wrongs and Interrupting the Right. Culture Counts Contradictory Reforms. "Racing" Toward Educational Reform. Making Challenges Public. Thinking Heretically. Can Alliances be Built Across the Religious and Secular Divide?. Making Critical Educational Practices Practical. Hope as a Resource

Passionate Politics: Emotions and Social Movements

Abstract: Emotions are back. Once at the center of the study of politics, emotions have receded into the shadows during the past three decades, with no place in the rationalistic, structural, and organizational models that dominate academic political analysis. With this new collection of essays, Jeff Goodwin, James M. Jasper, and Francesca Polletta reverse this trend, reincorporating emotions such as anger, indignation, fear, disgust, joy, and love into research on politics and social protest. The tools of cultural analysis are especially useful for probing the role of emotions in politics, the editors and contributors to "Passionate Politics" argue. Moral outrage, the shame of spoiled collective identities, or the joy of imagining a new and better society, are not automatic responses to events. Rather, they are related to moral institutions, felt obligations and rights, and information about expected effects, all of which are culturally and historically variable. With its look at the history of emotions in social thought, examination of the internal dynamics of protest groups, and exploration of the emotional dynamics that arise from interactions and conflicts among political factions and individuals, "Passionate Politics" will lead the way toward an overdue reconsideration of the role of emotions in social movements and politics generally. Contributors: Rebecca Anne Allahyari Edwin Amenta Collin Barker Mabel Berezin Craig Calhoun Randall Collins Frank Dobbin Jeff Goodwin Deborah B. Gould Julian McAllister Groves James M. Jasper Anne Kane Theodore D. Kemper Sharon Erickson Nepstad Steven Pfaff Francesca Polletta Christian Smith Arlene Stein Nancy Whittier Elisabeth Jean Wood Michael P. Young

SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: Changing Paradigms and Forms of Politics

Abstract: ▪ Abstract Theories of collective action have undergone a number of paradigm shifts, from “mass behavior” to “resource mobilization,” “political process,” and “new social movements.” Debates have centered on the applicability of these frameworks in diverse settings, on the periodization of collective action, on the divisive or unifying impact of identity politics, and on the appropriateness of political engagement by researchers. Transnational activist networks are developing new protest repertoires that challenge anthropologists and other scholars to rethink conventional approaches to social movements.

TRANSNATIONAL POLITICS: Contention and Institutions in International Politics

Abstract: ▪ Abstract Recent scholars have broadened the study of transnational relations, once limited to political economy, to include contentious international politics. This is a refreshing trend, but most of them leap directly from globalization or some other such process to transnational social movements and thence to a global civil society. In addition, they have so far failed to distinguish among movements, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and transnational networks and do not adequately specify their relations with states and international institutions. In particular, few mechanisms are proposed to link domestic actors to transnational ones and to states and international institutions. This paper argues that mass-based transnational social movements are hard to construct, are difficult to maintain, and have very different relations to states and international institutions than more routinized international NGOs or activist networks. These latter forms may be encouraged both by states and international ...

Oppositional Consciousness: The Subjective Roots of Social Protest

Abstract: How can human beings be induced to sacrifice their lives - even one minute of their lives - for the sake of the group? This question, central to understanding the dynamics of social movements, is at the heart of this collection of essays. The book conceptualizes and illustrates the complex patterns of negotiation, struggle, borrowing, and crafting that characterize what the editors term "oppositional consciousness" - an empowering mental state that prepares members of an oppressed group to undermine, reform, or even overthrow a dominant system. Each essay employs a recent historical case to demonstrate how oppositional consciousness actually worked in the experience of a subordinate group. Based on participant observation and interviews, chapters focus on the successful social movements of groups such as African Americans, people with disabilities, sexually harrassed women, Chicano workers, and AIDS activists. Ultimately, this text aims to shed new light on the intricate mechanisms that drive the important social movements of our time.

HoW MOVEMENTS WIN: GENDERED OPPORTUNITY STRUCTURES AND U.S. WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENTS, 1866 TO 1919

Abstract: State women's suffrage movements are investigated to illuminate the circumstances in which social movements bring about political change. In 29 states, suffragists were able to win significant voting rights prior to passage of the Nineteenth Amendment. In addition to resource mobilization, cultural framing, and political opportunity structures, the authors theorize that gendered opportunities also fostered the successes of the movements. An event history analysis provides evidence that gendered opportunity structures helped to bring about the political successes of the suffragists. Results suggest the need for a broader understanding of opportunity structure than one rooted simply in formal political opportunities.

Social movements and policy implementation: the mississippi civil rights movement and the war on poverty, 1965 to 1971

Abstract: This study of the Mississippi civil rights movement and the War on Poverty examines the relationship between social movements and policy implementation. A "movement infrastructure" model is developed that focuses on organizational structure, resources, and leadership to account for the impact of social movements on policy implementation. A two-tiered research design is employed that includes (1) a quantitative analysis of poverty programs in Mississippi counties from 1965 to 1971, and (2) case studies that show the complex interaction between the civil rights movement, resistance by whites, local powerholders, and federal agencies. The quantitative analysis shows that counties with strong movement infrastructures generated greater funding for Community Action Programs. The case studies show that movements were excluded from the initial formation of these programs as local whites attempted to preempt civil rights activists. However, in counties with strong movement infrastructures, activists were able to gain access to decision-making bodies and shape the content of poverty programs.

Community participation in health: perpetual allure, persistent challenge

Abstract: The concept of community participation continues to capture the attention of international health policymakers and analysts nearly a quarter of a century after it was formally introduced at the Alma Ata Conference. This paper reviews trends in the participation literature of the 1990s, drawing examples primarily from Latin America. The following topics are discussed: sustainability, new methods for operationalizing and evaluating participation, the significance of local and cultural variability in determining outcomes, participatory self-determination as raised in the social movements literature, the increasing importance of intersectoral linkages, and continuing impediments posed by biomedical ideologies and systems. While the rhetoric and practice of participation have become fully integrated into mainstream health and development discourses, the paper concludes that ideological and political disagreements continue to divide pragmatists, who favour utilitarian models of participation, from activists, who prefer empowerment models.

From Protest to Agenda Building: Description Bias in Media Coverage of Protest Events in Washington, D.C.

Abstract: Social movements often seek to draw attention to issues they deem important by organizing public demonstrations with the aim of attracting mass media coverage. But only a small proportion of all public demonstrations receives any media attention. This article asks whether even the minimal coverage that demonstrations receive reveal any influence of social movements in shaping how issues are framed by the mass media. Analyzing newspaper and television news stories on Washington, D.C. protests held during 1982 and 1991, we ask whether news reports on protests are framed in ways consistent with the aims of protesters. Do demonstrators receive media coverage that highlights the issues about which they are concerned, or does coverage focus on the protest event itself, to the exclusion of the social issues that movements target? Our results support much of the surmising among media scholars, that even when movements succeed at obtaining the attention of mass media outlets, media reports portray protests in ways that may undermine social movement agendas. Despite this obstacle to communicating protest messages through demonstrations, movements engage in other forms of communication that can affect public interpretations of mass media frames.

Radical Media: Rebellious Communication and Social Movements

Abstract: We may not be able to make you love reading, but radical media rebellious communication and social movements will lead you to love reading starting from now. Book is the window to open the new world. The world that you want is in the better stage and level. World will always guide you to even the prestige stage of the life. You know, this is some of how reading will give you the kindness. In this case, more books you read more knowledge you know, but it can mean also the bore is full.

Globalizing Resistance: The Battle of Seattle and the Future of Social Movements

Abstract: The massive protests at the Third Ministerial Meeting of the World Trade Organization in November 1999 resulted from broad and accelerating changes in global social and political relations. Many protesting groups had been involved in previous struggles for global economic justice that shaped their identities and strategies in Seattle. This study examines the participants, activities, and political context of the "Battle of Seattle." It explores the transnational activist linkages and suggests that a division of labor was present whereby groups with local and national ties took on mobilization roles while groups with routinized transnational ties provided information and frames for the struggle. An examination of the tactics used in Seattle suggests that national protest "repertoires" have been adapted for use in global political arenas. There is also some evidence of protest innovation in response to global political integration and technology. While this study encompasses only a single protest episode, i...

Social Networks and Individual Perceptions: Explaining Differential Participation in Social Movements

Abstract: This paper seeks to explain differential participation in social movements. It does so by attempting to bridge structural-level and individual-level explanations. We test a number of hypotheses drawn from the social networks and the rationalist perspectives on individual engagement by means of survey data on members of a major organization of the Swiss solidarity movement. Both perspectives find empirical support: the intensity of participation depends both on the embeddedness in social networks and on the individual perceptions of participation, that is, the evaluation of a number of cognitive parameters related to engagement. In particular, to be recruited by an activist and the perceived effectiveness of one's own potential contribution are the best predictors of differential participation. We specify the role of networks for social movements by looking at the nature and content of networks and by distinguishing between three basic functions of networks: structurally connecting prospective participants to an opportunity to participate, socializing them to a protest issue, and shaping their decision to become involved. The latter function implies that the embeddedness in social networks significantly affects the individual perceptions of participation.

Silence and Voice in the Study of Contentious Politics: IT'S ABOUT TIME: TEMPORALITY IN THE STUDY OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND REVOLUTIONS

Abstract: The title of this volume is Silence and Voice in the Study of Contentious Politics . This title is meant to signify that we are not simply interested in noting and articulating that which has been left out of the study of social movements, revolutions, and the like, but in relating these “silences” to the dominant “voices”; those topics, concepts, and theories that have set the intellectual agenda in recent years in the various fields that comprise the study of political contention. Necessarily, however, most of the chapters are focused on a topical silence, with the relationship between the topic and the dominant lines of theory and research addressed only briefly, if at all, in the chapter. The case of temporality is a bit different, however, from most of the other topics addressed in the individual chapters. It is not that the general topic has been ignored, but that specific temporal rhythms have been emphasized at the expense of others. In this chapter, then, we will devote nearly as much space to a discussion of the dominant conceptions of temporality as to the temporal rhythms that have gone largely unexamined in the study of contention. In this chapter we hope to do four things in particular. First, we will briefly highlight the two temporal rhythms that have dominated the study of social movements and revolutions. Second, we will take up two other rarely studied temporalities that strike us as highly relevant to an understanding of the emergence, development, and decline of political contention.

“Making Place” at the United Nations: Indigenous Cultural Politics at the U.N. Working Group on Indigenous Populations

Abstract: neva, Switzerland, has since its beginnings escaped anthropological attention to a large degree.' Yet it is a site where notions of indigenous culture have been articulated systematically and with striking consistency for nearly two decades. It is the only global institution at which indigenous identity has for years been discussed. It is also a place to which indigenous delegates have traveled in numbers that have increased dramatically over the last eighteen years. The WGIP has offered them the possibility to comment on local, regional, national, and international developments pertaining to the situations of indigenous peoples, and to participate actively in the development of international legal standards for the protection of their rights. No other global forum has ever enabled such a large and diverse group of activists and their organizations to fully articulate their problems on a regular, that is, yearly, basis, and to voice their opinion on how these problems should be solved. Indeed, the WGIP is a "unique exercise in international affairs" (Burger 1994:90) and "an exceptional U.N. forum in this regard" (Lam 1992:617). The arguments brought forth by indigenous representatives are breathtaking in their breadth and complexity, while the host of actors and institutions involved directly or indirectly is virtually innumerable. As a site of particular discursive density where indigenous identities and cultures are generated and articulated during intense encounters between indigenous and nonindigenous individuals, groups, institutions, organizations, and state-representatives, the WGIP is a vital nodal point in the global "indigeno-scape" (Beckett 1996). If the transnational indigenous social movement is to be understood "from above and below" (Brysk

Social Movements, Civil Society, and Radical Adult Education

Abstract: Series Foreword by Henry A. Giroux Foreword by Peter McLaren Preface Contextualizing the Contemporary Interest in Social Movements and Civil Society in Radical Adult Education Theory and Practice The Sociology and Politics of Social Movements Civil Society within the Marxist Tradition and Beyond Adult Education, Social Movements and Civil Society Gramsci's Concept of Civil Society Revisited: Implications for a Reconceptualization of Radical Adult Education Theory and Practice References Index

Islamic Mobilization: Social Movement Theory and the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood

Abstract: This article examines the emergence and growth of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt from the 1930s through the 1950s. It begins by outlining and empirically evaluating possible explanations for the o...

Marketing Democracy: Power and Social Movements in Post-Dictatorship Chile

Abstract: List of Illustrations Acknowledgments Prologue Introduction La Bandera in the Social Imaginary PART ONE: History of Collective Action 1. The Founding of the Poblacion 2. Military Rule 3. Transition to Democracy PART TWO: Ethnography of Democracy 4. Marketing Democracy 5. The Paradox of Participation 6. Legitimation of Knowledge Epilogue Appendix. Health Group's Ethnography Notes References Index

Out of Whiteness: Color, Politics, and Culture

Abstract: Essays focus on epistemological and methodological issues in the analysis of racially marked forms of ?white? identity, subjectivity and power. A strong critique of related work in this field is developed, with reference to the USA, South Africa and the UK. Drawing on sociological, anthropological and geographical theories of social movements and cultural change and using historical and contemporary case studies, essays argue for a genealogical approach to anti-racism as a global social movement, and for the significance of slavery and colonial history in the dismantling of English nationalism, particularly with regard to landscape and place.

Socialization, Connection, and The Structure/Agency Gap: A Specification of The Impact of Networks on Participation in Social Movements

Abstract: While numerous studies stress the crucial role of networks for social movement participation, they generally do not specify how networks affect individual behaviors. This article clarifies the role of social networks for individual social movement participation. It argues that networks perform three fundamental functions in the process leading to participation and that they intervene at different moments along this process. First, networks socialize and build individual identities—a socialization function. Second, they offer participation opportunities to individuals who are culturally sensitive to a specific political issue—a structural-connection function. Third, they shape individual preferences before individuals decide to join a move-ment—a decision-shaping function. These network functions allow us to disentangle the mechanisms at work in the process of participation. They also integrate structural and rationalist theories, which are often considered opposing explanations of individual movement part...

Canada as Social Structure: Social Network Analysis and Canadian Sociology [1]

Abstract: We review the social network approach to structural analysis, give a brief historical sketch of its development in Canada and abroad, and provide an overview of Canadian contributions to this field. We review research in the following areas: personal communities, computer supported social networks, social capital (social mobility, social support, social exchange), cultural capital, structural social psychology (social comparison and evaluation, attitude formation), collective action (mobilization for collective action and social movements, inter-and-intra movement dynamics), inter-organizational and class relations, and world systems. We discuss the core contributions of network scholars, challenges faced by network researchers, and make suggestions for future lines of inquiry. We conclude that while social network analysis is undoubtedly an international enterprise, Canadian scholars have made core contributions on a number of fronts over the past two decades. Resume: Nous examinons la facon d'aborder I'analyse structurelle qui fait appel au reseau social, donnons un apercu historique do son evolution au Canada aussi bien qu'a l'etranger et donnons une vued'ensemble des contributions canadiennes dans ce domaine. Nous passons en revue la recherche dans les domaines suivants: communautes personnelles, reseaux sociaux assistes par ordinateurs, capital social (mobilite sociale, soutien social, echange social), le capital culturel, Ia psychologie structurelle sociale (comparaison et evaluation sociales, formation des attitudes), action collective (mobilisation en vuc do l'action collective et mouvements sociaux, dynamique a l'interieur des mouvements aussi bien qu'entre eux), relations entre les organizations et les classes, et les systemes mondiaux. Nous discutons des principaux apports des specialistes des reseaux, ainsi quo des defis auxquels sont conforntes los chercheurs dans ce domaine, et nous offrons des suggestions sur de futures avenues de recherche. Nous conc luons que, bien que l'analyse des reseaux sociaux soit sans aucun doute une entreprise intemationale, les specialistes canadiens ont fait des apports fondamentaux sur un certain nombre de fronts au cours dos deux dernieres decennies. Part 1: The Social Network Paradigm 1.1 Introduction Although people often view the world in terms of groups (Freeman, 1992), they function in networks. In network societies: boundaries are more permeable, interactions are with diverse others, linkages switch between multiple networks, and hierarchies (when they exist) are flatter and more recursive. To be sure, social networks have always been with us, but we believe that they are increasingly supplanting traditional groups. The change from groups to networks can be seen at many levels. Trading and political blocs have lost their monolithic character in the world system (Friedmann, 1991; Frank, 1998). Organizations form complex networks of alliance and exchange rather than cartels, and workers (especially professionals, technical workers, and managers) report to multiple peers and superiors (Richardson, 1987; Carroll and Lewis, 1991). Management by network is replacing management by (two-way) matrix as well as management by hierarchal trees (Berkowitz, 1982; Wellman, 1988a, Castells, 1996). The social network paradigm provides theoretical and methodological tools for comprehending the nature of contemporary societies. Not only was one of the first compendiums of case analyses largely produced in Canada (Wellman and Berkowitz, 1988), many Canadian scholars have produced important analyses in the past two decades. This review of recent Canadian work is organized into three parts. In this first part, we provide an overview of the social network approach to structural analysis, including a brief historical sketch of its development in Canada and abroad. Part 2 focuses on interpersonal networks, and Part 3 focuses on large scale networks. …

The Birth of a Discipline Producing Authoritative Green Knowledge, World Bank-Style

Abstract: After 10 long years of growing social movement pressure, the World Bank has effectively responded with a new work paradigm, `environmentally sustainable development', that aggressively incorporates lessons from its worst critics (as well as some of the critics themselves). This article focuses on a case study of the World Bank's transformation-in-progress in Lao People's Democratic Republic to explicate the institutional and epistemic framework on which the Bank's new forms of intervention are based. This article argues that the World Bank successfully produces a green authoritative knowledge that contradictorily caters to the critics' demand for democratization and the investors' call for privatization. The article explains both the process of knowledge production and the way in which it becomes authoritative, situating newly produced forms of green knowledge and eco-rationalities within the institutional context of `development' and its expanding relations of power.

The structure of social movements: environmental activism and its opponents

Abstract: Editors’ abstract. Get ready for the “SPIN cycle.” Gerlach (University of Minnesota) provides an excellent summary on the organizational and strategic dynamics that characterize all manner of “segmented, polycentric, integrated networks” found in American social movements. This is one of the few studies that discusses social movements from a thoroughgoing network perspective. We believe that many of his observations also apply across the range of “uncivil-society” actors. This chapter stems from his contribution1 to Jo Freeman’s and Victoria Johnson’s edited volume, Waves of Protest (1999), Lanham, Mass.: Rowman and Littlefield, a study of social movements since the 1960s. Reprinted by permission.